858 results
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2. Review papers in substance abuse research.
- Author
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REHM[1, 2, 3], JURGEN
- Subjects
- *
SUBSTANCE abuse research , *CRITICISM - Abstract
Discusses the importance of review papers in the field of addiction and substance abuse. Definition of a review; Quality of reviews in the addiction field; Meta-analysis as a growth point; Recommendations.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Criticism as asynchronous collaboration: An example from social science research.
- Author
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Gelman, Andrew
- Subjects
SOCIAL science research ,ASYNCHRONOUS learning ,CONSUMERS ,CAUSAL inference ,CRITICISM - Abstract
I discuss a published paper in political science that made a claim that aroused skepticism. The reanalysis is an example of how we, as consumers as well as producers of science, can engage with published work. This can be viewed as a sort of collaboration performed implicitly between the authors of a published paper and later researchers who want to understand or use the published work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Does technology really outpace policy, and does it matter? A primer for technical experts and others.
- Author
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Aspray, William and Doty, Philip
- Subjects
INFORMATION technology laws ,COMMUNICATION laws ,ENVIRONMENTAL sciences ,CRITICISM ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,TELECOMMUNICATION ,HEALTH ,INFORMATION resources ,GENETIC engineering ,GOVERNMENT policy ,FINANCIAL management ,POLICY sciences ,MATERIALS science ,DIFFUSION of innovations ,INFORMATION technology ,COMMUNICATION ethics - Abstract
This paper reconsiders the outpacing argument, the belief that changes in law and other means of regulation cannot keep pace with recent changes in technology. We focus on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in and of themselves as well as applied in computer science, telecommunications, health, finance, and other applications, but our argument applies also in rapidly developing technological fields such as environmental science, materials science, and genetic engineering. First, we discuss why the outpacing argument is so closely associated with information and computing technologies. We then outline 12 arguments that support the outpacing argument, by pointing to some particular weaknesses of policy making, using the United States as the primary example. Then arguing in the opposite direction, we present 4 brief and 3 more extended criticisms of the outpacing thesis. The paper's final section responds to calls within the technical community for greater engagement of policy and ethical concerns and reviews the paper's major arguments. While the paper focuses on ICTs and policy making in the United States, our critique of the outpacing argument and our exploration of its complex character are of utility to actors in other political contexts and in other technical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Discussion of Audit Recommendations and Management Auditing: A Case Study and Some Remarks.
- Author
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Mautz, Robert K.
- Subjects
AUDITING ,CRITICISM ,AUDITING procedures ,CASE studies ,AUDITORS - Abstract
The article reports on the paper, "Audit Recommendations and Management Auditing: A Case Study and Some Remarks," by Neil C. Churchill and empirical research of the audit process. The author feels that there are generalizations in Churchill's paper that came outside of the empirical research he did. Also, the samples used to generate a description of general auditing were so limited that the definition of auditing is not as general as it was intended to be. Churchill bases his study on an internal auditing situation rather than an independent audit which presents a rather substantial difference.
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. On the Uses of Phenomenology in Sociological Research: A Typology, some Criticisms and a Plea.
- Author
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Raza, Sebastian
- Subjects
- *
PHENOMENOLOGICAL sociology , *SOCIOLOGICAL research , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *CRITICISM , *SOCIAL theory - Abstract
This paper aims to discern, clarify, criticise, and advocate some uses of phenomenology in sociological research. Phenomenology is increasingly evoked or implicitly employed in sociological endeavours. Little attention, however, is paid to what is entailed in taking a phenomenological approach, and whether it is employed to advance empirical or theoretical knowledge. I build an analytic typology of different empirical and theoretical uses of phenomenology, criticise a range of these uses, and argue that other uses bear significant potential for the advancement of theoretical and empirical knowledge. The paper's main contribution lies in comparing and contrasting the many invocations of phenomenology in contemporary social scientific research to discern their benefits and shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Fertility treatment, valuable life projects and social norms: In defence of defending (reproductive) preferences.
- Author
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Cavaliere, Giulia
- Subjects
- *
INFERTILITY treatment , *CRITICISM , *FERTILITY , *MEDICAL care , *SOCIAL factors , *SOCIAL norms , *PARENTING , *GOVERNMENT aid , *FERTILIZATION in vitro , *HUMAN reproduction , *PRACTICAL politics , *PATIENTS' attitudes , *UTERUS , *MEDICAL care costs , *GENETICS - Abstract
Fertility treatment enables involuntary childless people to have genetically related children, something that, for many, is a valuable life project. In this paper, I respond to two sets of objections that have been raised against expanding state‐funded fertility treatment provision for existing treatments, such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and against funding new treatments, such as uterine transplantation (UTx). Following McTernan, I refer to the first set of objections as the 'one good among many' objection. It purports that it is unjustifiable for the state to prioritise the funding of the life project of becoming a parent through fertility treatment provision over the funding of other life projects that people might have. Following Lotz, I refer to the second set of objections as the 'norm‐legitimation' objection. It maintains that the provision of costly forms of fertility treatment, such as UTx, would legitimise problematic social norms concerning genetic relatedness, reproduction and parenting, and that states should not engage in such a legitimation. In response to these objections, I defend the view that (reproductive) preferences ought to be taken more seriously when discussing fertility treatment provision and parental projects, and that not doing so can be costly, especially for women. The approach defended in this paper seeks to avoid disregarding and policing preferences and to reconcile their fulfilment with political projects aimed at improving the material and social conditions of sub‐fertile people: people who, for social or biological reasons (or an intersection of the two), are unable to reproduce unassisted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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8. Critical response to: Holm's paper.
