Search

The paper examines the role of education in reducing gender differentials in the Kenyan labor market. Using 2015/16 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey, we estimate the logit and multinomial logit model. The paper employs instrumental variable technique to correct for potential endogeneity that arises when analyzing education and labor market outcomes. The results from both models show that being a woman reduces the chances of entering the labor market. We find that education yields positive effects in the labor market. On average, the difference between the marginal effect of education on employment probability between men and women is two percentage points, with the effect being higher for women. In the multinomial logit model, educated women are more likely to be employed in both the public sector and the informal sector, while in the private sector they are less likely to be employed. The implication of these findings is that policies should target education as a tool that can reduce gender differential in the labor market. This should be coupled with affirmative action that gives priority to women and minimizes preference for men in the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the evolution of consumption practices in Venice in the long eighteenth century through the combined use of post‐mortem inventories and household budgets. Although Italy experienced a period of relative decline between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, our findings suggest that Venetian households enjoyed a rich and vibrant material culture that was fully comparable with those of the most advanced European urban economies. However, although new products, practices, and fashions were adopted by Venetian society, the architecture of consumption did not undergo sudden and extreme changes; rather, consumption was gradually refined, following the path that it had begun during the Renaissance. We therefore argue that the Venetian economy did not experience a consumer revolution but, instead, consumer evolution. Moreover, this study shows that sophisticated consumption practices were not exclusive to the more dynamic economies of the continent but were widespread even in those regions that were victims of the Little Divergence. We thus suggest that the relationship between consumption development and economic development was not necessarily causal and that the diffusion of new consumption practices throughout society was a necessary, but insufficient, prerequisite for economic take‐off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes why child film star series produced by major French production companies (Pathé, Gaumont, Eclectic, and Éclair) in the early 1900s (Bébé, Bout‐de‐Zan, Willy, and the Maria Fromet series) were received with such interest by global audiences. This period, prior to World War I, was a brief era when French cinema held significant hegemony worldwide, before Hollywood's dominance began. There are ideas suggesting that child film stars emerged with American cinema. Contrary to this, however, French producers competed fiercely in the 10 years following 1906, producing series featuring child film stars. Substantial budgets were allocated for the marketing of these series, ultimately gaining a considerable fan base not only in Europe but also in America. When examining these film stars from the early 20th century within their historical context, they emerge as the first international child stars with international fame and financial success, unlike child musicians, vaudeville artists, and theater actors from the 18th and 19th centuries. Inspired by the field analysis of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, this article aims to establish a connection between the struggles within the field and the symbolic needs of the audience as reflected in the content of child star films. The films were viewed at the Eye Film Museum archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the problems created by the high volume of subsidies and their significant share in government budgets, as well as, the failure to achieve the governmental goals in the field of subsidies, reform of the subsidies payment system has constantly been a concern of various governments. The welfare of society, especially the low‐income groups, has always been the focus of governments. To this end, subsidies are paid, particularly for basic goods, with the aim of decreasing prices and increasing purchasing power. However, since such payments are not targeted, a major part of subsidies will be granted to the upper classes and high‐income deciles. Therefore, targeting subsidies and paying attention to prioritizing costs in the household basket regarding subsidies payment will be an undeniable necessity. Currently, Iran faces fundamental problems in equitable management and distribution of subsidies, and the distribution of subsidies is extremely unfair. Given the importance of this issue and in order to provide a solution to reform the subsidy structure of Iran, present paper tries to examine the share of consuming expenditures in Iranian households using econometric methods and thus establish as a basis for ranking the costs. Accordingly, as a policy on targeting subsidies, we also aim to provide policymakers with better ways to implement policies. In general, the results indicate that targeting the subsidies in the household sector is different due to the different share of costs in the household budget and implementing the same approach to policy of targeting the subsidies is not appropriate for all households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces empirical best predictors of small area bivariate parameters, like ratios of sums or sums of ratios, by assuming that the target unit‐level vector follows a bivariate nested error regression model. The corresponding means squared errors are estimated by parametric bootstrap. Several simulation experiments empirically study the behavior of the introduced statistical methodology. An application to real data from the Spanish household budget survey gives