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Classifying papers according to the fields of knowledge is critical to clearly understand the dynamics of scientific (sub)fields, their leading questions, and trends. Most studies rely on journal categories defined by popular databases such as WoS or Scopus, but some experts find that those categories may not correctly map the existing subfields nor identify the subfield of a specific article. This study addresses the classification problem using data from each paper (Abstract, Title, Keywords, and the KeyWords Plus) and the help of experts to identify the existing subfields and journals exclusive of each subfield. These "exclusive journals" are critical to obtain, through a pattern detection procedure that uses machine learning techniques (from software NVivo), a list of the frequent terms that are specific to each subfield. With that list of terms and with the help of optimization procedures, we can identify to which subfield each paper most likely belongs. This study can contribute to support scientific policy‐makers, funding, and research institutions—via more accurate academic performance evaluations—, to support editors in their tasks to redefine the scopes of journals, and to support popular databases in their processes of refining categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconsiders the outpacing argument, the belief that changes in law and other means of regulation cannot keep pace with recent changes in technology. We focus on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in and of themselves as well as applied in computer science, telecommunications, health, finance, and other applications, but our argument applies also in rapidly developing technological fields such as environmental science, materials science, and genetic engineering. First, we discuss why the outpacing argument is so closely associated with information and computing technologies. We then outline 12 arguments that support the outpacing argument, by pointing to some particular weaknesses of policy making, using the United States as the primary example. Then arguing in the opposite direction, we present 4 brief and 3 more extended criticisms of the outpacing thesis. The paper's final section responds to calls within the technical community for greater engagement of policy and ethical concerns and reviews the paper's major arguments. While the paper focuses on ICTs and policy making in the United States, our critique of the outpacing argument and our exploration of its complex character are of utility to actors in other political contexts and in other technical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northwestern University's experience sheds light on some of the common (mis)perceptions about online student evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Announces the second international paper competition of the Special Interest Group/International Information Issues of the American Society for Information Science And Technology in the United States. Theme and standards of the writing contest; Award and privileges for the winners; Information regarding the submission of the manuscript.

This article attempts to measure the scientific productivity in terms of number of papers published in journals by authors in the field of information science, compared to the publication pattern for science in general. Information science has been defined by the American Society for Information Science as the science that investigates the properties and behavior of information, the forces governing the flow of information, and the means of processing information, for optimum accessibility and usability. According to this definition, information science emerges as an umbrella-like discipline. If the basic professional society in this discipline is considered to be the American Society for Information Science, then its prime indexing journal may be considered to be "Information Science Abstracts," and its prime review vehicle may be the "Annual Review of Information Science and Technology."

Information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) research sporadically leverages information science scholarship. Our qualitative study employs the "information grounds" (IG) lens to investigate the consequences of information exchanges by pregnant women on Facebook, who are vulnerable in the doctor‐centric birth culture in rural America. The thematic analysis of in‐depth interviews with members and administrators of the Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) group shows that positive consequences outweigh negative consequences of information exchanges and lead to the following progression of outcomes: (a) VBAC group as an information ground, (b) social capital (e.g., cognitive, structural, and relational capital) built on the information ground, (c) seven emergent properties of the information ground, and (d) value co‐created (e.g., local, affordable, timely, enduring, and reliable support) by VBAC group members. The IG lens reveals the following roles of Facebook, an ICT, in development: (a) a linker that lets people with similar needs and interests convene and shapes their interactions, (b) a prerequisite to building an online, "third place" for social interactions, and (c) an apparatus for ubiquitously seeking, searching, sharing, and storing information in multiple formats and controlling its flow on the VBAC group. This paper fills in six gaps in the ICT4D research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highlight of the 2012 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, the pre-conference session on the History of ASIS&T and Information Science and Technology Worldwide drew presenters and attendees from around the globe. The day featured papers on four historical themes, starting with the institutional roots of ASIS&T and recognizing decades of research presented in the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. The evolution of the field was apparent through a review of information revolutions prompted by the printing press, the post-World War II information crisis and the Internet, as well as