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Self‐standing two‐dimensional P‐doped molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) nanosheets were synthesized on carbon fiber paper (CFP) (P‐doped MoSe2/CFP) using a hydrothermal reaction followed by phosphorization and were subsequently used as a high‐efficiency hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst. Nanosheet aggregation was remarkably inhibited, and numerous active sites were exposed. The H adsorption and desorption capacities of MoSe2 were optimized by doping P atoms in the MoSe2 lattice. Electrochemical testing indicated that the overpotential (η50) required by P‐doped MoSe2/CFP was only 186 mV, which was much lower than that of the as‐prepared MoSe2/CFP (237 mV). The Tafel slope of P‐doped MoSe2/CFP was 54.3 mV ⋅ dec−1, which was remarkably lower than that of the as‐prepared MoSe2/CFP (79.8 mV ⋅ dec−1). The Gibbs energy of the H atoms adsorbed on P‐doped MoSe2 (ΔGH*) reached the lowest value (0.202 eV) when the hydrogen coverage (θH) was 75 %. For MoSe2, the lowest ΔGH* value was 0.296 eV when θH was 25 %. The adsorption and desorption of H atoms at the active sites of P‐doped MoSe2 occurred easier than at the active sites of MoSe2. Moreover, the P doping effect facilitated the formation of more Hads species during the Volmer reaction and substantially accelerated the kinetics of the HER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M-doped TiO2 and mixed oxides M xO y-TiO2 (M = V, Bi, W) were synthesized by the reactive mineralization of ash-free filter paper under anhydrous conditions. Mixtures of metal chlorides (TiCl4 with VOCl3, WCl6, or BiCl3) were reacted directly with cellulose, and three different Ti/M atomic ratios were used (99, 19, and 9). The resulting materials consist of original nanoflower assemblies of needle-shaped primary particles. Their physicochemical characteristics were investigated by various techniques (X-ray diffraction, diffuse-reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and elemental analysis). The incorporation of the doping metal or the formation of mixture of oxides with TiO2 (WO3, Bi2O3) depends on the metal and the proportions used. The photocatalytic activities of the materials were tested for the degradation of phenol. The vanadium-doped materials exhibit true solid-solution formation and their band gaps shift into the visible range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promising approaches to improve electrical characteristics, chemical resistance, and thermal stability of the resistivity of ZnO‐based TCO thin films are investigated. The following ways were tested: a) gradient doping of ZnO grains into the synthesized TCO films by indium in order to create passivating coatings on the surface of the grains; b) preventing the oxygen diffusion into the films by suppressing the columnar structures formation; c) methods combining the above ones. It was found that in the ZnO‐based TCO films deposited by magnetron sputtering at temperature above 150°C under the presence of excess zinc in the reagent flow, a decrease in the porosity of the columnar ZnO films is observed after subsequent heat treatments in air. The introducing of In, Ga, Sn metals to the composition of the ZnO films contributes to the formation of thin surface oxide sub‐layers with passivation properties on the surface of the ZnO grains. The results of research clearly show that preventing the formation of a columnar structure in combination with the passivation of grain surfaces creates real prospects for expanding the areas of application of ZnO‐based transparent electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promising approaches to improve electrical characteristics, chemical resistance, and thermal stability of the resistivity of ZnO‐based TCO thin films are investigated. The following ways were tested: a) gradient doping of ZnO grains into the synthesized TCO films by indium in order to create passivating coatings on the surface of the grains; b) preventing the oxygen diffusion into the films by suppressing the columnar structures formation; c) methods combining the above ones. It was found that in the ZnO‐based TCO films deposited by magnetron sputtering at temperature above 150°C under the presence of excess zinc in the reagent flow, a decrease in the porosity of the columnar ZnO films is observed after subsequent heat treatments in air. The introducing of In, Ga, Sn metals to the composition of the ZnO films contributes to the formation of thin surface oxide sub‐layers with passivation properties on the surface of the ZnO grains. The results of research clearly show that preventing the formation of a columnar structure in combination with the passivation of grain surfaces creates real prospects for expanding the areas of application of ZnO‐based transparent electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring new materials and methods to achieve high utilization of sulfur with lean electrolyte is still a common concern in lithium‐sulfur batteries. Here, high‐density oxygen doping chemistry is introduced for making highly conducting, chemically stable sulfides with a much higher affinity to lithium polysulfides. It is found that doping large amounts of oxygen into NiCo2S4 is feasible and can make it outperform the pristine oxides and natively oxidized sulfides. Taking the advantages of high conductivity, chemical stability, the introduced large Li–O interactions, and activated Co (Ni) facets for catalyzing Sn2–, the NiCo2(O–S)4 is able to accelerate the Li2S‐S8 redox kinetics. Specifically, lithium‐sulfur batteries using free‐standing NiCo2(O–S)4 paper and interlayer exhibit the highest capacity of 8.68 mAh cm–2 at 1.0 mA cm–2 even with a sulfur loading of 8.75 mg cm–2 and lean electrolyte of 3.8 µL g–1. The high‐density oxygen doping chemistry can be also applied to other metal compounds, suggesting a potential way for developing more powerful catalysts towards high performance of Li–S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By N2O/N2/O2 doped the active layer and He/Ar/Al/SiNx doped the S/D of Top‐Gate IGZO TFT, we have summarized the effects of different doping modes on the properties of Top‐Gate IGZO TFT, including doping the active layer of Top‐Gate IGZO TFT with N2O can obviously improve the electrical uniformity of devices , and doping the S/D of Top‐Gate IGZO TFT with aluminum(Al) can significantly improve the NBTIS/ PBTIS of devices, etc. By optimizing the doping method, we have fabricated a device with both good electrical uniformity and good electrical properties, with threshold voltage shift (ΔVth) of 18 points less than 1V, Mobility=8.6 cm2/V.S,Subthreshold Swing(SS) =0.26 V/dec ,Threshold Voltage （Vth） =2.9V ,ΔVth=1.54 V (NBTIS, Bias=‐30V,T=80 ℃ ,Backlight=4500Nit,2000S,W/L=6/12), ΔVth= 5.28V(PBTIS,Bias=+30V ， T=80 ℃ ,Backlight=4500Nit, 2000S， W/L=6/12). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the adsorption interactions between carbon materials and sulfur compounds has far‐reaching impacts, in addition to their well‐known important role in energy storage and conversion, such as lithium‐ion batteries. In this paper, properties of intrinsic B or Si single‐atom doped, and B–Si codoped graphene (GR) and graphdiyne (GDY) were investigated by using density functional theory‐based calculations, in which the optimal doping configurations were explored for potential applications in adsorbing sulfur compounds. Results showed that both B or Si single‐atom doping and B–Si codoping could substantially enhance the electron transport properties of GR and GDY, improving their surface activity. Notably, B and Si atoms displayed synergistic effects for the codoped configurations, where B–Si codoped GR/GDY exhibited much better performance in the adsorption of sulfur‐containing chemicals than single‐atom doped systems. In addition, results demonstrated that, after B–Si codoping, the adsorption energy and charge transfer amounts of GDY with sulfur compounds were much larger than those of GR, indicating that B–Si codoped GDY might be a favorable material for more effectively interacting with sulfur reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried blood spot (DBS) analysis has been an inherent part of sports drug testing through the technological advancements of the past decade. Trimetazidine, a non‐threshold banned substance, is excreted into urine after a dose of the permitted drug lomerizine. Therefore, a lomerizine‐specific metabolite (M6) is analyzed to confirm the origin of trimetazidine in traditional urine analysis. Application studies were conducted to develop an analytical method for trimetazidine applicable to DBS. These studies comprise (1) the effect of different sampling sites on the detection of trimetazidine, (2) the determination of the appropriate trimetazidine level required for DBS analysis, and (3) differentiating between trimetazidine and lomerizine use. A high‐resolution mass spectrometric method for detecting trimetazidine in DBS was validated. After oral administration of trimetazidine (n = 7), venous and capillary blood (fingertip and upper arm) were spotted on cellulose paper. Trimetazidine could be identified in DBS in all subjects up to 60 h after administration. The limit of detection was 0.05 ng/ml, and the limit of identification was 0.06 ng/ml, suggesting the minimum required performance level of 0.2 ng/ml. In the fingertip capillary blood, biases of 9.7% (vs. upper arm) and 13.0% (vs. vein) were observed in the trimetazidine intensity; however, there were no concerns in the qualitative analysis. After administering lomerizine (n = 10), the intact lomerizine has a strong peak intensity in blood compared to trimetazidine. Contrary to urine analysis, the M6 was less detectable in blood. Laboratories should confirm intact lomerizine whenever trimetazidine is identified in DBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass‐derived carbon material has drawn significant attention recently due to its wide availability, environmentally free, and effective performance of the resulting porous carbons for supercapacitor (SC) applications. Carbon electrode material derived from biomass is used for energy storage (ES) because it has distinct qualities in porosity, a large specific surface area, and excellent conductivity. Furthermore, these materials' homogeneous, flawless biological structures can be used as models to create electrode materials with accurate geometries. The ES devices, known as SCs, also known as ultra‐capacitors, serve as a link between a capacitor and a battery. Due to their charge storage, SCs can produce a much higher density than batteries. Several factors, including the electrode's potential window, the electrode materials characteristics, and the electrolyte choice, have a major effect on SC performance. Therefore, all efforts have been made to develop SC electrode materials. This paper explains the different types of SCs and how they work. The various available biomass resources, as well as the methods for producing them, are outlined. In addition, the different types of electrode materials, activation methods, heteroatom functionalization, and electrolyte types are all thoroughly examined. The application and research advancement of biomass‐derived carbon used in SCs over the past 3 years are highlighted. Furthermore, this research outlines the benefits of SCs for the environment and the economy, as well as present challenges and future recommendations for advancing biomass‐derived carbon applications. This article aims to give an in‐depth knowledge of carbon‐based biomass materials that are used in SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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DPC in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) is a valuable method for mapping the electric fields in semiconductor materials. However, optimising the experimental conditions can be challenging. In this paper, we test and compare critical experimental parameters, including the convergence angle, camera length, acceleration voltage, sample configuration, and orientation using a four‐quadrant segmented detector and a Si specimen containing layers of different As concentrations. The DPC measurements show a roughly linear correlation with the estimated electric fields, until the field gets close to the detection limitation, which is ∼0.5 mV/nm with a sample thickness of ∼145 nm. These results can help inform which technique to use for different user cases: When the electric field at a planar junction is above ∼0.5 mV/nm, DPC with a segmented detector is practical for electric field mapping. With a planar junction, the DPC signal‐to‐noise ratio can be increased by increasing the specimen thickness. However, for semiconductor devices with electric fields smaller than ∼0.5 mV/nm, or for devices containing curved junctions, DPC is unreliable and techniques with higher sensitivity will need to be explored, such as 4D STEM using a pixelated detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti‐doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the prevalent use of inhaled beta2‐agonists in sports, there is an ongoing debate as to whether they enhance athletic performance. Over the last decades, inhaled beta2‐agonists have been claimed not to enhance performance with little consideration of dose or exercise modality. In contrast, orally administered beta2‐agonists are perceived as being performance enhancing, predominantly on muscle strength and sprint ability, but can also induce muscle hypertrophy and slow‐to‐fast fiber phenotypic switching. But because inhaled beta2‐agonists are more efficient to achieve high systemic concentrations than oral delivery relative to dose, it follows that the inhaled route has the potential to enhance performance too. The question is at which inhaled doses such effects occur. While supratherapeutic doses of inhaled beta2‐agonists enhance muscle strength and short intense exercise performance, effects at low