estimators of ratios of food household expenditures by provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial behavior of households is analyzed in the present paper. This behavior includes purchasing money, savings accounts, short-term and long-term securities and issuing consumer credit, home mortgages and policy loans. The regression equations are carefully constructed and estimated so as to enforce the household balance sheet constraint. The empirical results are quite consistent with common knowledge of the workings of financial markets. Housing and consumer durable purchases, respectively, are largely financed by issuing home mortgages and consumer credit; borrowing against life insurance reserves is closely related to market interest rates and the level of reserves; and savings is primarily channeled into financial assets. The division of financial assets depends largely on income and relative interest rates. Capital gains on equities are partially used both to repay liabilities and to build up other financial assets. The flow of funds data are a valuable, and largely untapped, source of information regarding macro financial behavior. The data are extremely detailed, complete, and apparently of reasonably high quality. Further work with these data is in order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will present the Modern Money Theory approach to government finance. In short, a national government that chooses its own money of account, imposes a tax in that money of account, and issues currency in that money of account cannot face a financial constraint. It can make all payments as they come due. It cannot be forced into insolvency. While this was well‐understood in the early post‐war period, it was gradually "forgotten" as the neoclassical theory of the household budget constraint was applied to government finance. Matters were made worse by the development of "generational accounting" that calculated hundreds of trillions of dollars of government red ink through eternity due to what neoconservatives label "entitlements" (largely, Medicare and Social Security). As austerity measures were increasingly adopted at the national level, fiscal responsibility was shifted to state and local governments through "devolution." A "stakeholder" approach to government finance helped fuel white flight to suburbs and produced "doughnut holes" in the cities. To reverse these trends, we need to redevelop our understanding of the fiscal space open to the currency issuer—expanding its responsibility not only for national social spending but also for helping to fund state and local government spending. This is no longer just an academic debate, given the challenges posed by climate change, growing inequality, secular stagnation, and the rise of Trumpism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revives the debate in the literature about the relationship between house prices and consumption by exploring conflicting results in the UK. Campbell and Cocco () find that old owners benefit most from a house price increase and young renters least, confirming the so-called wealth hypothesis. In contrast, Attanasio et al. () find that house prices have the same impact on consumption across age groups. We rule out several potential explanations related to data construction, and provide evidence that the functional form can reconcile the conflicting results in the two papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenya is prone to severe droughts due to infrequent, unpredictable and irregular annual precipitation in many parts of the country. Of all 47 Kenyan counties, 23 are classified as arid and semi‐arid (ASAL), constituting approximately 88% of the country's land mass. Like in many developing countries, droughts in Kenya are well known to affect provision of food. They also have the potential to affect infrastructure services. Kenya has an infrastructure deficit, meaning that a large portion of the infrastructure has not been significantly developed, being exposed to major risks emanating from natural disasters. When droughts occur, infrastructure is exposed to further risks of structural damage and deterioration, leading to increased maintenance costs. In addition, users must travel longer distances and spend more time in order to have access to infrastructure services. This paper discusses how droughts affect users of infrastructure services. The survey is based on a primary study carried out in 1370 households across 27 counties of Kenya. It also relies on secondary data, including from the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS) for 2015/16, reflecting access to basic infrastructure services across the surveyed 27 counties. The research findings illustrate that droughts reduce access to infrastructure services such as energy, water provision, housing and communications, thus requiring climate‐sensitive policy interventions. The study concludes that building resilient infrastructure to respond to and mitigate the effects of drought is critical. It also emphasizes the importance of cooperation among different stakeholders in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of migration on the food expenditure and household food security status of migrant-sending households using data from eastern Indonesia. We find that migration significantly increases food expenditure and overall household expenditure. Combining the food frequency and food consumption module of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (East), this paper shows that having at least one migrant in the family increases the composite index of Food Consumption Score, as well as the family's food security. Evaluation of food diversity also shows that migration increases expenditure on six out of ten food groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using microdata from Household Budget Surveys of the Member States of the European Community, this paper examines the sensitivity of poverty statistics with respect tot eh choice of the equivalence scale. The results show that the ranking of the countries with respect to the overall poverty