- Author
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Nortvedt, Per
- Subjects
- *
PHENOMENOLOGY , *MEDICAL ethics , *CRITICISM - Abstract
Comments on the study conducted by ethicist Soren Holm which evaluated the relevance of the phenomenological philosophy and ethics of Danish theologian and philosopher K.E. Logstrup to nursing and health care practices. Explanation of the relevance of Logstrup's ethics as a resource for health care ethics and philosophy; Role of meta-theory in understanding the normative sources of certain caring practices.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
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9. Farewell to humanism? Considerations for nursing philosophy and research in posthuman times.
- Author
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Petrovskaya, Olga
- Subjects
HISTORY of humanism ,HISTORY of scholarly method ,ANTI-racism ,SEXISM ,DEHUMANIZATION ,ETHICS ,DISCRIMINATION (Sociology) ,CRITICISM ,SOCIAL norms ,HUMAN genome ,PRACTICAL politics ,FEMINISM ,NURSING practice ,PHILOSOPHY of nursing ,HOPE ,PHENOMENOLOGY ,SUPERSTITION ,CULTURAL prejudices ,HUMANITIES ,CULTURAL values ,CITIZENSHIP ,OPTIMISM - Abstract
In this paper, I argue that critical posthumanism is a crucial tool in nursing philosophy and scholarship. Posthumanism entails a reconsideration of what 'human' is and a rejection of the whole tradition founding Western life in the 2500 years of our civilization as narrated in founding texts and embodied in governments, economic formations and everyday life. Through an overview of historical periods, texts and philosophy movements, I problematize humanism, showing how it centres white, heterosexual, able‐bodied Man at the top of a hierarchy of beings, and runs counter to many current aspirations in nursing and other disciplines: decolonization, antiracism, anti‐sexism and Indigenous resurgence. In nursing, the term humanism is often used colloquially to mean kind and humane; yet philosophically, humanism denotes a Western philosophical tradition whose tenets underpin much of nursing scholarship. These underpinnings of Western humanism have increasingly become problematic, especially since the 1960s motivating nurse scholars to engage with antihumanist and, recently, posthumanist theory. However, even current antihumanist nursing arguments manifest deep embeddedness in humanistic methodologies. I show both the problematic underside of humanism and critical posthumanism's usefulness as a tool to fight injustice and examine the materiality of nursing practice. In doing so, I hope to persuade readers not to be afraid of understanding and employing this critical tool in nursing research and scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. What is "determinant" in the social determinants of health? A case seen through multiple lenses.
- Author
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Birnbaum, Shira
- Subjects
SOCIAL determinants of health ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,CRITICISM ,PROPERTY ,PRACTICAL politics ,DEBT ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,ECONOMICS ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,EPIDEMICS ,GOVERNMENT policy ,DEVELOPING countries ,HOUSING ,URBAN health ,POLICY sciences ,CAUSALITY (Physics) ,REAL property ,COMMUNITY health nursing - Abstract
Social determinants of health are a subject of growing interest, yet criticisms have emerged about the way determinants are conceptualized in nursing. A tendency to focus on readily observable living conditions and measurable demographic characteristics can divert attention, it has been said, from the less visible underlying processes which shape social life and health. To illustrate how the analytic perspective determines what becomes visible or invisible as a "determinant" in health, this paper presents a case exemplar. Drawing from news reports and research in real estate economics and urban policy analysis, it explores a single local infectious illness outbreak through a series of progressively more abstract units of inquiry, considering mechanisms of lending and debt financing, housing supply, property valuation, tax policy, change in the structure of the financial industry, and international patterns of migration and capital flow, among other factors, which contributed in various ways to creating unsafe living conditions. An analytic exercise calling attention to dynamism and complexity in social processes, the paper offers a political‐economy‐based approach that serves as a cautionary note against oversimplification in discussions of health causality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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11. Why reply (to Hjältén and Price)?
- Author
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Lortie, Christopher J.
- Subjects
CRITICISM ,RESEARCH ,DEBATE ,RHETORIC - Abstract
Presents a response to a rebuttal of the author's criticism of a research paper by Hjältén and Price. Elements that could be included in a reply/opinion paper, including a defence of criticisms levied, a discussion of the general limitations of papers, or an extension of key concepts or ideas discussed; Summary of Hjältén and Price's rebuttal, which fell along those lines, and criticism of the rebuttal.
- Published
- 2000
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12. Who is afraid of reviewers’ comments? Or, why anything can be published and anything can be cited.
- Author
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Ioannidis, John P. A., Tatsioni, Athina, and Karassa, Fotini B.
- Subjects
PUBLISHED articles ,PUBLISHING ,SUCCESS ,CRITICISM ,VIEWS - Abstract
In this article, the author offers suggestions for people who resubmit their rejected articles at several publication houses. He comments on the behavior of ignorance where people take views of critics just for granted. The author explores elements of success which state that authors of rejected articles or literary work should ignore unfavorable comments but consider improvements in their work, and keep submitting them until they find a hole in the peer-review system.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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13. What the water said: plot, sub-plot and criticism in The Paper Men.
- Author
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Redpath, Philip
- Subjects
LITERARY criticism ,20TH century English fiction ,STORY plots ,CRITICISM - Abstract
The article discusses the inter-relationship of themes found in the plot of the novel "The Paper Men," by William Golding. Topics addressed include the relationship between Wilfred Barclay, a famous author, and critic Rick Tucker, an overview of the symbolic images used in the novel, and concern of art and criticism as a theme within the pot and sub-plots.
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
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14. The Aim of Medicine. Sanocentricity and the Autonomy Thesis.
