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Copyright of Canadian Review of Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Group‐based guilt and shame are part of a wide range of moral emotions in intergroup conflicts. These emotions can potentially motivate group members to make compromises in order to promote conflict resolution, and increase support for reparations and apologies following moral transgressions committed by the in‐group. Thus, it is important to understand how to induce these emotions and the mechanisms for their effects. In the present paper, we examined the mechanisms underlying group‐based guilt and shame in four studies. Across the first three studies, conducted in the context of the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict, we found that group‐based guilt was mostly predicted by individuals' implicit theories about groups (ITG). Specifically, we found that the more participants believed that groups are malleable, the more they experienced group‐based guilt. Group‐based shame, however, was found to be dependent upon individuals' perception of other people's perceptions about the malleability of groups (i.e., meta‐ITG), as the perceived damage to one's in‐group image is a major component in experiencing shame. In Study 4, conducted in the context of gender relations, we differentiated between the two components of shame, that is, moral and image shame. As predicted, while group‐based guilt and moral shame showed similar patterns of results, meta‐ITG had a moderating effect on the association between ITG and group‐based image shame. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed in relation to promoting intergroup conflict resolution and reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a wide-ranging, critical reflection on intercultural mediation theory and practice. Rather than following the standard format of literature review and discussion, the author uses his experiences as a mediator and researcher to frame the culture question and analyze intercultural practice models. We begin with the White American author's realization that culture is important, following a mediation session in which the other participants were Black. Reading Kochman's Black and White Styles in Conflict reinforced that realization, and, combined with other works, suggested a relatively straightforward relationship between culture and mediation managed through cultural competency. However, original field research on third-party peacemaking in West Africa complicated the issue by indicating that worldviews and associated conflict styles are highly diverse, varying both within and across social groups. The second half of the paper examines the nature of cultural perspectives or worldviews and considers proposed methods for intercultural mediation. By analyzing prominent responses to the issue of sociocultural variation, the paper explores the challenge of creating a broadly applicable mediation methodology that addresses the complexity of worldviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are epistemic reasons normative in the same sense as, for instance, moral reasons? In this paper I examine and defend the claim that epistemic reasons are normative only relative to an epistemic standard. Unlike moral reasons they are not substantially normative, because they fail to make an independent contribution to obligations or permissions simpliciter. After presenting what I take to be the main argument for this view, I illustrate that the argument has often been defended by examples which controversially presuppose strong epistemic obligations or pragmatic reasons for belief. Opponents of the argument often deny the existence of obligations and reasons of these kinds. I therefore examine whether the argument can withstand that line of critique by employing new examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether perceived work–family conflict would function as a mediator in the link between work–family culture perceptions and self-reported distress. Data were obtained from employees (N ¼ 1; 297) of five Finnish organizations representing both the public (local social and health care, school, and labour departments) and the private sectors (paper mill, IT company). The results showed that perceived work–family conflict functioned as a partial mediator between employees’ perceptions of work–family culture and self-reported distress in two organizations (i.e. in the social and health care department and paper mill), whereas the relationship turned out to be direct in the other three organizations (i.e. the education, labour departments and IT company). Thus, a supportive work–family culture was related directly and indirectly, through reduced work–family conflict, to the well-being of employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the study `Violent People, Violent Times: Interpersonal Conflict and Warfare at the Site of Hasanlu' by C. McCarthy and R. Perlin.