incidence is hardly affected when different equivalence scales are used. However, the composition of the poor population shows considerable changes when e.g. subjective equivalence scales are used instead of the OECD equivalence scale. The poverty incidence among specific household groups, such as single elderly and households with children, is particularly sensitive to the choice of the equivalence scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy literature on postsocialist Europe tends to frame smallholders' practices of food self‐provisioning and sharing as driven by necessity and proposes land consolidation to increase productivity and efficiency. However, these practices generate nonfinancial benefits, which need to be accounted for. In this paper, I test the socio‐economic relevance of these practices in the Republic of Moldova, the country with the highest density of farming households in Europe and whose government has embraced the rural modernization agenda to integrate into the EU economic space. I carry out quantitative estimates using the household budget survey and complement the results with qualitative insights from an original smallholder survey. I find that food self‐provisioning and sharing are positively related to subjective well‐being and that there is an "intergenerational pact," with home‐grown food flowing from late‐adulthood smallholders to urban‐based young families and the vulnerable elderly. A counterfactual analysis shows that poverty and inequality would be higher in the absence of donated food, especially in urban areas. The preservation of smallholder farming through widespread access to land could thus help fight poverty and provide social benefits vis‐à‐vis land consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collective approach to household behaviour models the household utility function as the weighted average of the utilities of the individual members of the household. These weights, which measure the relative bargaining power of males and females within the household, are generally regarded as fixed and exogenous. The paper extends the collective approach and estimates a model where the weights are endogenously determined. The novelty of the analysis lies in the simultaneous equations estimation of the bargaining power and the budget share equation that allow for the endogeneity of the power variable in the examination of its impact on the budget share of the various items. The estimation is conducted using data from the 1998–99 Australian Household Expenditure Survey data set. The relative bargaining power of males and females have statistically significant effects on household expenditure patterns. The analysis reveals some interesting non-monotonic relationships between relative power and budget shares that vary a great deal between commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we measure the size of the shadow economy in North Cyprus by using micro-econometric approaches and then calculate its implications on national accounts and fiscal balances. There is a relatively new strand of literature that focuses on comparing income-expenditure patterns of households to calculate the degree of underreporting of income levels by self-employed and privately employed individuals, as compared with public servants. We use the 2008 Household Budget Survey of North Cyprus and analyze the differences in food consumption patterns among three kinds of employees: self-employed, privately employed, and public. We found that self-employed and privately employed individuals underreport their income levels by 20 percent and 13 percent, respectively, compared with publicly employed individuals. This has important implications for the aggregate economy in North Cyprus, where we estimate that the shadow economy created by underreporting is as much as 8.6 percent of GNP and 11.1 percent of total tax revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1980 to 1990 Portugal experienced a generalized liberalization of economic activity, due in large part to its 1986 integration in the European Union. This paper studies the changes in the Portuguese distribution of household income and expenditure during this period, using micro-data on household budgets and applying recent developments in statistical inference for Lorenz curves. We find a significant increase in six measures of welfare and an unambiguous decrease in the inequality of the respective distributions. Different explanations for the findings of decreased inequality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a particular methodology to render budget data more comparable over highly diverse regions. More specifically, a set of regional poverty lines will be derived and employed as deflators to correct household expenditures for spatial differences in prices and needs. The quality of these deflators depends on the extent to which the underlying poverty lines adhere to the principles of consistency and specificity. Central to reconciling both principles in practice is our pursuit for austerity in setting poverty thresholds as well as the view that differences in social norms mainly reflect differences in social inclusion needs. The particularity of the proposed method compared to standard practice lies in the combination of: (i) the pronounced subdivision in socio-economic strata; (ii) the use of a differential calorie threshold per sector; (iii) the introduction of protein intake; (iv) the derivation of a minimal house rent; and (v) the use of an austere non-food/non-housing allowance. The impact of this method is illustrated using a budget survey of the Democratic Republic of Congo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper looks at how inequality in household expenditure components affects total inequality and poverty in Malawi. Total household expenditure is disaggregated into four mutually exclusive and exhaustive expenditure items, namely expenditure on food, expenditure on health, expenditure on education, and expenditure on non-food and non-human capital items. Using data from the second integrated household survey (IHS2), we