therapeutic doses are less apparent. However, even high therapeutic inhaled doses of commonly used beta2‐agonists have been shown to induce muscle hypertrophy and to enhance sprint performance. This is concerning from an anti‐doping perspective. In this paper, we raise awareness of the circumstances under which inhaled beta2‐agonists can constitute a performance‐enhancing benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doping control analyses at the XXXII Olympic Games (July 23 to August 8, 2021) and the XVI Paralympic Games (August 24 to September 5, 2021) held in Tokyo, Japan, after a year of delay due to the COVID‐19 pandemic are summarized in this paper. A new satellite facility at the existing World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA)‐accredited Tokyo laboratory was established and fully operated by 278 staff, including 33 Tokyo laboratory staff, 49 international experts, and 196 Japanese temporary staff. The numbers of urine samples were 5081 (Olympics) and 1519 (Paralympics), and the numbers of blood samples were 1103 (Olympics) and 500 (Paralympics). The laboratory could prepare for analysis in advance using a paperless chain‐of‐custody system, allowing for faster turnaround time reporting. For the first time, a new polymerase chain reaction method for detecting erythropoietin (EPO) gene doping was used. The laboratory also analyzed blood samples for detecting steroid esters following the spotting of collected venous EDTA blood onto dried blood spot cards. Moreover, full‐scan data acquisition using high‐resolution mass spectrometers was performed for all urine samples, allowing for detecting traces of doping substances, which are not currently analyzed in the subsequent data processing. The presence of some prohibited substances was confirmed, resulting in 8 atypical findings (ATFs) and 11 adverse analytical findings (AAFs), including homologous blood transfusion (2 cases) and recombinant EPO in the blood (1 case), at the Olympics, whereas 2 ATFs and 10 AAFs were reported at the Paralympics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, N, Nb composite doped lithium iron phosphate structure was constructed, and its thermodynamic stability, intercalation voltages, volume change rate, electronic structure properties, and mechanical properties were systematically investigated using the first principles. The results of formation energy demonstrate that the N and Nb composite doping system meets the thermodynamic stability requirements and can exist consistently. In the process of de‐lithium, the volume change rate of the anion‐cation hybrid doping system is significantly decreased, and the intercalation voltage is increased, which indicates that the doping makes the cycling performance and energy density of the material improved. A radical shift in the material's electronic structure after doping is conducive to the enhanced conductivity of lithium iron phosphate. Besides, studies on the elastic properties of materials demonstrated that both N and Nb doping inhibited the generation of microcracks and diminished the occurrence of shear deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A convenient, controllable method to fabricate an electrode is necessary to achieve the practical application of a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. In this work, an electrodeposition–ZIF conversion–sulfuration strategy is developed to produce a CoS2@N/S‐codoped porous carbon (CoS2@NSC/CFP) to drive the HER efficiently. CoS2@NSC/CFP was prepared by the electrodeposition of Co(OH)2 on a carbon fiber paper followed by conversion into ZIF‐67 and subsequent sulfuration with sulfur. The loading of electroactive components can be controlled easily in the range of 0.7–10.0 mg cm−2 by varying electrodeposition time from 5 min to 2 h. The resulting material can be employed directly as a working electrode for the HER and it shows an excellent catalytic activity and stability with an overpotential of 95 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 158 mV to reach 100 mA cm−2 in an acidic medium. The high efficiency is related intimately to the high dispersion of ultra‐small CoS2 nanoparticles, heteroatom‐codoping, and the 3 D porous network configuration of the carbon fiber paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GaAs crystals are important III–V compound semiconductor materials and the bandgap and quantum efficiency can be optimized by doping. However, the doping may bring some problems to the crystal growth. In this paper, Si‐doped GaAs crystals are grown by the modified vertical Bridgman method and the influence of Si doping on dislocations and mechanical properties are discussed. It is found that a proper amount of Si doping significantly reduces the dislocation density of GaAs crystals. The mechanical properties of (100), (110), (111), and (511) planes are measured, and the results show that the mechanical properties of Si‐doped GaAs crystals have obvious anisotropy. The (111) plane has the strongest mechanical properties among them. The Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, nanoindentation hardness, and elastic modulus of the (111) plane are 6.05 GPa, 0.69 MPa m1/2, 10.82 GPa, 138.7 GPa, respectively. Moreover, Si doping can improve the mechanical properties of GaAs crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PbSe has attracted wide attention owing to its fascinating physical and chemical properties. It has important technical significance for infrared detectors. However, due to the inherent bandgap, low carrier mobility, and dielectric constant of PbSe, it is a significant challenge to realize fast response and mid‐infrared (MID) photodetection. Chemical doping is an efficient method to regulate the band structure and carrier mobility of materials. Nevertheless, the doped film detector cannot satisfy the demands of high‐performance photodetectors. In this paper, different composition ratios powders are synthesized by a solid‐state method. The PbSe0.5Te0.5 alloy film displays narrower bandgap, higher carrier mobility, excellent photo‐response, and broadband detection capacity. By utilizing the above superiority of PbSe0.5Te0.5 and fast charge transfer in MoSe2, a PbSe0.5Te0.5/MoSe2 p‐n heterostructure device is successfully fabricated that has significant rectifying effect (103) and extremely low dark current density (720 µA cm−2). The photodetector has a maximum responsivity (R) and specific detectivity (D*) of 17.5 A W−1 and 3.08 × 1013 Jones at 780 nm. In addition, the detector displays superior photodetection performance with broadband photodetection (405–5000 nm), high switch ratios (Ion/Ioff = 105), and fast response speed. The above outstanding properties indicate that the PbSe0.5Te0.5/MoSe2 heterostructure provides a promising and efficient strategy for achieving a miniaturized, broadband, and high‐performance photodetector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High current carrying capacity and high conductivity are two important indicators