through presentations on digital curation,ongoing work on relevance, sense-making theory and developments from Croatia to France.Discussion of the historical contexts of technology innovations and impacts consideredphotographic documentary techniques, binary computing and networking standards. The development of foundational ideas was explored through presentations on pioneering document indexing methods, the semantic challenge of term-oriented retrieval, early European perceptions of classification systems and the French view of communication and information science. Efforts to deepen the historical understanding of information science and technology will continue through oral history interviews, funded research and awards for outstanding papers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore how technology use helped to cope with the stresses of social distancing during the pandemic contributing insights about the impact of work adaptation enabled by technology on economic vulnerability and resilience. Using a three‐wave survey conducted across 10 states in the United States, we found evidence that a high level of technology use was linked to a greater chance of maintaining employment during the pandemic. We evaluate job retention as a function of an index based on the prevalence of information technology (IT) usage in the workplace and psychological and somatic well‐being, controlling for technology use outside of the workplace, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the contribution of information and communications technology (ICT), to international productivity performance. It first uses an international industry data set and a growth accounting framework, to show that ICT has typically had a lower impact on productivity in Europe than in the US, although there is considerable variation within Europe. The paper also analyses the European situation in greater depth by examining micro-economic data from Germany, Italy and the UK. While direct comparisons between the national findings are difficult, the results suggest that the UK experience with ICT has been closer to the US than other European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares mean ratings, inter-rater reliabilities, and the factor structure of items for online and paper student-rating forms from the University of Washington's Instructional Assessment System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this chapter, the author examines important issues related to online reporting of student survey results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes factors that influence firms' choice of the organizational forms of strategic alliances. I consider arguments suggested by both the contractual and the competence perspectives. In order to distinguish empirically between them, I devote special attention to the role played by the similarity of partner firms' technological specialization. In the empirical section I consider a sample composed of 271 equity joint ventures, non-equity bilateral and unilateral agreements established between each other in the period 1983-86 by 67 North American, European, and Japanese enterprises from the world's largest firms in information technology industries. I examine the effects on the choicer of alliance form of a measure of firms' technological proximity based on patents count, while controlling for other variables that are usually considered in the empirical literature. The estimate of binomial and multinomial logit models support the competence-based argument that in technological alliances divergence in partners' technological specialization results in a higher propensity to use equity forms. Overall, the findings suggest that both the contractual and competence perspectives provide valuable complementary insights into the determinants of alliance form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of information technology (IT) on emergency preparedness and planning by analysing a survey of US state government departments of emergency management. The research results show that there has been a significant impact of IT on emergency planning. IT has proven to be effective for all phases of emergency management, but especially for the response phase. There are numerous technologies used in emergency management, ranging from the internet, Geographic Information Systems and wireless technologies to more advanced hazard analysis models. All were generally viewed as being effective. Lack of financial resources and support from elected officials is a perennial problem in public administration, and was found to be prevalent in this study of IT and emergency management. There was evidence that state governments rating high on a performance index were more likely to use IT for emergency management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of knowledge about a wide variety of subjects on the wages and salaries of U.S. workers. Knowing a lot about topics such as medicine and dentistry, engineering and technology, and production and processing has a positive effect on individual earnings, whereas high knowledge in the areas of food production and personnel and human resources is not rewarded in the labor market. Spillover effects, where the share of metropolitan area employment in high-knowledge occupations enhances earnings, were uncovered primarily in subjects related to producer services and information technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we develop a model to examine the effect of information technology (IT) in the banking industry. IT can reduce operational cost and create network externality. Empirical studies, however, have shown inconsistency, the so-called Solow paradox, which we explain by stressing the heterogeneity in banking services. In a differentiated model, we characterize the conditions to identify these two effects and explain how the two seemingly positive effects turn negative. Using a panel data set of 68 US banks over 1986–2005, our results show that the profitability effect of IT spending is negative, reflecting a negative network competition effect in the banking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how