find that the elasticities of poverty with respect to within-component and between-component inequality are positive, suggesting that an increase within-component and between-component inequality increases overall poverty in Malawi. The results also show that the elasticities of poverty, as measured by the poverty gap and poverty indices, with respect to inequalities in expenditure on food and health are positive and are about the same in magnitude. The results vindicate the exemptions and zero rating of some food, health, and education related goods and services under the Value Added Tax (VAT) system. More importantly, they also suggest that expanding the coverage of zero rating and exemption would have a poverty reducing effect. These findings hold at the national level, as well as when rural and urban areas are treated separately. Additionally, the results are insensitive to choice of poverty line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyse the influence of individual variables and some spatial mobility characteristics of regional labour markets on overeducation in Spain. To achieve this aim, we use microdata from the Spanish Budget Household Survey to estimate a probit model for the probability of overeducation while accounting for sample selection and the presence of data at different levels (individuals and territory). The obtained results permit us to conclude that the sizes of local labour markets and the possibility of extending the job search to other labour markets by commuting are relevant factors in explaining overeducation in the Spanish labour market. In spite of differences in labour market institutions, our results are very similar to those obtained for other countries, particularly when working with more recent data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that Foster–Greer–Thorbecke poverty indices can be written as the product of components summarizing the incidence, intensity and inequality dimensions of poverty and provides an empirical illustration of the decomposition using Spanish household budget surveys data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Statistical Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Standard models of the new economic geography predict that costs of living are lower in the core than in the periphery. But in reality they tend to be higher in agglomeration areas, mainly because of regional differences in housing costs. In this paper, we add a home goods sector to the seminal NEG model of Krugman (1991) . We show that a core–periphery structure can endogenously emerge in which the core is the more expensive area. This result has an important normative implication. Since higher costs of living imply falling real wages if there is no nominal wage premium, it is not desirable for everybody to live in the core region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTIn this second of two papers based on a study of payment issues within foster care, the focus is on expenditure. It is argued that the hybrid public/private nature of fostering gives rise to contradictory pressures for carers, including the status of maintenance payments as both part of family budgets and a form of delegated public expenditure. For example, carers are required in principle both to spend fixed amounts upon foster children and to treat them in like fashion to their own children. In this paper, the issue of ‘like treatment’ is explored, along with the significance of payment for ‘children who foster’ and for relationships between carers and foster children. Also examined are the challenges presented by differences between carers’ material circumstances and those of birth families, especially when reunification is planned. Overall, the paper seeks to show how the handling of expenditure becomes closely entwined with inter-personal dynamics within foster care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most empirical studies of poverty assume an equal sharing of resources between all household members There is a growling body of research indicating that this assumption is not realistic. This paper explores how the unequal sharing of resources could potentially affect the measurement of poverty. Simulations based on micro-data from two countries (Italy and the U.S.A.) are carried out under the assumption that women "lose" and men and children "gain" because of unequal sharing in the household. Our findings suggest that if there is significant intra-household inequality of this type, as some writers have suggested, then conventional methods of poverty measurement will likely to lead to a serious under-estimate (over-estimate) of the incidence and intensity of female (male) poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the development of household consumption expenditures from a longer perspective. Currently, there are available data for more than forty years and it means that lots of information about changes in structure and main tendencies can be studied. Since the emphasis is put on the comparable time series, it was necessary to prepare transformation of original data into national accounts. Historical figures on private consumption were published in line with the Material Product System that is not fully comparable with the System of National Accounts. Data on private consumption reflecting only material part of consumption had to be transformed into household consumption expenditures covering both expenditures for material and non-material products. The process of transformation of original data reflecting socialist statistical system is briefly described, as well as main differences. Key points of transformation are illustrated on selected years. Finally, original data are compared with reconstructed ones and differences are explained. The analysis provides useful information about main changes in consumption expenditures by CZ-COICOP. Finally, some often discussed issues like the relative increase of expenditures connected with housing, decrease of the share of foodstuff etc. can be proven now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support) aims to monitor