for materials used in microscale electronics and inverters. However, it is challenging to obtain high conductivity and high current carrying capacity at the same time since high conductivity requires a weakly bonded system to provide free electrons, while high current carrying capacity requires a strongly bonded system. In this paper, CuI@SWCNT networks by filling the single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with CuI is ingeniously prepared. CuI@SWCNT shows good stability due to the confinement protection of SWCNTs. Through the host‐guest hybridization, CuI@SWCNT networks exhibit a current carrying capacity of 2.04 × 107 A cm−2 and a conductivity of 31.67 kS m−1. Their current carrying capacity and conductivity are significantly improved compared with SWCNT. The Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements show a drop of surface potential energy after SWCNT filled with CuI, indicating that the CuI guest molecules regulate the position of the Fermi level of SWCNTs, increasing carrier concentration, achieving high conductivity and high current carrying capacity. This study offers ideas and solutions for the regulation of high‐performance carbon tube networks, which hold great promise for future applications in carbon‐based electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, many studies have contributed to improving our understanding of the brittle failure mechanisms of boron carbide and provided a road map for inhibiting the underlying mechanisms and improving the mechanical response of boron carbide. This paper provides a review of the design and processing approaches utilized to address the amorphization and transgranular fracture of boron carbide, which are mainly based on what we have found through 9 years of work in the field of boron carbides as armor ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron carbide is an excellent armor material due to its light weight and ultrahigh hardness. However, high‐rate mechanical behavior can be degraded by stress‐induced amorphization. In this paper, we review the progressive advances in the understanding of amorphization in three successive generations of boron carbide: stoichiometric (undoped), B‐rich, and B/Si codoped boron carbides. For each generation of boron carbide, the crystal structure and microstructure are first discussed. Then, we outline the experimental observations of amorphization made by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The susceptibility of amorphization in each generation of boron carbide will be compared and the fundamental mechanisms that explain the reduction in amorphization for B‐rich and B/Si codoped boron carbides elucidated. Comments on future research directions to further broaden and deepen the understanding of stress‐induced amorphization of boron carbide are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonaceous transition metal catalysts have become one of the most promising materials to replace expensive Pt‐based catalysts because of their high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability. In this paper, three metal‐containing nanoparticles, namely FeCoNi, were encapsulated into carbonaceous matrixes by simple stirring and calcination. The morphology of as‐obtained FeCoNi particles was controlled and investigated by adjusting the amount of melamine as carbon (and nitrogen) source. FeCoNi@NC/CNTs‐6 showed the best ORR activity among all of the catalysts. The half‐wave potential of the FeCoNi@NC/CNTs‐6 is 0.83 V vs. RHE, and its limiting current density is up to 5.16 mA cm−2. It was found that the unique 3D carbon‐based matrix may be the main reason for this enhanced ORR activity. Additionally, higher content of pyridine N and Fe(Co/Ni)Nx group in FeCoNi@NC/CNTs‐6 catalyst may be another reason. Finally, FeCoNi@NC/CNTs‐6 was also used as a cathode to assemble the zinc‐air battery. The results showed that it had better battery performance than the reference Pt/C catalyst. These results could provide theoretical and practical support for the enlarged applicability of similar catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the fabrication of a new type of electrorheological (ER) fluid with ecoresorbable features as well as excellent electroresponsive performance. The proposed ER fluid consists of biocompatible Mg‐doped silica/titania hollow nanoparticles (ST HNPs) suspended in vegetable oils (canola, grapeseed, olive, and soy). The effects of biodegradable plant‐derived carrier liquids on the ER performance are analyzed. The polarizability and wettability of the fabricated ER fluids are studied. The high polarizability of the nanoparticles contributes to the highly electroresponsive performance by inducing electrostatic interactions between the nanoparticles under electric fields; this enables the formation of a rigid and strong fibril structure. A suitable wettability, which represents the favorable interaction between the oil and the nanoparticles, allows the nanoparticles to disperse evenly in the oil and prevents their aggregation, thereby making the formation of a rigid and strong fibrillar structure under the electric field easier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid-solution polymerization and vapor-phase polymerization (VPP) have been used to manufacture a series of chloride- and tosylate-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) carbon paper electrodes. The electrochemistry, specific capacitance, and specific charge were determined for single electrodes in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (emim dca) ionic liquid electrolyte. VPP-PEDOT exhibits outstanding properties with a specific capacitance higher than 300 F g−1, the highest value reported for a PEDOT-based conducting polymer, and doping levels as high as 0.7 charges per monomer were achieved. Furthermore, symmetric PEDOT supercapacitor cells with the emim dca electrolyte exhibited a high specific capacitance (76.4 F g−1) and high specific energy (19.8 Wh kg−1). A Ragone plot shows that the VPP-PEDOT cells combine the high specific power of conventional ('pure') capacitors with the high specific energy of batteries, a highly sought-after target for energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the breakdown voltage studies on a new lateral diffusion p‐channel MOSFET(LDMOS) and development of an optimal structure based on the breakdown voltage and on‐state resistance. In this new structure, the channel region (n‐body) and the lightly doped drain (LDD) structure were formed by a self‐aligned process. This approach leads to the saving of one mask level during fabrication. Two‐dimensional simulation was carried out on various parameters such as the horizontal and vertical electric field intensities, the impact generation profiles, generation recombination, impact generation before and after breakdown, the carrier concentration, electron and hole current densities and the conduction current densities of the structure to ascertain the behaviour of breakdown voltage and the on‐state resistance. Breakdown voltages closer to −162 V have been obtained in these structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we first review the trends for advanced CMOS devices in terms of architectures and scalability. The paper highlights the key process challenges for planar MOSFET and FinFET device technologies. We emphasize the need for advanced implant solutions to enable device scaling and performance as well as variability improvement. Especially, we discuss the latest damage engineering solutions as well as materials modification techniques (e.g., contact and strain engineering) to reduce leakage, improve drive current and process margin with reduced variability. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications and new challenges coming from novel channel material devices (e.g., silicon-germanium, germanium, and III-V). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing earth-abundant and active electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as replacements for conventional noble metal catalysts is of scientific and technological importance for achieving cost-effective and efficient conversion and storage of renewable energy. However, most of the promising candidates thus far are exclusively metal-based catalysts, which are disadvantaged by relatively restricted electron mobility, corrosion susceptibility, and detrimental environmental influences. Herein, hierarchically porous nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) codoped carbon nanofibers directly grown on conductive carbon paper are prepared through an electrochemically induced polymerization process in the presence of aniline monomer and phosphonic acid. The resultant material exhibits robust stability (little activity attenuation after 12 h continuous operation) and high activity with low overpotential (310 mV at 10 mA cm−2) toward electrocatalytic oxygen production, with performance comparable to that of the precious iridium oxide (IrO2) benchmark. Experimental measurements reveal that dual doping of N and P can result in an increased active surface area and abundant active sites in comparison with the single doped and pristine carbon counterparts, and density functional theory calculations indicate that N and P dopants can coactivate the adjacent C atoms, inducing synergistically enhanced activity toward OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonly, carbon layer was a suitable choice to enhance the conductivity and reduce the large volume effect of Ni2P nanoparticles (NPs) in electrochemical applications. The doped nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) atoms in carbon could further improve its performance. In this paper, core‐shell structure Ni2P@N, P‐co‐doped carbon (Ni2P@N, P−C) NPs were loaded onto reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (GN) to form new composite serial Ni2P@N, P−C/GN, which was designed for the combination of these merits and successfully obtained by two‐step method (firstly hydrothermal process and secondly phosphorization process). As anodes for LIBs and SIBs, the responding electrochemical studies showed the Ni2P@N, P−C/GN‐0.4 electrode exhibited an outstanding specific capacity of 450 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 2000 cycles in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and maintained 110 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 3000 cycles in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), respectively. These results showed that Ni2P@N, P−C/GN material could be an excellent candidate for energy storage area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a study on the charge transport in a composite of liquid‐exfoliated graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) and a polythiophene semiconducting polymer. While the former component is highly conducting, although it consists of isolated nanostructures, the latter offers an efficient charge transport path between the individual GNPs within the film, overall yielding enhanced charge transport properties of the resulting bi‐component system. The electrical characteristics of the composite layers were investigated by means of measurements of time‐of‐flight photoconductivity and transconductance in field‐effect transistors. In order to analyze both phenomena separately, charge density and charge mobility contributions to the conductivity were singled out. With the increasing GNP concentration, the charge mobility was found to increase, thereby reducing the time spent by the carriers on the polymer chains. In addition, for GNP loading above 0.2 % (wt.), an increase of free charge density was observed that highlights an additional key role played by doping. Variable‐range hopping model of a mixed two‐ and three‐dimensional transport is explained using temperature dependence of mobility and free charge density. The temperature variation of free charge density was related to the electron transfer from polythiophene to GNP, with an energy barrier of 24 meV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, N, Nb composite doped lithium iron phosphate structure was constructed, and its thermodynamic stability, intercalation voltages, volume change rate, electronic structure properties, and mechanical properties were systematically investigated using the first principles. The results of formation energy demonstrate that the N and Nb composite doping system meets the thermodynamic stability requirements and can exist consistently. In the process of de‐lithium, the volume change rate of the anion‐cation hybrid doping system is significantly decreased, and the intercalation voltage is increased, which indicates that the doping makes the cycling performance and energy density of the material improved. A radical shift in the material's electronic structure after doping is conducive to the enhanced conductivity of lithium iron phosphate. Besides, studies on the elastic properties of materials demonstrated that both N and Nb doping inhibited the generation of microcracks and diminished the occurrence of shear deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercialization of emotions is not a new phenomenon but in Denmark there is a new general trend to tell and sell personal stories in the media. Personal deprivation and crises are also major topics in sports media. This paper focuses on sports biographies as a book genre that is reviving in popularity. The paper approaches the topic through the biographies of one Danish athlete: the former professional cyclist, Jesper Skibby, who writes about his doping disclosure and shares his personal dilemmas as a former elite sportsman. The thematic text analysis orientates around social interactions, emotions, and personality constructions. Inspired by microsociology with a Durkheimian flavor of Goffman and Hochschild, themes including 'face work,' 'interaction rituals,' and 'emotions management' are discussed. The analysis claims that sharing personal information in the media