This paper analyzes the poverty impact of the violent events that affected Rwanda in the 1990s. The main objective of the paper is to identify systematically potential mechanisms linking violent conflict with changes in poverty across provinces and households in Rwanda before and after a decade of violence. In accordance with emerging literature on the long-term economic effects of violent conflict, we find empirical evidence for economic convergence between richer and poorer Rwandan provinces and households following the conflict shocks. Using a small but unique panel of households surveyed before and after the conflict period, we find that households whose house was destroyed or who lost land ran a higher risk of falling into poverty. We do not find much evidence for an economic effect of violent deaths at the household level due to substitution effects of labor within the household. Non-violent deaths however seem to increase income per adult equivalent for the survivors. Results are shown to be robust to sample selection and IV models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a school-based intervention in which a family therapist, serving as a consultant to a high school, worked with that school to reduce the level of school-based violence. The primary intervention reported in this paper is a conflict skills training programme called ‘Making the Smart Choice’. While designed for the families of students suspended for physical violence, this intervention also impacts upon the school's disciplinary system and the climate of the school itself. The context or responses to school-based violence, the strategy to gain access to the school, the politics of developing such a programme, the programme itself and the infrastructure needed to maintain it are described. For four years, suspensions for school-based violence were halved compared to the four years prior to the start of the programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Intermediate Period (LIP) (AD 1000-1450) in the Andes was a time of turbulent political and social change as two major states, Wari and Tiwanaku, lost power. Increased rates of skeletal trauma in parts of Peru and Chile for this time period have been interpreted as increased interpersonal violence, perhaps as a result of the political vacuum left in the wake of state collapse. In the Titicaca Basin, people increasingly built defensive architecture on the northern lake shore; however, in the southern lake basin, people did not. Few skeletal remains have been excavated in the lake basin overall to corroborate an increase in violent activity or measure if violent activity was increasing for all populations. This paper reports the skeletal trauma for nine LIP individuals excavated from a common tomb on the Copacabana Peninsula in the southern Titicaca basin. This small sample is important for several reasons: (i) they are the only skeletal remains from the Copacabana Peninsula during the LIP; (ii) 100% of the sample population experienced traumatic injury, possibly because of interpersonal violence; and (iii) trauma was often survived. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an elaboration of Stinchcombe's model of the structure of functional explanations, this paper attempts to integrate the notions of equilibrium structures, structural contradictions, and social conflicts. It proposes that two variables of an unquestionably empirical nature can account for the distinctions among the three structural forms: (1) the emergence of a double loop in the basic structure of functional systems and (2) the embodiment of systemic, mechanical forces in the intentions and actions of persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the recurrent themes in the study of social conflict. As is well illustrated in the collection of papers in this issue, "conflict" is a concept that finds a place in each of the various disciplines that comprise the social sciences. Moreover, it is evident that any serious attempt to understand a specific social conflict such as the Arab-Israeli one, or to prescribe for it, cannot restrict itself to the vantage point of any one discipline. Social realities do not conveniently shape themselves to the molds of social science specialties. This perverse characteristic of social reality poses a crucial problem for our discipline-oriented and discipline-segregated social sciences. The foregoing question is a recurrent issue whenever social scientists or social practitioners have an intrinsic interest in a given social reality per se rather than an interest in it, abstractly, as an embodiment of social science concepts and relations. This issue is particularly acute for those interested in social conflict because much of the impetus to work in this area is fueled by concern arising from problems such as war and violence that are associated with actual or potential destructive conflict within or between nations.

The characteristics of one's moral code determine how often and in what life situations inner conflict is aroused, influence the ways such conflict is experienced, and set limits on the techniques that can be used to resolve it. The goal of this paper is to convey the theoretical richness of the topic and to clarify some of the research implications. Therefore, only a brief outline of empirical work on the acquisition of moral needs is explained here. Details of the latter are presented elsewhere. Instead, the article describes a number of the problems that have been encountered in the development of the investigations. The paper closes with a discussion of some hypothetical interrelationships between moral standards and other facets of personality.