and benchmark the healthiness of food environments globally. In order to assess the impact of food environments on population diets, it is necessary to monitor population diet quality between countries and over time. This paper reviews existing data sources suitable for monitoring population diet quality, and assesses their strengths and limitations. A step-wise framework is then proposed for monitoring population diet quality. Food balance sheets ( FBa S), household budget and expenditure surveys ( HBES) and food intake surveys are all suitable methods for assessing population diet quality. In the proposed 'minimal' approach, national trends of food and energy availability can be explored using FBa S. In the 'expanded' and 'optimal' approaches, the dietary share of ultra-processed products is measured as an indicator of energy-dense, nutrient-poor diets using HBES and food intake surveys, respectively. In addition, it is proposed that pre-defined diet quality indices are used to score diets, and some of those have been designed for application within all three monitoring approaches. However, in order to enhance the value of global efforts to monitor diet quality, data collection methods and diet quality indicators need further development work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the outsourcing of child care, home cleaning and meal preparation is analysed by means of a socio-economic model that incorporates household-economic, life cycle, lifestyle and health variables. The data ( n = 700) were collected during a telephone survey in the Netherlands. About 10% of the households did not use any of the three outsourcing types. About 70 to 90% of households outsourced meal preparation at least once per month. In each household life cycle stage, the average monthly expenditures on outsourcing meal preparation were the highest of the three outsourcing categories. Factors affecting expenditures were generally the same for each type of outsourcing studied. In general, household economic variables including wage and working hours were unimportant in explaining the incidence and expenditures of outsourcing. The same holds for self-reported health. All expenditure types were affected by life cycle variables. There was an indication that a traditional lifestyle and traditional family type affected outsourcing expenditures negatively. Education appeared as an important factor: regardless of gender, both medium- and higher-educated people were more inclined to spend money on outsourcing than the lower educated. Especially, people younger than 44 years outsourced meal preparation. Outsourcing was neither restricted to nor especially practised by couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies indicate that the effect of migrants' remittances on the economic growth of receiving countries depends negatively on the level of development of the domestic financial sector. In this paper, we introduce a new indicator of financial development to measure the efficiency of the domestic banking system, and find the existence of complementarity between remittances and bank efficiency in economic growth, such that remittances promote growth only in countries whose banks function well. This result is robust to controls for other traditional measures of financial depth and institutional quality indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate prediction of cost profiles of future job tasks on the nodes of clusters or grids helps users to select the cost performance profile that best suits their budgets. The current software designed to deploy job tasks uses forecasts of the target computers' future load profiles. Once the job task's future load profile is known, converting it to its cost profile needs further analysis as the cost depends on other factors such as its delays and variable background loads. This paper introduces a new charging mechanism for charging future job tasks, called the Cost Profiling Model. The model has been implemented in a Software Framework and evaluated for its prediction accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyse some distributional effects of the reforms to water and energy services in Italy. We first document the new regulation setting in these services, illustrating the dynamics of utility prices and of household expenditure in the period 1998-2005. We then propose a way to measure the affordability of public utilities, in order to investigate how many households would incur a potentially excessive burden if they consumed a minimum quantity of utility services. Finally, we calculate this index on data from the Survey on Family Budgets ( Indagine sui consumi delle famiglie). Our results show how the affordability of utility bills varies from region to region depending on climate, income, family endowment and family size. The analysis - also based on a counterfactual exercise - finds that so far, utility reforms do not seem to have produced any negative effects on weaker households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the situation of the Brazilian rural population with respect to social insurance and social assistance at two points in time: 1988 and 1998. The 1988 Constitution defined new rules with regard to eligibility conditions and benefit values for the rural population. But it was only in July 1991, with Law 8213, that these changes were implemented. We compare - by gender and individual age - activity rates and probability of receiving benefits, before and after the changes in legislation. We also compare, at these two points in time, family structure and the importance of the income of older people in the family budget. The analysis makes clear the positive impact brought by the legislation on the coverage and per capita family income of those families with older members in rural Brazil, bringing about some degree of poverty alleviation, as well as bridging the gender gap with respect to access to benefits. In contrast to what occurs in other Latin American countries, nowadays the Brazilian rural population has almost universal access to social security benefits, not only at