- Author
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Varga, Somogy
- Subjects
- *
OBJECTIONS (Evidence) , *CRITICISM - Abstract
Recent criticisms of medicine converge on fundamental questions about the aim of medicine. The main task of this paper is to propose an account of the aim of medicine. Discussing and rejecting the initially plausible proposal according to which medicine is pathocentric, the paper presents and defends the Autonomy Thesis, which holds that medicine is not pathocentric, but sanocentric, aiming to promote health with the final aim to enhance autonomy. The paper closes by considering the objection that the Autonomy Thesis is overly permissive and allows many highly controversial procedures as legitimate parts of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Moral friends? The idea of the moral relationship.
- Author
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Vandieken, Jonas
- Subjects
- *
ETHICS , *INTERPERSONAL relations , *PSYCHOLOGICAL vulnerability , *CRITICISM , *DUTY - Abstract
What role do human relationships play within the moral domain? There appears to be a lot of agreement that relationships play an important role in and for morality, but certainly not any foundational one. Yet, there has been a recent interest in seeking to explain the foundation of morality in relational terms. According to these relational proposals, the very foundation of impartial morality, and in particular the domain of "what we owe to each other" can be found in the same normative structures that are characteristic of interpersonal relationships and the partial reasons they give rise to. This suggestion has been met with serious criticism, according to which any seeming appeal to a so‐called moral relationship does no work in grounding morality and the obligations that we owe to each other. The present paper intends to challenge this conclusion by arguing that the objections rendered are not decisive, as a result of which we can begin to make sense of the idea that we do share a reason‐giving relationship with each other in the moral sphere. The moral relationship, the paper argues, is one we simply share with each other in virtue of our shared vulnerability to attitudinal injury as rational agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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16. Still servants of work? Exploring the role of the critic in work and organizational psychology.
- Author
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Gerard, Nathan
- Subjects
WORK environment ,EMPLOYEE attitudes ,CRITICISM ,INDUSTRIAL psychology ,CORPORATE culture ,POWER (Social sciences) - Abstract
This paper situates the burgeoning movement of critical work and organizational psychology (CWOP) within a broader and ongoing effort to rehabilitate work in a broken society. Drawing upon Loren Baritz's seminal critique of the field, The Servants of Power, the argument is made that while CWOP scholars clearly militate against pandering to the "power elite," they nonetheless risk becoming servants of work, defined as the propensity to perpetuate work's outsized psychological significance. To support such an argument, a core yet neglected theme in Baritz's book is revisited, that of the role of the critic, to demonstrate how CWOP scholars might navigate their own entanglements with servitude while at the same time contest work's symbolic power. The paper also addresses the charge of intellectual elitism that can result from holding such a position of "critical distance" not just from mainstream scholarship, but from work itself. Implications for the future of CWOP are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Promoting Cognitive Complexity in Graduate Written Work: Using Bloom's Taxonomy as a Pedagogical Tool to Improve Literature Reviews.
- Author
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Granello, Darcy Haag
- Subjects
CRITICISM ,BOOK reviewing ,EDUCATION - Abstract
The article applies Bloom's (B. S. Bloom, M. D. Engelhart, F. J. Furst, W. H. Hill, & D. R. Krathwohl, 1956) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain to the process of graduate-level writing in counselor education. Bloom's Taxonomy is provided as a mechanism to help students develop and demonstrate cognitive complexity when writing comprehensive literature reviews. The article outlines common assumptions held by students operating at each level of the Taxonomy, typical organizational structure and content of papers at each level of the Taxonomy, and tips to move writing to more cognitively advanced levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
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18. Case recording in child protection: An exploration of the evidence base and good practice.
- Author
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O'Keefe, Rebecca
- Subjects
- *
PREVENTION of child abuse , *CHILD welfare , *DOCUMENTATION , *CRITICISM , *SIBLINGS , *PROFESSIONAL practice , *MISINFORMATION , *SOCIAL case work , *DISCOURSE analysis , *ELECTRONIC health records , *CONTINUING education , *EVIDENCE-based medicine , *SOCIAL support , *ACCESS to information - Abstract
There is a statutory duty for all practitioners to record information in child protection work in England. Case recording is a daily task for practitioners, yet an under-researched area of practice. This continuing professional development (CPD) paper will consider the context in which case recording takes place and highlight messages from child protection reviews and enquiries before exploring learning from contemporary research. The complexities of case recording will be considered and how practitioners can reflect upon and improve their daily case recording skills. Practitioners are encouraged to keep the child's views and experiences central and consider the long-term impact of case recording on adults who have experienced abuse and neglect in childhood. Key Practitioner Messages • Case recording is a complex and nuanced task, often missing the multiple perspectives inherent in a child's narrative. • The views, experiences and identity of individual children and young people can be lost in case recording, especially for very young children, older children and those in sibling groups. • Case recording has a support function for care experienced adults to understand their childhood histories, aiding recovery from abuse and neglect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. CRAFTING HIGH-QUALITY REVIEWS: GUIDELINES, EXAMPLES AND FEEDBACK.
- Author
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Carter, Craig R. and Ellram, Lisa M.
- Subjects
MANUSCRIPTS ,CRITICISM ,PEER review of research grant proposals ,EMPIRICAL research - Abstract
The authors reflect on the high quality review process of the "Journal of Supply Chain Management (JSCM)." They emphasize that the reviewer has an impact on the career of authors, the editorial team, and the quality of research in their field. They point out several characteristics of a high quality review which include providing a brief summary of the paper, conveying a constructive attitude, and giving a list of specific comments on weaknesses and concerns regarding the manuscript.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. On criticism, human resource management and civility.