Entrepreneurship research lacks empirical evidence about interactions between entrepreneurial team members. This paper examines the role of trust (cognitive and affective) and conflict (task and relationship) on team performance (effectiveness and efficiency) of innovative entrepreneurial teams. Data originated from 88 incubator-based entrepreneurial teams in Austria. Results indicate that cognitive trust is the cornerstone of innovative entrepreneurial team performance. To maximize efficiency, such teams would rely on high cognitive trust and low task conflict. Nonetheless, the guidelines for being effective centre around high cognitive trust coupled with low task and relationship conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfectionism includes a tendency for high standards for self and others with a clear goal of successful performance in a variety of areas. A perfectionist often reacts with critical evaluations whenever performance falls below these standards. Moreover, perfectionists emphasize personal goals to gauge their worth, neglecting intimate bonds or openness to new experience. At the core of perfectionism lies a view of self as weak, flawed, and easily rejected. Perfectionism can result in chronic tendencies for emotional distress and interpersonal conflict. Treatment aims to explore personal views of self and others, viewing perfectionism as a form of maladaptive coping. When clients understand the role of perfectionism, they can discontinue striving to meet their extreme goals and unrealistic standards. The authors of the papers in the issue present their views on how to treat these maladaptive tendencies according to their preferred therapeutic orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses grounded theory to explore internal (intrafirm) conflicts in the formulation of business-government strategies by corporations with diversified business units. We find that three types of conflict exist within firms: conflict over proactive policy positions advocated by the firm (prepolicy issues), conflict over reactive internal distribution of compliance costs/benefits (postpolicy issues), and representational conflict (e.g., individual business units vs. corporate representation in the external public policy arena). We also develop a grounded framework for organizational structures for conflict resolution in the strategic management of government relations, based upon our case studies, and find a relationship between particular structures and the degree of diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to examine precipitating events for suicidal ideation and how these experiences relate to disclosure in a diverse sample of college students were examined. Among non-Hispanic White students, relationship/academic problems were most associated with ideation. A romantic break-up increased the odds of getting help. Among racial/ethnic minority students, family/academic problems were most associated with ideation and students who reported multiple events were less likely to get help compared with those not reporting events. Future research should examine the reasons for interpersonal conflict among this high-risk group and their attitudes about help-seeking, and identify cultural norms associated with disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the most difficult conflicts people face at work are up and down; with bosses, supervisors, and important clients, or with direct reports, staff, or other employees who differ from them in terms of their power and interests. However, much of the research on power differences and conflict tends to be piecemeal, decontextualized, and focused on negative consequences. This paper presents 2 studies that investigated a new situated model of conflict and power at work. They build on classic areas of research on social conflict, power, and interdependence; and integrate them into a coherent framework for organizational conflict research. The study methods and findings are presented, and their implications for research on work conflict are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By integrating work-engagement theory with conflict framework, this paper presents a model to demonstrate how 2 types of conflict (task and relationship conflict) affect employees' knowledge sharing through 3 psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced safety, experienced availability) and work engagement. Employees ( N = 139) in 2 software development companies in China responded to a survey. The results show that task conflict improved 2 psychological states (experienced safety, experienced availability) and work engagement, which, in turn, increased knowledge sharing. Relationship conflict deteriorated the 3 psychological states and work engagement, which, in turn, affected knowledge sharing. Theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are scholars of conflict resolution and scholars of social movements, and rarely do the twain meet. Continuing an in-person dialogue, three scholars whose work touches both fields consider the lessons each has to contribute to the other. The paper explores power dynamics, activism solidarity, negotiation strategies, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Applied Psychology: An International Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Competition for natural resources has spawned unprecedented conflict between users, resulting in litigious and legislative actions. Citizens often expect Cooperative Extension professionals to engage communities in collaborative processes to manage these conflicts. This paper examines thirty-five skills Cooperative Extension professionals need if they are