is not only a means of confession and reclaiming status but is also business and management - on an intimate level. Telling the story of the corrosion of a sporting character has become a hot issue, an entertainment, and not least a commercial commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colloidal barium-doped TiO2 nanocrystals have been developed that enable the highly reversible light-responsive color switching of redox dyes with excellent cycling performance and high switching rates. Oxygen vacancies resulting from the Ba doping serve as effective sacrificial electron donors (SEDs) to scavenge the holes photogenerated in TiO2 nanocrystals under UV irradiation and subsequently promote the reduction of methylene blue to its colorless leuco form. Effective color switching can therefore be realized without relying on external SEDs, thus greatly increasing the number of switching cycles. Ba doping can also accelerate the recoloration under visible-light irradiation by shifting the absorption edge of TiO2 nanocrystals to a shorter wavelength. Such a system can be further casted into a solid film to produce a rewritable paper on which letters and patters can be repeatedly printed using UV light and then erased by heating; this process can be repeated for many cycles and does not require additional inks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using NiSO4·6H2O and Zn(NO3)2 as raw materials, zinc‐doped nickel oxide hollow microspheres (Zn‐NiO‐HM) were prepared through a hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic current charge–discharge (GCD) and electro‐chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the structure and the electrochemical properties of the Zn‐NiO‐HM. The results show that the Zn‐NiO‐HM had an obvious hollow microsphere structure, regular morphology and uniform particle size. The results of XPS indicate zinc was doped in the nickel oxide and existed in the form of Zn2+. The electrochemical measurements show that the electrochemical properties of the Zn‐NiO‐HM were better than those of the NiO powders and of the NiO hollow microspheres. In this paper, we prepared Zn‐doped NiO hollow microspheres (Zn‐NiO‐HM) with hydrothermal method. The Zn‐NiO‐HM had obvious hollow microsphere structure, regular morphology and uniform particle size. Benefiting from excellent morphology, the Zn‐NiO‐HM showed good electrochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The absorbed dose to water is the fundamental reference quantity for brachytherapy treatment planning systems and thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) have been recognized as the most validated detectors for measurement of such a dosimetric descriptor. The detector response in a wide energy spectrum as that of an192Ir brachytherapy source as well as the specific measurement medium which surrounds the TLD need to be accounted for when estimating the absorbed dose. This paper develops a methodology based on highly sensitive LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLDs to directly estimate the absorbed dose to water in liquid water around a high dose rate 192Ir brachytherapy source. Methods: Different experimental designs in liquid water and air were constructed to study the response of LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLDs when irradiated in several standard photon beams of the LNE-LNHB (French national metrology laboratory for ionizing radiation). Measurement strategies and Monte Carlo techniques were developed to calibrate the LiF:Mg,Cu,P detectors in the energy interval characteristic of that found when TLDs are immersed in water around an192 Ir source. Finally, an experimental system was designed to irradiate TLDs at different angles between 1 and 11 cm away from an 192 Ir source in liquid water. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to correct measured results to provide estimates of the absorbed dose to water in water around the 192 Ir source. Results: The dose response dependence of LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLDs with the linear energy transfer of secondary electrons followed the same variations as those of published results. The calibration strategy which used TLDs in air exposed to a standard N-250 ISO x-ray beam and TLDs in water irradiated with a standard137Cs beam provided an estimated mean uncertainty of 2.8% ( k = 1) in the TLD calibration coefficient for irradiations by the 192 Ir source in water. The 3D TLD measurements performed in liquid water were obtained with a maximum uncertainty of 11% ( k = 1) found at 1 cm from the source. Radial dose values in water were compared against published results of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine and the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology and no significant differences (maximum value of 3.1%) were found within uncertainties except for one position at 9 cm (5.8%). At this location the background contribution relative to the TLD signal is relatively small and an unexpected experimental fluctuation in the background estimate may have caused such a large discrepancy. Conclusions: This paper shows that reliable measurements with TLDs in complex energy spectra require a study of the detector dose response with the radiation quality and specific calibration methodologies which model accurately the experimental conditions where the detectors will be used. The authors have developed and studied a method with highly sensitive TLDs and contributed to its validation by comparison with results from the literature. This methodology can be used to provide direct estimates of the absorbed dose rate in water for irradiations with HDR192Ir brachytherapy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, chalcopyrite compounds have been extensively studied as the absorber for solar cells. Inserting an intermediate band in the main band gap of the absorber has been proposed to exceed the Shockley–Queisser limit on single band solar cells. In this paper, the group‐IV elements Si, Ge, and Sn substituting at Al site in AgAlSe2 to form an intermediate band in the main band gap has been studied by first‐principles calculations. The half‐filled intermediate bands from the antibonding state of group‐IV s state and Se‐p state show delocalized characteristics and just shift from each other in Si, Ge, and Sn‐doped AgAlSe2. Based on the analysis on the position of the intermediate band and defect formation energy, Si‐doped AgAlSe2 has been excluded and Ge and Sn‐doped AgAlSe2 have been suggested as promising absorber for the intermediate band solar cell. A heterojunction based on CuAlTe2, AgAlSe2:Sn, and CdS has been proposed as a suitable device for intermediate band solar cells after considering the lattice mismatch and band alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys the prevalence and correlates of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) use among Norwegian adolescents, and examines the degree to which sports participation is a mediating or moderating