- Subjects
PERSONNEL management ,COURTESY ,CAREER development ,RESOURCE management - Abstract
If you are interested in people as a subject, even if you are interested in them only as an aspect of the effective managing of organisations, you are likely to be more aware of the impact of your actions and reactions on others, and therefore more likely to be civil. But perhaps we still need to keep the issue of civility in our minds as we write our papers and our emails, review others' work and aim to develop a new generation of researchers. Key points: We know that civility matters, but it has to be tempered with our ability to continue to engage critically with fellow scholars.Criticism has two meanings: one involving attacks on the motivation or character of the individual concerned and the other involving analytical deconstruction of individual's work.Given how much of ourselves we put into academic work, we need to be extra careful to disentangle the two forms of criticism.Human resource management scholars are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. DISCUSSION.
- Author
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KINDLEBERGER, C. P.
- Subjects
COST ,CRITICISM - Abstract
The article presents a conference paper in response to another paper published in this same issue titled "Cost of the Marshall Plan to the United States," by Seymour E. Harris. The author notes that Harris may not have had the advantage of reading the 240 page report containing the U.S. President Harry Truman's proposals for European recovery. The author considers the role of financial measures in economic recovery, stabilization loans, and the validity of the cost estimates of the Plan.
- Published
- 1948
22. The Dillion Hypothesis of Titular Colonicity: An Empirical Test from the Ecological Sciences.
- Author
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Perry, J. A.
- Subjects
PERIODICAL publishing ,PSYCHOLOGY ,EDUCATION ,CRITICISM ,ECOLOGY ,AQUATIC sciences - Abstract
The Dillion Hypothesis of Titular Colonicity has been proposed as the primary correlate of scholarly character in journal publication. The Hypothesis was developed and tested in the fields of education, psychology, and literary criticism; its geographical strengths have been tested in a study of the same fields from New Zealand. In this paper, The Hypothesis is tested across disciplinary lines. Data from 21,000 titles in six journals of ecology and aquatic sciences are examined. Titular colonicity has increased dramatically over the last 15 years. Striking differences are found between theoretical and applied sub-fields (with theoretical papers being an order of magnitude more scholarly) and between the papers presented at international scientific congresses and those published in peer-reviewed journals (the latter are more scholarly). No significant differences in scholarly character between aquatic and terrestrial ecology were detectable. A comparison of findings from available studies reveals that more theoretic research in biology is significantly more scholarly than that in psychology. In general, the results of this study support the Dillon Hypothesis of Titular Colonicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Response to Farjoun's ‘Strategy making, novelty, and analogical reasoning — commentary on Gavetti, Levinthal, and Rivkin (2005)’.
- Author
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Gavetti, Giovanni, Levinthal, Daniel A., and Rivkin, Jan W.
- Subjects
STRATEGIC alliances (Business) ,STRATEGIC enterprise management ,SOCIAL constructionism ,MANAGEMENT ,COGNITION ,CRITICISM - Abstract
In his thoughtful commentary on our 2005 paper (Gavetti, Levinthal, and Rivkin, 2005), Farjoun offers three critiques and extensions. First, he suggests our approach should have explicitly considered a constructionist logic. Second, Farjoun argues that we have neglected the full array of modes of cognition between rational choice and feedback-based adaptive learning and have therefore overstated the role of our focal mode, reasoning by analogy. Third, he highlights some of the contingencies under which the various modes of cognition he identifies are effective. In response, we address each point. We first argue that a constructionist perspective is not alien either to the role of analogical reasoning or to the particular modeling apparatus we have developed. We then suggest that despite the richness of modes of cognition that lie between rational choice and adaptive learning, theorizing about them requires simplification and the identification of underlying categories that classify such modes, which is the approach our paper employs. Finally, we clarify how our paper adopts the contingent logic advocated by Farjoun. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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24. THE SEEKING OF STRATEGY WHERE IT IS NOT: TOWARDS A THEORY OF STRATEGY ABSENCE: A REPLY TO BAUERSCHMIDT.
- Author
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Inkpen, Andrew C.
- Subjects
STRATEGIC planning ,CRITICISM ,BUSINESS planning ,ORGANIZATIONAL effectiveness ,INDUSTRIAL management ,PARADIGMS (Social sciences) ,MANAGEMENT ,ORGANIZATIONAL behavior - Abstract
In this issue Bauerschmidt critiques a recent Strategic Management Journal paper dealing with the absence of strategy. In this paper (Inkpen and Choudhury, 1995), we argued that strategy absence should be viewed as a legitimate phenomenon of interest. Bauerschmidt maintained that we failed to instill a new strategy paradigm and challenged our arguments as a rhetorical ploy. Unfortunately, Bauerschmidt misinterpreted our intended message. Although we challenged the conventional wisdom that every firm must have an articulated strategy, instilling a new paradigm was not our objective. Our main argument was that the concept of absence may help strategy researchers better understand existing paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. The intellectual body, the body intellectual.
- Subjects
MIDDLE Ages ,MUSLIM scholars ,LITERARY criticism ,GRIEF ,CRITICISM ,RECOLLECTION (Psychology) - Abstract
Medieval Studies is embodied through whiteness, limited by whiteness, and created by the white imagination. In this field, as it is, objectivity is white subjectivity. In this paper, I argue that unless we practice embodied criticism, there is no way to think about the time and space we define as "Medieval Studies" without inhabiting whiteness. Embodied criticism sanctions, if not requires, that we find entry points to history that are not historical. By valuing all of ourselves, by making our critical landscape all of us, we make it impossible to abandon, overlook, or forget the present as we engage with the past. The Middle Ages that I think about and write about is one that is processed through me. In this Middle Ages, nothing that affects how I am in the world is deemed anachronistic because the theoretical, political, social, and legal forces that govern how I operate in the world are the ones that affect how and what I know about history, how and what I think about space. In it, there is value for the questions grief yields. Any work I produce as I process history is radically transparent as a production by me of me, a Muslim, Iranian‐American body in this place and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The 'front stage' of substance auditing: A study of how substance auditing is presented in performance audit reports.