family level but also in individual terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the main objective of politicians, other economic variables are variously affected by the environmental taxes, policies, and limitations like a price on pollution, clean electricity, the cap on emissions, methane emissions, and nature‐based solutions. The objective of the environmental solutions is to decrease pollutant emissions and energy consumption while reducing labor costs and taxes as the incentives for creating new occupations. An overall equilibrium model was considered in the present study as a nonlinear equations system, which was calibrated for the reference year of 2018 utilizing Canada's economy's data table. The effects of utilizing these environmental policies considered by Canada in COP26 are examined. In all scenarios, minimum, maximum, and optimum values for reducing pollutant emissions are calculated under these policies. According to the simulation results, welfare is reduced by the price of pollution policy. Moreover, the actual consumed budget of the household is reduced by 8%. However, such indices will be incremented by 2% in the nature‐based policy. In all scenarios, the gross domestic product is decreased. However, in the methane emission policy, this reduction is 1.05% in the lowest state. In all scenarios, the consumer price index will be incremented by 3.8%–9.8%. It is concluded that the clean electricity policy is an appropriate policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and at the same time adhering to international commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use data from the Household Expenditure Survey and Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey to document facts about consumption and income inequality among households in Australia, emphasising the role of the rents imputed to home owners for conclusions about inequality. Consistent with other developed economies, consumption inequality in Australia is lower on average than income inequality. Both have increased since the early 1990s, with income inequality increasing by more. We decompose the trend in income inequality into four components: (i) changes in observed household characteristics; (ii) changes in the returns to unobserved skills; (iii) changes in the size of persistent income shocks; and (iv) changes in the size of transitory income shocks. We find that changes in the size of persistent and transitory income shocks, rather than changes in observed household characteristics, explain most of this trend. Since the middle of the 2000s, the source of income inequality has shifted from transitory to persistent factors, which is consistent with the rise in consumption inequality over the corresponding period. We find that accounting for imputed rents lowers estimates of the level of inequality in Australia, but has a negligible effect on the trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a vision for improving household financial surveys by integrating responses from questionnaires more completely with financial statements and combining them with payments data from diaries. Integrated household financial accounts-balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows-are used to assess the degree of integration in leading U.S. household surveys, focusing on inconsistencies in measures of the change in cash. Diaries of consumer payment choice can improve dynamic integration. Using payments data, we construct a statement of liquidity flows: a detailed analysis of currency, checking accounts, prepaid cards, credit cards, and other payment instruments, consistent with conventional cash flow measures and the other financial accounts. ( JEL D12, D14, E41, E42) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Expanding access to education is a desirable policy. Tanzania implemented Universal Primary Education (UPE) in 2001 and expanded secondary education in 2006. However, evidence that UPE delivers benefits in educational attainment or earnings is scarce. We investigate if the enhanced access to education (EAE) in the 2000s benefitted the youth able to complete more schooling, those aged 15–25 in 2018. Purpose: There is evidence that expansion of primary education in Tanzania in the 1970s increased the incomes of the individuals who benefitted. We compare households headed by youth aged 15–25 and by adults (aged over 35) in 2001 and 2018 to identify benefits of EAE. Methods and approach: Household welfare is measured as consumption per adult equivalent relative to the national poverty line using Household Budget Survey data for 2001 and 2018. We examine whether welfare differences comparing youth‐headed and adult‐headed households in 2001 and 2018 are attributable to differences in educational attainment of youth due to EAE using regression analysis and decomposition methods. Findings The increase in youth educational attainment by 2018 is a significant factor explaining the increase in welfare of youth‐headed households between 2001 and 2018. If the youth in 2001 had the same education endowment as their 2018 counterparts, their relative welfare would have been about a quarter higher. If adults had the same level of educational attainment as the youth, their welfare would have been about a third higher in 2018. Policy implications: Expanding access to education via EAE had a positive effect on the welfare of youth, represented by those who were heads of households, in Tanzania due to increased years of schooling, providing support for implementing policies that improve access to schooling. Benefits are greatest for younger youth, aged 19–24 in 2018. Returns to schooling declined, suggesting that growth in demand for skilled labour did not match the supply of educated entrants to the labour force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presents a discussion on the strengthening of agricultural and natural resource policy through intrahousehold analysis. Gender differences regarding the impact of incomes on intrahousehold resource allocation; Children as benefiting nutritionally when women earn more than men.