to engage communities in collaborative processes. Survey methodology is used to assess the skills extension professionals perceive as most needed, and the ranked means of the perceived skill needs are presented. The results offer information useful to strengthen the capacity of extension professionals to play an important role in helping citizens manage natural resource conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of collective behaviour among England football fans attending the European football championships in Portugal (Euro2004). Given this category's violent reputation, a key goal was to explore the processes underlying their apparent shift away from conflict in match cities. Drawing from the elaborated social identity model of crowd behaviour (ESIM) data were obtained using semi-structured observations and interviews before, during and after the tournament. Qualitative analysis centres first on three key incidents in match cities where the potential for violence was undermined either by ‘self-policing’ among England fans, or by appropriately targeted police intervention. These are contrasted with two ‘riots’ involving England fans that occurred in Algarve during the tournament. A phenomenological analysis of England fans' accounts suggests that the contexts created by different forms of policing helped bring to the fore different understandings of what constituted proper and possible behaviour among England fans, and that these changes in identity content underpinned shifts toward and away from collective conflict. The implications of this analysis for the ESIM, understanding public order policing, social change and social conflict are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the evolution of political institutions in the face of conflict. We examine institutional reform in a class of pivotal mechanisms-institutions that behave as if the resulting policy were determined by a "pivotal" decision maker drawn from the potential population of citizens and who holds full policy-making authority at the time. A rule-of succession describes the process by which pivotal decision makers in period t +1 are, themselves, chosen by pivotal decision makers in period t. Two sources of conflict-class conflict, arising from differences in wealth, and ideological conflict, arising from differences in preferences-are examined. In each case, we characterize the unique Markov-perfect equilibrium of the associated dynamic political game, and show that public decision-making authority evolves monotonically downward in wealth and upward in ideological predisposition toward the public good. We then examine rules-of-succession when ideology and wealth exhibit correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first half of a longer piece – itself the second of a series of four articles looking at working with conflict – in which a generic ground map is presented signposting four key tasks that peacebuilders need to bear in mind in any conflict transformation work. The four tasks involve mapping the ‘what’ of peacebuilding: 1 Personal Resources; 2 Interpersonal and Intercultural Issues; 3 Bio-psycho-social Determinants; 4 Organizational and Systemic Dimensions. In the current paper the first two of these are described and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of patients from general practitioners’ (GPs) lists in the UK offers important sociological insights into what happens when the doctor-patient relationship ‘goes wrong’. An interactionist analysis shows how removers (doctors) and removed (patients) strategically invoke ‘rules of conduct’ to account for difficulties in the doctor-patient relationship and for GPs’ decisions to end their relationships with patients. In this paper we extend this analysis through recourse to Bourdieu's theory of practice, by juxtaposing ‘paired’ accounts of the same removal event by both remover and removed. Our analysis demonstrates the unthinking or non-reflective nature of people's understanding of the rules governing social interactions, but also demonstrates how apparent rule violations make the rules explicit and expose patterns of power distribution. We argue that removal of patients amounts to a strategic exercise of symbolic power by GPs, and that this is experienced as an overtly violent symbolic act by patients. A theoretical reconciliation of interactionist theories of the doctor-patient relationship with Bourdieu's theory of practice is both possible and profitable, providing a micro-macro link in which issues of capital and power within the health (care) field are brought to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether differentiating among types of intimate partner violence enhances the explanatory capacity of extant empirical models.The analysis uses national-level Canadian data to evaluate an alternative approach to operationalizing intimate partner violence, drawing upon Black's (1990) and Johnson's (1995) theoretical work. The main argument suggests that current efforts to explain intimate partner violence with victimization studies are inadequate because they typically do not measure key sociological variables. The failure to assess the contexts within which different types of violence occur further hinders explanatory efforts.The paper concludes with recommendations for innovative theoretical and methodological strategies to address these limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the role of emotion in intragroup conflict processes. We propose that how group members handle emotion affects intragroup interactions and has implications for task and relationship conflict. Three types of variables--collective emotional intelligence, intragroup