- Author
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Svärdsten, Fredrik
- Subjects
AUDITING ,PUBLIC sector ,AUDITORS ,POLITICAL accountability ,TRANSPARENCY in government ,CRITICISM - Abstract
Performance audit is a practice with a potentially high degree of democratic and political relevance. Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) have the authority to determine whether the undertakings in central government 'are working'; therefore, SAIs tend to be regarded as important guardians of transparency and 'good' public sector performance. For this purpose, audits of 'substance' are regarded as crucial by both the research community and the INTOSAI. Still, the literature on performance audit concludes that substance audits are rare, although they do exist. One explanation for this is that substance auditing can be a risky endeavour for the auditors, since the lack of generic accounting standards for 'good' public sector performance makes the performance audit reports vulnerable to criticism. The aim of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of substance auditing by detailing the ways in which such audits are presented in performance audit reports. Thus, the paper focuses its analysis on the 'front stage' of substance auditing and finds that the auditors rarely choose to stand on the front stage alone. Instead, they regularly support their authority by relying on other authorities, and when such authorities are lacking, the auditors are reluctant to present judgements in terms of 'good' (or poor) performance. In such cases, this paper suggests that the democratic relevance of the audits can be questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Criticizing the Critic: Comments on Jahoda's (2012) Critique of Discursive Social Psychology.
- Author
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Anderson, Tony and Wiggins, Sally
- Subjects
SOCIAL psychology ,CONTEXTUAL analysis ,CRITICISM ,CRITICS ,REFLEXIVITY ,DISCURSIVE psychology - Abstract
Jahoda (2012) criticizes discursive social psychology ( DSP) on several different grounds; specifically, he argues that DSP has opaque methodological procedures, is of questionable scientific merit, involves over-interpretation of its data, and implicitly claims its findings to be universal rather than contextually specific. We challenge these criticisms by arguing that observational studies of the kind typical within DSP research have a perfectly valid place within a scientific social psychology, that the interpretations made by DSP researchers should be seen in the context of a temporally extended research process in which they are subject to criticism and potential replication, and that Jahoda is himself guilty of over-interpretation by inferring claims of universality when such an inference is not warranted by the data (i.e. the qualitative content of the sample of research papers considered by Jahoda). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Discussion of Audit Recommendations and Management Auditing: A Case Study and Some Remarks.
- Author
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Weston, Frank T.
- Subjects
AUDITING ,CRITICISM ,MANAGEMENT controls ,INTERNAL auditors ,INTERNAL auditing - Abstract
The article reports on auditing procedures and discusses the paper, "Audit Recommendations and Management Auditing: A Case Study and Some Remarks," by Neil C. Churchill. Churchill's paper is based on internal auditing which is where a review and evaluation of financial and other activities is done on a firm by members of that same firm. He also categorizes audits into 3 types when a normal audit includes actions from all three different types. The author also mentions that the controversy over an auditor's independence is different than what Churchill puts forth in his paper.
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. To publish or not the publish? A response to Lortie and Dyer.
- Author
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Hjalten, Joakim and Price, Peter W.
- Subjects
CRITICISM ,RESEARCH ,PLANTS ,ANIMAL-plant relationships ,HERBIVORES ,SAWFLIES - Abstract
Presents a response to a criticism of one of the authors' papers. Summary of the paper, which focused on patterns in plant and herbivore interactions in gall-inducing sawflies; Criticisms made by Lortie and Dyer, including that the data did not support the hypothesis tested and that plants can gain protection from herbivory by associating with plants of lower palatability; Rebuttal to Lortie and Dyer's claims.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Discussion of The Effect of Alternative Accounting Rules for Nonsubsidiary Investments.
- Author
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Gordon, Myron J.
- Subjects
ACCOUNTING standards ,CRITICISM ,INVESTMENTS ,SECURITIES ,SECURITIES trading - Abstract
The article reports on alternative accounting rules and their effect on nonsubsidiary investments and discusses the paper, "The Effect of Alternative Accounting Rules for Nonsubsidiary Investments," by Nicholas Dopuch and David F. Drake. The choice among alternative measurement rules or income and wealth definitions is a continuing problem in accounting. One area of choice is the marketable securities of nonsubsidiary companies where cost basis valuation is typically employed. Dopuch and Drake measured the performance of each alternative accounting rule under appropriate criteria through a sample of 12 firms for the period of 1955-64.
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
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31. REPLY.
- Author
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PYE, GORDON
- Subjects
FINANCE education ,QUANTITATIVE research ,RATE of return ,CRITICISM ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
The author provides a response to an earlier article in this journal that criticized his work in the field of finance. The author comments on Durand's focus on statistical reliability. The author takes issue with Durand's criticism of the value of call deferment, claiming that the statistical sampling error was small. The author acknowledges that the second section of the paper presented a model, which was clearly untested, and argues that Durand cannot visit the same expectations on that model, which lacked data for testing. The author proposes that perhaps Durand's time had been better spent proposing a better solution.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Comment on “The Use of Invalid Polar Cap South (PCS) Indices in Publications” by Stauning.
- Author
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Troshichev, O. A., Dolgacheva, S. A., and Sormakov, D. A.