factor to well-known correlations between AAS use and problem behaviour. The data come from the "Ungdata" study, a cross-national youth survey system offered to all municipalities in Norway (response rate: 74%, N= 77,572). The study demonstrates a lifetime prevalence of AAS use of 1.27% and a higher prevalence among boys (1.81%) than girls (0.76%). The analyses show that AAS use is clearly related to problem behaviour such as violence and other substance use. When controlling for problem behaviour, there are no correlations between AAS use and exercising in a sports club or on one's own, whilst there is a weak positive correlation between AAS use and exercising in a gym or engaging in other forms of physical exercise such as dancing or martial arts. These patterns are more or less the same for boys and for girls. We conclude that adolescent AAS use is a low-prevalence phenomenon that primarily takes place in smaller subgroups of individuals who engage in other forms of problem behaviour as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lithium‐ion batteries are essential mobile power sources for portable devices and energy supplies. Among the various cathode materials, cobalt oxides are the most important materials used in lithium‐ion batteries. But the intrinsic drawbacks of cobalt oxides restrict their wide application. In this paper, we present an overview of current approaches to improve the electrochemical performance of the cathode materials, as well as the capacity and cycling capability of the lithium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li and Mn-rich layered oxides, xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMO2 (M=Ni, Mn, Co), are promising cathode materials for Li-ion batteries because of their high specific capacity that can exceed 250 mA h g-1. However, these materials suffer from high 1st cycle irreversible capacity, gradual capacity fading, low rate capability, a substantial charge-discharge voltage hysteresis, and a large average discharge voltage decay during cycling. The latter detrimental phenomenon is ascribed to irreversible structural transformations upon cycling of these cathodes related to potentials ≥4.5 V required for their charging. Transition metal inactivation along with impedance increase and partial layered-to-spinel transformation during cycling are possible reasons for the detrimental voltage fade. Doping of Li, Mn-rich materials by Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Co, Ru, etc. is useful for stabilizing capacity and mitigating the discharge-voltage decay of xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMO2 electrodes. Surface modifications by thin coatings of Al2O3, V2O5, AlF3, AlPO4, etc. or by gas treatment (for instance, by NH3) can also enhance voltage and capacity stability during cycling. This paper describes the recent literature results and ongoing efforts from our groups to improve the performance of Li, Mn-rich materials. Focus is also on preparation of cobalt-free cathodes, which are integrated layered-spinel materials with high reversible capacity and stable performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The large‐scale, low‐cost preparation of Pt‐based catalysts with high activity and durability for the methanol oxidation reaction is still challenging. The key to achieving this aim is finding suitable supporting materials. In this paper, N‐doped carbon nanofibrous networks are prepared by annealing a gel containing two inexpensive and ecofriendly precursors, that is, bacterial cellulose and urea, for the loading of Pt nanoparticles. An undoped analogue is also prepared for comparison. Meanwhile, the effect of the annealing temperature on the performance of the catalysts is evaluated. The results show that the N doping and higher annealing temperature can improve the electron conductivity of the catalyst and provide more active sites for the loading of ultrafine Pt nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution. The best catalyst exhibits a remarkably high electrocatalytic activity (627 mA mg−1), excellent poison tolerance, and high durability. This work demonstrates an ideal Pt supporting material for the methanol oxidation reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Rational design of effective catalysts with both high activity and selectivity is highly significant and desirable for hydrogenation reaction. In this paper, for the first time an efficient approach to controllably construct 1D metal nanowires (NWs) coated with hydroxide (NixM(OH)2 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Al)) membranes as highly active and selective hydrogenation catalysts is reported. The optimized Ni32Cu(OH)2 membrane coated Pt3Ni nanowires show much enhanced selectivity of 87.9% for the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to hydrocinnamaldehyde instead of hydrocinnamyl alcohol, in contrast with the pristine Pt3Ni nanowires and Pt3Ni nanowires on Ni(OH)2 membranes. The enhanced selectivity of Pt3Ni@Ni32Cu(OH)2‐2 NWs is ascribed to confinement/poisoning effects of the coated Ni32Cu(OH)2 membranes as well as the intimate interaction between the Pt3Ni NWs and Ni32Cu(OH)2 membranes, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The coated structures also show good stability after five recycle runs. The present work highlights the importance of surface engineering for the design of multicomponent composites with desirable activity and selectivity toward hydrogenation reaction and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful and nondestructive probe that demonstrates its efficiency in revealing the physical properties of low‐dimensional sp2 carbon systems. It gives access to the number of layers, the quality and the nature of defects of all carbon allotropes, but also to the understanding of the influence of perturbations such as strain and/or doping. In this paper, we review the state of the art regarding the effect of external perturbations on the optical phonons of graphene. We describe how doping can tune the unusual electron–phonon coupling in graphene and thus modify not only the resonance conditions but also the phonon intensities thanks to quantum interferences. We also review the impact of strain on optical phonons and how one can disentangle strain and doping thanks to optical phonons. Last, implementations of this field to strain engineering or to graphene‐based mechanical resonators will be presented. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational design of cost‐effective, high performance and stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts in both acidic and alkaline media holds the key to the future hydrogen‐based economy. Herein, we introduce an effective approach of simultaneous non‐metal (S) and metal (Fe or Mn) doping of MoP to achieve excellent HER performance at different pH. The catalysts show remarkable overpotentials at −10 mA cm−2 of only 65 and 68 mV in 0.5 M H2SO4, and 50 and 51 mV in 1.0 M KOH, respectively, as well as much higher turnover frequencies compared to undoped MoP. Furthermore, the catalysts exhibit outstanding long‐term stability at a fixed current of −10 mA cm−2 for 40 h. The effects of both dopants, such as electronic structure modification and enhancement of the intrinsic activity, increase of the electrochemically active surface area, and formation of coordinatively unsaturated edge sites, act cooperatively to accelerate the HER at both pH media. Additionally, the presence of oxophilic Mn and Fe at the surface results in Mn or Fe oxide/hydroxide species that promote the dissociation of water molecules in alkaline electrolyte. This work introduces a facile and effective design principle that could pave the way towards engineering highly active HER catalysts for a wide pH range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, color tunable phosphors (Mn2+‐doped Zn2GeO4) were successfully synthesized by a facile microwave hydrothermal process with H2O as solvent. Crystal field modulation and band gap doping by Mn2+ substitution for Zn2+ realizes color tunable Mn2+ emission from 424 to 535 nm. Mn2+‐doping on the phase and size transition of Zn2GeO4 nanocrystals was discussed, and a possible Zn2GeO4 : xMn crystal growth mechanism is discussed. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicate that the d‐d transition of manganese ions (4T1→6A1) corresponds to a strong green emission of Zn2GeO4 : xMn phosphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cover depicts the formation of surface mixed phases and Si grafting on the lateral facets of γ‐alumina. In their Full Paper, J. Abi Aad et al. demonstrate that formation of surface mixed phases and Si grafting on the lateral facets of γ‐alumina respectively inhibits and suppresses the alumina transformation to boehmite through a dissolution–precipitation process under hydrothermal conditions. More information can be found in the Full Paper by J. Abi Aad et al.(DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700140). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cover shows a Co0 ‐ doped carbon aerogel that can efficiENtly catalyze the Friedländer reaction to produce quinolines.In their Full Paper, M. Godino ‐ Ojer et   al. demonstrate that although the carbon matrix contributes to a certain extENt to the catalytic performance, the predominant active catalytic species are the zero ‐ valENt transition ‐ metal nanoparticles. More information can be found in the Full Paper by M. Godino ‐ Ojer et   al. on page   1422 in Issue 8, 2017 (DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601657). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cover shows a new carbon nanofiber codoped with nitrogen and phosphorus (NPCNF) that was fabricated by pyrolysis of phytic acid doped polyaniline aerogel. The NPCNF shows an extremely high discharge capacity and good catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction as oxygen electrodes in nonaqueous Li‐O2 batteries.In their Full Paper, C. Xu et al. explain that the observed excellent electrochemical performance could be a result of the unique foamlike N‐ and P‐codoped carbon microstructure. These results show that the use of NPCNF as a cathode material could be a feasible approach to obtain a high‐capacity Li‐O2 battery. More information can be found in the Full Paper by C. Xu et al. on page 3725 in Issue 24, 2016 (DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601005). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GaN/AlN is a promising material system for the development of an ultrafast intersubband technology operating at telecommunication wavelengths, thanks to the large conduction band offset and sub-picosecond intraband relaxation time. In this paper, we explore short wavelength infrared intersubband transitions occurring in the conduction band of GaN/AlN heterostructures in both planar and nanowire (NW) geometries. We study the effect of Si and Ge doping in both quantum wells and NW heterostructures using the same active region thickness and dopant concentration. We demonstrate that both Si and Ge are suitable dopant candidates at a concentration of mid-1019 cm−3 for the fabrication of intersubband devices based on planar and NW heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with localized epitaxy of highly p-doped 4H-SiC, based on VLS transport, and intended to be used both for the emitter of PN or PiN devices, and for the peripheral protection of power devices. The goal was to fill-in 1 μm-deep wells, plasma etched, into n-type epilayers. We have previously shown that true p-n junctions with low leakage currents can be achieved using this alternative technique without any post-growth annealing at high temperatures. We report here for the first time, the filling of etched wells up to 900 nm with p++ SiC, presenting a regular and uniform surface morphology. In this work, we also present correlations between the physical analyses of our SiC VLS epitaxy, and the electrical characterizations performed on p/n diodes with VLS grown, locally p-type doped emitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an immense amount of visibility of doping issues on the international stage over the past 12 months with the complexity of doping controls reiterated on various occasions. Hence, analytical test methods continuously being updated, expanded, and improved to provide specific, sensitive, and comprehensive test results in line with the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) 2016 Prohibited List represent one of several critical cornerstones of doping controls. This enterprise necessitates expediting the (combined) exploitation of newly generated information on novel and/or superior target analytes for sports drug testing assays, drug elimination profiles, alternative test matrices, and recent advances in instrumental developments. This paper is a continuation of the series of annual banned-substance reviews appraising the literature published between October 2015 and September 2016 concerning human sports drug testing in the context of WADA's 2016 Prohibited List. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a facile one-pot synthesis strategy to prepare carbon self-doped g-C3N4 (C-g-C3N4) nanosheets by using supramolecular networks consisting of cyanuric acid, ethylene glycol (EG), and melamine (CEM) bonded through hydrogen bonding as the thermal polycondensation precursor, in which EG serves as a solvent for cyanuric acid and melamine, and as a source of the doped carbon simultaneously. The threedimensional structure of CEM resulted in the distortion of C-g-C3N4, which is capable of motivating the n-π* electronic transition involving the N lone pairs to give an additional absorption region from 450 to 600 nm. The hydrogen evolution rate of C-g-C3N4 reaches 73.09 μmol h−1, which is about 15 times of that over the g-C3N4 obtained from direct thermal polycondensation of melamine owing to its extended light harvesting and faster separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]