We show five points regarding the middle class in developing East and Southern Africa: (1) 55 per cent of the region's middle class-37 per cent of the 'non-vulnerable' middle class-is rural; (2) 61-83 per cent of the middle class's food is purchased; (3) processed food occupies 70-80 per cent of the class's food expenditure, with similar shares in urban and rural areas; (4) perishable products account for 44-55 per cent of the class's expenditure. Policy attention to processing and to food products 'beyond-grains' thus needs to be 'mainstreamed'; and (5) the import share of food expenditure does not rise with income in urban areas. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study departs from the previous literature on purchasing power parity ( PPP) by proposing a demand system based methodology for calculating the PPP that takes account of consumer preferences and allows for the substitution effect of price changes. The methodology is used to calculate the PPP between the Indian Rupee and the Vietnamese Dong. The study allows for regional variation in preferences and price changes both inside the country and between countries. It proposes and applies a methodology for constructing prices from unit values after adjusting them for quality and demographic effects. The adjusted unit values are used as prices in the demand estimations, and the demand parameter estimates are used to calculate both spatial prices within each country and the PPP between the two countries within a consistent framework. The study illustrates the usefulness of preference consistent methods to calculate the PPP by applying the PPPs to compare living standards between India and Vietnam. The significance of the results follows from the fact that the levels of living comparisons are quite sensitive to the PPP used in converting the Rupee expenditure into Vietnamese Dong. The present results on food PPPs question the relevance of the PPPs from the ICP project in cross-country welfare comparisons especially in a period of high food inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. data reveal three facts: (1) the share of goods in total expenditure declines at a constant rate over time, (2) the price of goods relative to services declines at a constant rate over time, and (3) poor households spend a larger fraction of their budget on goods than do rich households. I provide a macroeconomic model with non-Gorman preferences that rationalizes these facts, along with the aggregate Kaldor facts. The model is parsimonious and admits an analytical solution. Its functional form allows a decomposition of U.S. structural change into an income and substitution effect. Estimates from micro data show each of these effects to be of roughly equal importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can social capital effectively cushion households against adverse income shocks, especially in the absence of formal insurance mechanisms in developing countries? And what if such shocks are due international finance and thus universal and systemic in nature? We analyse whether participation in formal and informal community activities (our measure of social capital) helped households in Indonesia mitigating the impact of the 1998 financial crisis. We use the 1997 and 2000 rounds of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) to capture the impact of the crisis on household welfare and assess the potency of social capital as a safety net. In contrast to previous studies, our empirical results do not lend support to this hypothesis. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design (RDD)—coupled by an IV strategy for extrapolation, we find community participation not to be statistically significant in explaining changes in household expenditure. The large magnitude and universal nature of the shock might explain why social capital did not help households. However, we find some suggestive evidence that households who participated in such activities are more likely to have received financial assistance from the local community without necessarily being the neediest ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual funding schemes are increasingly implemented to organize public welfare services and can be considered as a prime example of the marketization of social care. Clients receive a budget and can "shop" on the welfare market. Current knowledge about the impact of individual funding schemes on choice opportunities for people with an intellectual disability is inconclusive. We conducted a vignette experiment in the context of the Flemish (Belgian) individual funding scheme for people with a disability, using 610 close relatives of people with an intellectual disability as subjects. The respondents were presented with hypothetical situations in which they had to express their intention to change current care provision into care via personal assistance. We find that dissatisfaction with services and having a supportive network increases the intention to change care. Professional support from the incumbent provider does not have a significant impact. We conclude that the promise of choice, as assumed with marketized public services, is likely to be fulfilled only under particular conditions. This entails risks in terms of equal opportunities for clients receiving public services in the context of welfare markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a methodology for evaluating the distributional implications of price movement for inequality and poverty measurement. The methodology is based on a distinction between inequalities in nominal and real expenditure. The conversion of nominal to real expenditure takes into account the varying household preferences. The empirical application to the Indian budget datasets from NSS rounds 50, 55, and 61 shows the usefulness of the proposed procedures. The relative price changes in India have tended to be inequality and poverty reducing as confirmed by formal statistical tests. The result is robust to expenditure dependent equivalence scales. The progressivity of the relative price changes weakened in the second half of our time period as Fuel and Light overtook the composite group called 'Miscellaneous' in recording the largest price increase. While the poverty rates registered a decline, which was marginal in the urban areas, there was a sharp increase in inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household resource allocation to infant foods and infant care is investigated using data from 160 households in two low-income districts in Malawi. Infant care is found to have a unitary budget and an inelastic price elasticity. While demand for two porridge types respond similarly to ingredients' price changes, adult meals substitute the porridges. Eradicating household income poverty; diversification of the household production, diet, infant food, and target recipients of infant nutritional information; widening the vitamin A fortification options; and targeting mothers of infants in work programmes are the proposed policy options. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides the methodology and results of a database of inequality indices for the fifty provinces and seventeen regions of Spain on the basis of the Household Budget Surveys for the years 1973/74, 1980/81 and 1990/91. The inequality indicators considered are the indices of Gini, Theil (0), Theil (1) and Atkinson (1), as well as the distribution by deciles of the population. These indicators are drawn up for three variables: total income, total expenditure, and exclusively monetary expenditure. The variables are also expressed in terms of households, per capita and per capita equivalent. All are available on the Internet (http://www.ivie.es). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present evidence on evolving dietary patterns in Nigeria using six rounds of household consumption data from the Nigerian General Household Survey panel between 2011 and 2016. First, following conventional definitions in the literature, we show that Nigeria has not shown any aggregate increase in consumption of highly processed foods over this period, contrary to patterns observed elsewhere in the region. In fact, consumption of highly processed foods at home has declined, while food consumed away from home, often assumed to be highly processed, has risen substantially. We then show that estimates of food expenditure elasticities of different food types are highly sensitive to different estimation approaches and raise concerns about some frequently used methods in the literature. In the absence of credible exogenous variation, we argue for the importance of panel methods and household fixed effects to control for time invariant factors likely to confound cross‐sectional estimates. Finally, we examine semiparametric Engel curves for different food groups and find that apparent curvature in the relationships between food budget shares and overall food expenditure levels in the raw data become nearly linear when removing variation explained by time‐invariant household factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the importance of understanding the patterns and processes of intrahousehold resource allocation for the success of agricultural and natural resource policy. Income generation of the rural poor; Mitigation of seasonal fluctuations in consumption; Sustainable natural resource management.