- Subjects
ARGUMENT ,CRITICISM - Abstract
Declaration (Stauning, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030355) on “invalid polar cap south (PCS) index” is based on the following arguments: PCS index is calculated with use of incorrect “unified” PC derivation method; PCS index used in analyses is a preliminary index, which was not approved by IAGA and, therefore, it cannot be regarded as a correct index; PCN and PCS indices demonstrate, intermittently, large difference in value, which should be treated as evidence of the PCS index invalidity. The paper presents comments to these arguments. Conclusion is made that criticism of the PCS index, presented in Stauning (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030355), is based on groundless arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Alasdair MacIntyre, universities, and the common good.
- Author
-
Smith, Nicholas H. and Dunstall, Andrew
- Subjects
PHILOSOPHERS ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,CRITICISM ,COMMON good - Abstract
Best known as a political philosopher, Alasdair MacIntyre is also a critic of the modern university. The paper examines the grounds of MacIntyre's criticism of modern universities; it offers an assessment of the philosophical debate occasioned by MacIntyre's writings on the topic; and it proposes a way of taking this debate forward. The debate is shown to be centered around three objections to MacIntyre's normative idea of the university: that it is overly intellectualist, parochial, and moralizing. The merits of these objections are considered and a different interpretation of the normative core of MacIntyre's conception of the university is presented: realization and promotion of the common good. An analysis is offered of the kinds of common good universities may serve to realize, including practices internal to the institution, education of a public, and flourishing relationships in various social roles. The implications of this neo‐Aristotelian analysis of the normative core of universities are also shown to be at odds with some of MacIntyre's explicitly stated views on the role of universities in forming an educated pubic and educating students for work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Discussion of Professional Responsibilities--An Empirical Suggestion.
- Author
-
Davidson, H. Justin
- Subjects
PROFESSIONAL ethics ,CRITICISM ,ACCOUNTANTS ,ACCOUNTING firms ,ACCOUNTING ,TRAINING - Abstract
The article reports on professional ethics in the accounting profession and discusses the paper, "Professional Responsibilities - An Empirical Suggestion," by Carl Devine. The author questions the accuracy of Devine's research which involves graduate students in a 2 problem paper exercise as he does not think this simulates the stress of job security and other influences of the accounting profession. He also has a problem with Devine's definition of responsibility and was confused as to whether its operational definition was used properly.
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Special issue on human security, well-being and sustainability: rights, responsibilities and priorities.
- Author
-
Anand, P. B. and Gasper, Des
- Subjects
NATIONAL security ,WELL-being ,LIBERTY ,HUMAN rights ,SPECIAL issues of periodicals ,CRITICISM - Abstract
This introduction to a Special Issue provides a conceptual framework connecting the themes of human security, well-being and human development, and sustainability. Inter-connections between each of these three themes are possible. The connecting concepts are freedoms, rights, responsibilities, and deliberative processes. The main arguments of the five papers in this Special Issue are introduced in the context of this framework. Some potential criticisms and possible synergies are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Defending the Decolonization Trope in Philosophy: A Reply to Olúfẹ́mi Táíwò.
- Subjects
DECOLONIZATION ,GENEALOGY ,CRITICISM ,CRITICAL realism - Abstract
This essay attempts a critical defense of Kwasi Wiredu's decolonization program in response to criticisms raised against it by Olúfẹ́mi Táíwò in his paper, "Rethinking the Decolonization Trope in Philosophy" (Spindel Supplement 2019). Táíwò claims that decolonization has lost its way as a trope of scholarly discourse owing to some fundamental misconceptions on the part of its pioneering advocates, notably Kwasi Wiredu and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. I limit myself to Wiredu in this essay and argue that Táíwò's criticisms are misdirected and generally lose their potency because they are based on a less than accurate picture of Wiredu's decolonization program. Nevertheless, Táíwò's critique underscores the importance of identifying and separating Wiredu's decolonization approach, which is pragmatic, from afrocentric decolonization, which is preoccupied with pedigree and hostile to anything of foreign provenance as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Comment on 'Terminal Value, Accounting Numbers, and Inflation' by Gunther Friedl and Bernhard Schwetzler.
- Author
-
Bradley, Michael H. and Jarrell, Gregg A.
- Subjects
MATHEMATICAL models of economic development ,GROWTH rate ,PRICE inflation ,CRITICISM ,BUSINESS models - Abstract
In this article, the authors response to the criticism of their paper about Constant-Growth model. They clarify that their Constant-Growth model is perfectly correct whether or not one assumes positive expected inflation and they did not dispute the validity of the basic Gordon-Shapiro (GS) constant growth perpetuity model. They also mention that their criticizers were wrong about adding additional term to the nominal growth rate in the Constant-Growth model.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Reconsidering self‐deprecation as a communication practice.
- Author
-
Speer, Susan A.
- Subjects
ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,COGNITION ,COMMUNICATION ,CRITICISM ,GROUP identity ,SELF-perception ,SELF-talk ,SOCIAL psychology - Abstract
'Self‐deprecation' (SD) is widely understood within social psychology and popular culture as a form of self‐talk that reflects a cognitive state, such as low self‐esteem or negative self‐regard. However, most research on SD suffers theoretical and methodological problems that fail to account for how its cognitive and linguistic aspects can be reconciled. We know little about SD as it occurs in interactional settings. Utilizing a conversation analytic (CA) perspective that brackets cognitive explanations for linguistic phenomena, this paper draws on more than 100 hours of transcribed recordings of interactions from diverse settings to systematically examine the form and function of a common class of SD: critical comments by a speaker on their current talk or actions (self‐deprecatory meta‐comments; SDMCs). Analyses demonstrate that SDMCs are used in environments of possible or actual interactional trouble, and manage this trouble in different sequential positions. The paper shows that SDs can be treated as a communication practice. Rigorous analysis of SDMCs can enrich understanding of the construction of 'identities' in talk. It advances a CA understanding of the ascription of social actions, and the preference for self‐criticism over criticism by others. Findings suggest that widespread advice to self‐deprecate less may be invalid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Accelerated drug approval: Meeting the ethical yardstick.