relational ties, and conflict-relevant interactional norms--constrain negative emotionality and may determine whether task conflict results in damaging relationship conflict. The moderating influence of these variables is discussed, as are compositional issues associated with measuring them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The impetus for the study was the concern of teachers about the potentially deleterious effects of conflict in the preceptee-preceptor relationship. Preceptorship, in which students work alongside designated professionals in clinical settings, can provide opportunities to integrate theoretical and practice knowledge, and can play a part in professional development. However, students may experience communications and interpersonal problems with their preceptors and, if the conflict thereby generated is not challenged and resolved, negative outcomes can occur for students, preceptors and teachers. AIM: The purpose of the study was to explore the nature of conflict in preceptorship experiences. METHODS: A modified, simultaneous quantitative/qualitative triangulated method was used, with the quantitative results reported in this paper. A total of 548 questionnaires were mailed to students and preceptors in the final clinical experience of undergraduate programmes in four disciplines. The return rate was 42.7% (234 questionnaires). FINDINGS: Data revealed the prevalence of conflict, the degree to which this affected preceptorship relationships, factors occurring in the practicum that may contribute to conflict, the degree to which the conflict was resolved, and the outcomes of conflict. CONCLUSIONS: It is only through an understanding of the dynamics involved in conflict, and its negative effects on students, that teachers, preceptors and students alike can respond proactively to conflicts and become adept at seeking and implementing effective solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be argued that job evaluation and a high performance work strategy are either conflictual or compatible. On the one hand, job evaluation might be expected to introduce a greater degree of rigidity and top-down orientation to the pay and job structure, potentially yielding a conflict with the flexibility and employee involvement inherent in the high performance approach. On the other hand, job evaluation can be important in generating a feeling of equity in the workplace and thereby in promoting the high level of trust and commitment on which the success of the high performance strategy is seen to depend. This paper indicates that those workplaces in which the high performance approach has been most fully implemented are less likely to have the more formal, analytical type of job evaluation. Furthermore, those with both analytical job evaluation and a high performance work system are less likely to have above-average financial performance than those with either of these on a single basis. The results therefore suggest that there is a potential incompatibility between some types of job evaluation and the high performance approach and that managers need to take this into account in their human resource strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using prospective longitudinal data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS), this paper examines the effects of parental separation on the quality of adolescents' attachment to parents and their perceptions of parental care and overprotection during childhood. Exposure to parental separation was significantly associated with lower attachment to parents in adolescence and more negative perceptions of maternal and paternal care and protection during childhood. When examined in relation to the developmental timing of first separation, a linear relationship between the age at first separation and later parental attachment and perceived parent-child relations was found. The younger the age of the child at the time of separation, the lower their subsequent parental attachment and the more likely they were to perceive both their mother and father as less caring and more overprotective. No gender differences were found in children's responses to parental separation. These findings persisted after control for the confounding effects of family social background, marital conflict, parenting, child behavior, and remarriage. Results supported the importance of the early childhood years for the development of a secure and enduring attachment relationship between children and their parents.Key Words: adolescence, attachment, divorce, parent-child relationships, parental seperation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly interest in the experience of dehumanization, the perception that one is being dehumanized, has increased significantly in recent years, yet the construct lacks a validated measurement. The purpose of this research is therefore to develop and validate a theoretically grounded experience of dehumanization measurement (EDHM) using item response theory. Evidence from five studies using data collected from participants in the United Kingdom (N = 2082) and Spain (N = 1427), shows that (a) a unidimensional structure replicates and fits well; (b) the measurement demonstrates high precision and reliability across a broad range of the latent trait; (c) the measurement demonstrates evidence for nomological and discriminant validity with constructs in the experience of dehumanization nomological network; (d) the measurement is invariant across gender and cultures; (e) the measurement demonstrates incremental validity in the prediction of important outcomes over and above conceptually overlapping constructs and prior