Looks into the implications of measurement errors in household budget surveys in Great Britain. Use of expenditures as indicators of underlying consumption; Importance of modelling zero expenditures; Sources of zero expenditures.

Current estimates of the value of household services (VHS) as a percent of Gross National Product (GNP) are over- estimations, it is contended. They are based on a zero (or low) supply price whereas if such services by family members usually commanded a price, the quantity demanded might be substantially less. Also the total output of goods and services (real GNP) against which VHS is measured is GNP sans VHS; if measurement is justified, it should be GNP plus VHS, yielding a smaller percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with non-monetized transactions which are dimensionally important in developing countries. The notion of degree of monetization attaches to all real flows. It is necessary to analyze non-monetized transactions in order to a have a better understanding of the producing and consuming activities of households which contribute a large part of national product in less developed countries. Among different non-monetized flows, particular attention is paid to the use of the output of own production for different purposes. A survey of Indian information on the degree of non-monetization shows that it is different for different flows: highest for consumption, intermediate for current inputs and lowest for investment. Cross section Indian data indicate that the degree of non-monetization is expected to fall with the improvement in the average household expenditure and urbanisation but it may rise if development occurs largely through agricultural improvement. Some of the Indian findings may apply to other developing countries as well. Normally, estimates of expenditure elasticities based on cross section data are obtained from consumption expenditure on a particular item (e) and the aggregate consumption expenditure (E) without going into the question of the degree of non-monetization of either element. Since traditional models of consumer behaviour apply only to the relation between money expenditure on a particular item (em) and the aggregate money expenditure (Em), it is suggested that the relation between e and E should be broken down into relations between (i) em and Em, (ii) ek and Ek where these are the corresponding kind elements and (iii) among E, Em and Ek. Some estimates of elasticity based on this scheme are presented indicating that the procedure is reasonable and suggesting that this type of analysis would probably furnish a suitable framework for answering relevant questions in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hungarian national food consumption survey on adults (including adolescents and elderly) was conducted between 2018‐2020 according to the EFSA EU MENU methodology.Valid data was collected from a total of 1585 participants(overall response rate 67%)528 adolescents aged from 10 to 17 years old (response rate 68% among female and 75% among male population), 529 adults aged from 18 to 64 years old (response rate 64% among female and 61% among male population) and 528 elderly aged from 65 to 74 years old (response rate 62% among female and 73% among male population). The sampling frame for the survey was the nationally representative sample of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office used for the implementation of Household Budget Survey in Hungary. Survey participants wererandomly selected by usinga stratified sampling method. Participants were asked to provide information on their food consumption for two non‐consecutive days, with at least 10 days interval. To collect the information, computer assisted telephone and personal recall interviews were carried out. Recall interviews were complemented with questionnaires. Fieldwork was executed by contracted dietitians, by using dietary software which was updated according to the methodology. National protocols and relating training materials were prepared to assist the interviewer's work. Prior to the nationwide data collection, a pilot study was implemented to test the feasibility of the documents and the dietary software. The Hungarian survey extended to all regions of the country, covered four seasons and all days of the week. Dietary pattern of the whole year was represented, including the periodically consumed foods as well, paying attention to the seasonal fruits, vegetables and holiday seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]