- Author
-
Andreoletti, Mattia and Blasimme, Alessandro
- Subjects
- *
THERAPEUTIC use of monoclonal antibodies , *DRUG approval , *DRUG efficacy , *ALZHEIMER'S disease , *CRITICISM , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *RESEARCH funding , *PATIENT safety - Abstract
Drugs addressing unmet medical needs can change the lives of millions. Developing and validating new drugs can, however, take many years. To streamline the assessment of new drugs, regulatory agencies have long established shortened review pathways. Among these programs, Accelerated Approval (AA) has recently come under scrutiny due to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's decision to authorize Aducanumab, the first Alzheimer's disease drug. This decision attracted fierce criticism due to the allegedly insufficient evidence about the safety and efficacy of the drug. While considerable scholarly attention has been devoted to this case, the ethical aspects of the AA regulatory pathway have so far remained relatively unexplored. In this paper, we set out to fill this gap. We illustrate six conditions that should be met for AA to be ethically acceptable: moral solicitude, evidence, risk mitigation, impartiality, sustainability, and transparency. We discuss such conditions and suggest practical steps to implement them in regulatory and oversight processes. Taken together, our six conditions represent a benchmark for assessing the ethical validity of AA processes and decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Ad hominem rhetoric in scientific psychology.
- Subjects
SERIAL publications ,CRITICISM ,SOCIAL media ,SOCIAL theory ,PSYCHOLOGY ,ELECTRONIC journals ,DISEASE incidence ,REPLICATION (Experimental design) ,BLOGS - Abstract
Ad hominem discourse is largely prohibited in scientific journals. Historically, this prohibition restricted the dissemination of ad hominem discussion, but during the last decade, blogs and social media platforms became popular among researchers. With the use of social media now entrenched among researchers, there are important questions about the role of ad hominems. Ad hominems and other forms of strong criticism became particularly evident in online discussions associated with the recent replication crisis in psychology. Here, these discussions, and a few incidences of ad hominems in journal articles, are situated in the broader history of science. It is argued that explicit codes of conduct should be considered to curb certain kinds of ad hominem comments in certain fora, but that some ad hominem discussions have an important role to play in a healthier science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. In Defense of Deliberative Indispensability.
- Subjects
ARGUMENT ,CRITICISM ,CRITICS - Abstract
David Enoch has argued that we can be justified in believing in irreducibly normative reasons on the grounds that such reasons are deliberatively indispensable. This deliberative indispensability argument has been attacked from a variety of angles and is generally held to be rather weak. In this paper, I argue that existing criticisms of the deliberative indispensability argument do not touch the core of Enoch's argument. Properly understood, the deliberative indispensability argument is much stronger than its critics allege. It deserves to be taken seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Strategies to prevent unwarranted criticism of professions that extend their services: The case of pharmacist-administered vaccinations.
- Author
-
Moss, Simon A. and Bushell, Mary A.
- Subjects
CRITICISM ,MEDICAL practice ,PHARMACISTS ,VACCINES ,PHYSICIANS' attitudes - Abstract
Many professions strive to extend their gamut of services, yet other professions may attempt to stifle these changes. For example, in Australia, the prospect that pharmacists are permitted to administer vaccinations in some jurisdictions has ignited strident criticism from other professional bodies, including the Australian Medical Association. These criticisms may diminish the confidence of consumers and, therefore, stymie the attempts of professions to extend their services. The aim of this paper is to uncover strategies that professional bodies can implement to prevent unwarranted criticism. This paper first identifies the biases that evoke these criticisms, such as inflated judgements of the status quo. Second, this paper shows that these biases can be ascribed to a specific mindset, in which individuals feel dissociated from future aspirations. Finally, this paper delineates practices that may redress these biases, such as a retreat in which the proposal to extend services is discussed in collaboration with other professional bodies, years before the intended changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. DISCUSSION.
- Author
-
REILLY, FRANK K.
- Subjects
CAPITAL market ,INVESTMENT analysis ,TAXATION of dividends ,CORPORATE finance ,MONEY market ,INVESTORS ,TRANSACTION costs ,ARBITRAGE ,LIQUIDITY (Economics) ,DOUBLE taxation ,CRITICISM - Abstract
The article comments on a paper published within the issue, "Elimination of the Double Taxation of Dividends and Corporate Financial Policy," by Robert H. Litzenberger and James C. Van Horne. Within their paper, the authors assume a pure auction exchange in which traders possess substantial market power and there are no specialists or arbitrageurs. The author commends the paper for its use of simulation to assess the implications of various rules, regulations and market conditions on the functioning of our capital markets. Positive benefits to the use of limit orders in the interest of improved market liquidity are noted. Several criticisms of the paper are presented. The author finds little use for the study's main findings regarding significant negative correlation.
- Published
- 1978
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. REJOINDER TO THE MERTON-KNUPFER DISCUSSION.
- Author
-
Lundberg, George A.