measurements. Overall, our findings suggest the EDHM is a psychometrically sound measurement that can advance research relating to the experience of dehumanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To test a novel proposition that dispositional forgiveness has the unrecognized benefit of buffering feelings of paranoia following negative interpersonal experiences and interpersonal transgressions. Methods: In Study 1 (N = 128), we used an experimental paradigm, the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG), to test the premise that an interpersonal transgression increases state paranoia. Study 2 (N = 180) used a longitudinal design to test the central proposition that dispositional forgiveness buffers state paranoia following naturally occurring difficult (vs pleasant) interpersonal events. Study 3 (N = 102) used a novel experimental paradigm to determine the causal effect of manipulating forgiveness on paranoia. Results: In Study 1, interpersonal transgressions in the PDG increased paranoia. In Study 2, paranoia was higher following difficult (rather than pleasant) events, and higher levels of dispositional forgiveness moderated the negative effect of difficult events on paranoia. In Study 3, there was a causal effect of forgiveness on (reduced) paranoia. Conclusions: This is the first evidence that (1) interpersonal transgressions increase paranoia, (2) high dispositional forgiveness moderates the deleterious effect of interpersonal transgression on paranoia, and (3) dispositional forgiveness is causally related to less paranoia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which culture moderates the effects of need for approval from others on a person's handling of interpersonal conflict was investigated. Students from 24 nations rated how they handled a recent interpersonal conflict, using measures derived from face‐negotiation theory. Samples varied in the extent to which they were perceived as characterised by the cultural logics of dignity, honour, or face. It was hypothesised that the emphasis on harmony within face cultures would reduce the relevance of need for approval from others to face‐negotiation concerns. Respondents rated their need for approval from others and how much they sought to preserve their own face and the face of the other party during the conflict. Need for approval was associated with concerns for both self‐face and other‐face. However, as predicted, the association between need for approval from others and concern for self‐face was weaker where face logic was prevalent. Favourable conflict outcome was positively related to other‐face and negatively related to self‐face and to need for approval from others, but there were no significant interactions related to prevailing cultural logics. The results illustrate how particular face‐threatening factors can moderate the distinctive face‐concerns earlier found to characterise individualistic and collectivistic cultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with mothers' beliefs about the balance of power in the parent-child relationship and the influence these beliefs may have on their management of parent-child conflict and their children's socioemotional adjustment. It has long been recognized that one of the greatest challenges of parenting is the appropriate use of power. From the way in which parents use and construe power in episodes of conflict or potential conflict, children learn about both power and conflict. This paper describes recent work on the role that mothers' beliefs about power may play in these learning processes.

This article discusses the theme of the research papers presented in the Winter 1999 issue of the journal "New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development." The journal issue attempts to contribute to advances in the understanding of mothers' beliefs by examining those beliefs in situations that are often the most challenging for parents: conflicts with children. Conflicts provide circumstances in which both deliberate and automatic responses from parents may be elicited, thus potentially revealing diverse aspects of beliefs. Examining mothers' thoughts about, during, and in response to conflict may therefore be a powerful means of extending and clarifying the society's view of their roles as parents. The five papers of this journal attempt to meet this challenge by examining conflict and maternal beliefs in diverse yet complementary ways.

The pilot study presented in this paper focuses on the relationship of life event stress (as measured by the Holmes Social Readjustment Rating Scale) and the incidence of marital dysfunction. It was found that those couples in which one or both partners were receiving marital counseling had experienced a significantly greater amount of lift stress events during the previous 12-month period than had couples who were not experiencing marital dysfunction. The discussion includes a theoretical examination of the life stress event/marital dysfunction relationship, as well as implications regarding the use of this scale by the counselor for preventative and intervention purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two studies that explore the link between self-reported conflict management strategies and aggression. It was predicted that conflict strategies involving concern for the needs of the other would be inconsistent with aggressive behavior. On the other hand, conflict strategies that involve coercion and domination were predicted to be positively related to aggressive behavior. Studies using self-report and behavioral measures of aggression provide support for these predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a study of interpersonal conflicts in the workplace using a process model proposed by Thomas (1992) as a framework. Three stages of this model are examined: the issues involved, the behavioral responses elicited, and the personal consequences. The relationship of issues and behaviors to consequences is determined within the context of the organizational positions of the parties (supervisor, subordinate, co- worker). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the basic principles arising from a polysystemic theory of agonistic behavior in nonhuman animals and the practical implications of these principles to the problem of the control of undesirable and injurious forms of human violence. A major conclusion is that one of the most effective methods of establishing and maintaining habits of constructive and peaceful behavior is employment in useful and rewarding occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the mechanisms of injury and the types of fractures that most commonly affect the human skeleton, presents descriptive protocols for cranial and postcranial fractures adapted from clinical and forensic medicine, and summarizes anatomically the injuries most likely to be found in archaeological skeletons along with their most common causes and complications. Mechanisms of injury are categorized as direct and indirect trauma, stress, and fracture that occurs secondary to pathology. These are considered to be the proximate, or most direct, causes of injury and they are influenced by intrinsic biological factors such as age and sex, and extrinsic environmental factors, both physical and sociocultural, that may be thought of as the ultimate, or remote, causes of injury. Interpersonal conflict may be one of those causes but the skeletal evidence itself is rarely conclusive and must therefore be evaluated in its individual, populational, sociocultural, and physical context. A cautionary tale regarding parry fractures is presented as an illustration. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 40:139-170, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the relations between adolescents and adults. Although the generalizations of the paper are most apposite to middle-class American adolescents and adults, because the conflicts they refer to are pervasive they may be applied with qualification to other classes as well. Human learning is distinguished from that of other species by its cross-generational character. This cross-generational pattern of learning is apparently most effective for transmitting and acquiring the skills required of a human adult. At the same time, it requires the construction of social relationships which confront members of generations who, by their definition, have different knowledge of the world and different interests in it. In analyzing alternative methods for resolving these conflicts, the essay focuses on the functions of the permissive school in relieving the inter-generational conflicts and containing larger social conflicts.

The studies presented in this paper examined empathy, especially perspective taking, as a potential inhibitor of interpersonal aggression. the theoretical rationale for these investigations derived from Zillmann's [(1998); Aggressive Behaviour 14:51-64] cognitive-excitation model. Study I revealed that dispositional empathy correlates negatively with self-reported aggression and with conflict responses that reflect little concern for the need of the other party. Empathy also was positively related to constructive responses to interpersonal conflict (i.e., those that do involve concern for the needs of the other party). In Study 2, perspective taking was manipulated with instructions to subjects prior to participation in a reaction-tome task designed to measure aggression. When threat was relatively how, subjects who were instructed to take the perspective of the target responded less aggressively than did those who had been instructed to focus on the task. Study 3 examined the effect of dispositional perspective taking on verbal aggression. Threat was manipulated in terms of the combination of provocation and gender of the interactants. As predicted, perspective taking related to aggression inhibition under conditions of moderate threat--for males under low provocation and females under high provocation. These effects were predicted and explained in the context of the cognitive-excitation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests that if it is possible to ascertain individuals' primary motivation in dating, their degree of instrumental orientation, and their degree of emotional involvement; it will be possible to predict the likelihood of conflict occurring in their relationship, which partner is likely to control the relationship, and which partner is likely to experience the greater distress. It is further suggested that motivations in dating are affected by social variables, as are the actual choice of dating partners and the course of the dating relationship. An illustrative dating situation is presented and analyzed in which the females' primary motivation in dating is courtship and the males' primary motivation is recreation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author argues that an eternalist ontology of time offers the resources for satisfactorily responding to the nonexistence and the no-satisfaction arguments. Topics mentioned include similarity of time to space in a crucial respect according to eternalists, advantages claimed by eternalists for their view over competing ontologies of time like presentism, and the nonexistence argument as the most common argument given against attributing rights to future persons.