- Subjects
SOCIAL status ,CRITICISM ,LITERATURE ,HYPOTHESIS - Abstract
The article presents a reply to Genevieve Knupfer and Robert K. Merton for their comment on the article "A Comparison of Three Measures of Socioeconomic Status," by the author and his colleague. According to the author the basis for the criticism of the article by Knupfer and Merton, is a complete misunderstanding of the purpose of the original paper. The critics are clearly under the impression that the article contends that a mere comparison of the scores of different scales enables the author and his colleague to pronounce upon the validity of one or all of the scales. They thought they had made the opposite point when they point out that it is quite futile to argue whether a given case is more properly rated by one scale or the other because this will depend entirely on what criteria of validation they adopt. The advisability or wisdom of adopting some criteria rather than others will be determined by the results each yields in relation to the theory, the hypothesis, or purpose of the research. The critics devote a long and eloquent first paragraph to the doctrine that a scale must have a specified purpose, "measurement of what for what." It seems superfluous to call attention to all the places where the author have vigorously emphasized the importance of clearly defined theory, hypotheses, problems, purposes, etc., in all scientific activities whatsover and in the construction of scales in particular.
- Published
- 1943
45. DISCUSSION.
- Author
-
GUTTENTAG, JACK
- Subjects
SAVINGS & loan associations ,BANK deposit laws ,DEPOSIT banking ,CRITICISM ,HOUSING ,INTEREST rates ,MONETARY policy ,SAVINGS ,LOANS ,INCOME - Abstract
The article comments on a paper published within the issue, "Getting Along Without Regulation Q: Testing the Standard View of Deposit-Rate Competition During the 'Wild-Card' Experience," by Edward J. Kane. The paper is criticized for posing questions that are fairly easy to answer and therefore does not help to draw any useful conclusions. The author notes that, despite Kane's insistence, there are certain conditions in which there may be a valid public interest in the use of Regulation Q to protect the income of the savings and loan industry.
- Published
- 1978
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Effectiveness of self‐compassion‐related interventions for reducing self‐criticism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.
- Author
-
Wakelin, Katherine E., Perman, Gemma, and Simonds, Laura M.
- Subjects
MINDFULNESS ,META-analysis ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,SELF-perception ,CRITICISM ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials - Abstract
Self‐criticism is the process of negative self‐evaluation. High levels are associated with psychopathology and poorer therapeutic outcomes. Self‐compassion interventions were developed to explicitly target self‐criticism. The aim of this review was to estimate the overall effect of self‐compassion‐related interventions on self‐criticism outcomes and investigate potential moderating variables. A systematic search of the literature identified 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria. Nineteen papers, involving 1350 participants, had sufficient data to be included in the meta‐analysis. Pre‐ and post‐data points were extracted for the compassion and control groups. Study quality was assessed using an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool, which concluded that studies were of moderate quality. Meta‐analysis findings indicated that self‐compassion‐related interventions produce a significant, medium reduction in self‐criticism in comparison with control groups (Hedges' g = 0.51, 95% CI [0.33–0.69]). Moderator analysis found greater reductions in self‐criticism when self‐compassion‐related interventions were longer and compared with passive controls rather than active. The remaining moderators of forms of self‐criticism, sample type, intervention delivery, intervention setting and risk of bias ratings were insignificant. Overall, the review provides promising evidence of the effectiveness of self‐compassion‐related interventions for reducing self‐criticism. However, results are limited by moderate quality studies with high heterogeneity. Directions for future research indicate that more RCTs with active controls, follow‐ups, consistent use and reporting of measures and diverse samples are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Revisiting the criticisms of rational choice theories.
- Subjects
RATIONAL choice theory ,CRITICISM - Abstract
Theories of rational choice are arguably the most prominent approaches to human behaviour in the social and behavioral sciences. At the same time, they have faced persistent criticism. In this paper, I revisit some of the core criticisms that have for a long time been levelled against them and discuss to what extent those criticisms are still effective, not only in light of recent advancements in the literature but also of the fact that there are different variants of rational choice theories that have not been considered explicitly when criticizing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Thomas Hobbes and Thomas White on Identity and Discontinuous Existence.
- Author
-
Adriaenssen, Han Thomas and Alma, Sam
- Subjects
ARGUMENT ,SHIPS ,CRITICISM - Abstract
Is it possible for an individual that has gone out of being to come back into being again? The English Aristotelian, Thomas White, argued that it is not. Thomas Hobbes disagreed and used the case of the Ship of Theseus to argue that individuals that have gone out of being may come back into being again. This paper provides the first systematic account of their arguments. It is doubtful that Hobbes has a consistent case against White. Still, his criticism may have prompted White to clarify his views on identity over time in his later work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Discussion of The Effect of Alternative Accounting Rules for Nonsubsidiary Investments.
- Author
-
Savoie, Leonard M.
- Subjects
CRITICISM ,INVESTMENTS ,SECURITIES ,DEBT-to-equity ratio ,COST accounting - Abstract
The article reports on the effect of alternative accounting rules for nonsubsidiary investments and discusses the paper, "The Effect of Alternative Accounting Rules for Nonsubsidiary Investments," by Nicholas Dopuch and David F. Drake. The author feels that empirical research in accounting is difficult because there is insufficient data available for reliable statistical information. In the sampling of firms for Dopuch and Drake's research they omitted the Corning Glass Company which owns 30% of the Owens-Illinois Glass Company, which was included in the sample.
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Discussion of Professional Responsibilities--An Empirical Suggestion.
- Author
-
Vance, Lawrence L.
- Subjects
PROFESSIONAL ethics ,CRITICISM ,ACCOUNTANTS ,ACCOUNTANT independence ,ACCOUNTING departments - Abstract
The article reports on professional ethics in the accounting profession and discusses the paper, "Professional Responsibilities - An Empirical Suggestion," by Carl Devine. The author analyzes the validity and specificity of Devine's hypotheses in his paper as well as his use of background variables in researching the attitudes of professional accountants. Devine states that the longer an accountant is serving with a particular firm than the stronger that accountant's identity with the firm and firm associates should be. However, he claims that dissatisfaction becomes a problem with long association at a firm in a low level with no advancement.
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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