This study examined blood ritual as an indigenous peacemaking strategy among the Bimoba people of northern Ghana. Descriptive qualitative research methods were used together with in‐depth face‐to‐face interviews with eight elders of the community. The audio‐recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed with NVivo 12 software. The findings reveal that the blood ritual approach is participatory, focuses on re‐establishing relationships and emanates from the culture of the Bimoba people. It also involves the use of rituals and seeks the interest of the entire Bimoba community. The study concludes that the strategy shares commonalities with several indigenous peacemaking approaches in Africa and has the potential of facilitating sustainable resolutions of communal conflicts such as the Bimoba chieftaincy conflict. However, similar to other approaches, the blood ritual does not ensure gender equality in peacebuilding as the role of women is reduced to simply being observers. A major limitation of this study is its reliance on only the perspectives of the elders of the community without recourse to the voices of people who appear before the ritual processes, to appreciate how they feel about the blood ritual with respect to their hope and expectation when they appear before the process for solace and solution. Also, the voice of young people, women and other vulnerable groups are not reflected in the blood ritual approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to epistemic reductionism about practical reasons, facts about practical reasons can be reduced to facts about evidence for ought‐judgements. We argue that this view misconstrues practical conflicts. At least some conflicts between practical reasons put us in a position to know that an action ϕ is optional, i.e. that we neither ought to perform nor ought to refrain from performing the action. By understanding conflicts of practical reasons as conflicts of evidence about what one ought to do, epistemic reductionism fails to account for this. In conflict cases in which ϕ‐ing is optional, epistemic reductionism suggests that we have equally strong evidence for and against assuming that we ought to ϕ, and thus cannot be in a position to know that it is not the case that we ought to ϕ. This is a serious flaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with histories of homelessness often have difficulties obtaining and maintaining adequate housing. This qualitative study examined the residential transitions of people with histories of residential instability and homelessness to understand factors contributing to the instability they experience. Interviews were conducted with 64 participants about their housing transitions, in the final year of a 4‐year, prospective cohort study in three Canadian cities (Ottawa, Toronto, and Vancouver). Findings showed that participants pointed to both distal and proximal factors as affecting residential transitions, including interpersonal conflict, safety concerns, substance use, poverty, pests, and health. Many reported disconnection from their housing and a lack of improvement from one housing situation to the next, demonstrating how even when housed, instability persisted. Our study highlights the complexity associated with participants' often unplanned and abrupt residential transitions. The complex and distal issues that affect housing transitions require structural changes, in addition to individual‐based interventions focused on the proximal problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since under pillarization religious organizations served as vehicles for social conflict, individual commitment used to be high; as pillarization declines, so must individual adherence. The author welcomes their retreat to old-paradigm reasoning, but their move raises several issues, even apart from the attempt to immunize their theory. First, the new proposal calls into question the very role of competition. After depillarization, the current religious market can plausibly be viewed as much more open and competitive than it was previously. the conflict argument makes good sense with respect to caste-like societies, but it does not follow from the theory. Third, the shift to conflict leads to a contradiction, at least in the application of the theory. The continued decline of the Dutch Catholic Church is due to its laxity; however, as my 1989 article already indicated, a counterrevolution quickly followed the liberalization of the 1960s, and the current posture of the church hierarchy is clearly as strict as that of Rome.

This research examines the effects of a class‐level intervention for career indecision variables. A repeated measures intervention study was used to examine the efficacy of a 16‐week career exploration course on decreasing career indecision variables. Results showed significant improvement in lack of readiness, choice/commitment anxiety, and neuroticism/negative affectivity. Interpersonal conflicts remained stable. Overall, we found the class‐level intervention had a significant effect on decreasing college students' career indecision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether the association between romantic relationship quality and the conflict tactics people report using in serial arguments varies based on the perceived resolvability of conflicts and three lifespan indicators: age, relationship length, and relationship stage (i.e., dating or married). Participants (N = 584) completed an online survey about their last serial argument. Relationship quality was positively associated with integrative tactics and negatively associated with distributive and avoidant tactics, especially when perceived resolvability was high; in some cases, this pattern was amplified among younger people in shorter or dating relationships. The discussion highlights how the influence of relational quality on conflict tactics is framed by perceived resolvability, and how these processes differ based on the age of individuals, length of relationships, and relationship stage (i.e., dating versus married). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]