the decline of communication costs affects the pattern of trade in differentiated goods. It is found that the development of information technology (IT) has significantly increased US imports of differentiated goods after the 1970s. In addition, the modern communication technology has assisted small economies from exporting homogeneous goods to exporting more and more differentiated goods in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between technology adoption and the skill mix of the workforce in US manufacturing plants. Using information on the use and adoption of seven different information technologies, we find that the relationship between technology adoption and workforce skill varies across the technologies. The use and adoption of engineering and design tasks are associated with workplaces that have a relatively large share of nonproduction labor. When we examine the relationship between technology adoption and skill upgrading of workforces, we find little correlation between the use and/or adoption of technologies and changes in workforce skill at the plant level. However, we do find that plants adopting technologies related to engineering and design tasks grow faster over the period 1987–1997. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a journal editor is one of the most exciting positions in any scientific field. You get a frontrow seat for all of the best research and scholarly work being done in the field. The Independent Sector (IS) Spring Research Forum for 2001, which was devoted to technology was held some months back. But as a longtime technology buff, the author had like to offer several impressions of the way nonprofits are now using information technology (IT), as reflected in the conference and elsewhere. First, it was interesting to see how far they have come in the six years since the first conference on nonprofit technology, organized by Tim Akers at Michigan State in 1995. One of the major subtexts of the 1995 conference was a not-so-subtle message to the nonprofit community: there is much to learn from what higher education has done with IT and this new thing called the Internet. Another strong impression was that after years of hesitation and uncertainty a sectorwide embrace of IT, though still somewhat halting and uncertain at times, is now real and widespread. Technology use is no longer restricted to the early adopters. The technology revolution is finally well under way in the mainstream of the nonprofit world.

Purpose: Despite the importance of research in the discipline of nursing, current trends in nursing research have rarely been discussed across countries. The purpose of this article was to identify current trends in nursing research across five countries, including the United States, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong, in order to provide directions for future global nursing research. Organizing Construct: A discussion article. Methods: To identify the current trends, seven leaders from the five countries had discussions through a series of workshops and conference presentations. After the most recent conference, all the leaders reflected for a month on their presentations and compiled the exemplars and cases from their experience and the existing literature in individual countries into a table. The tables and supporting references were collected at the completion of the reflection period. Then, the PowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) slideshows of the conference presentations by the leaders and the collected tables were analyzed using a content analysis. Findings: Six themes reflecting the current trends in nursing research were extracted: (a) demographic alterations; (b) increasing diversities and globalization; (c) technology innovation; (d) individualized or personal care and population health initiatives; (e) health policies and regulations; and (f) nursing workforce changes. Conclusions: Future directions for nursing research across the countries were proposed: (a) cost‐effectiveness research; (b) implementation science; (c) data science; (d) training of the future generation of nurse researchers; (e) population health; and (f) team science. Clinical Relevance: This topic could be applied to any clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in information technology and bank consolidation have altered the way banks operate by necessitating that banks control costs and provide services efficiently to remain competitive. Given the unique role bank operations play in the transmission of monetary policy, a key unresolved question is whether bank efficiency alters monetary policy outcomes. Using a stochastic frontier approach to measure cost-efficiency and panel data of U.S. bank balance sheets, we show that banks with greater cost-efficiency are more sensitive to monetary shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to the reports on Graduate Information Programs and Accreditation by the Information professionals Task Force of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) in the U.S. It states that the reports reviews the status of information professional programs and related accreditation activities. The report further include the news from New England ASIS&T chapter (NEASIS&T) and news from Special Interest Group/Social informatics (SIG/SI). In addition, the reports contains an announcement from Special Interest Group/Intentional Information Issues (SIG/III) related to the winners of the 2008 SIG/III International Paper Context.

In this paper we study the geography of the IT revolution in the U.S. economy. By relating the intensity of IT production and diffusion to labor productivity growth for the United States, we find three main results. First, states with above-average production intensity of IT manufacturing show more growth acceleration than other states. Second, the same applies to states with above-average IT diffusion. Yet, while the result for IT-producing states is strong, the result for IT-using states is somewhat smaller and less robust across specifications. Third, we also reconcile our state-wide pieces of evidence with previous industry and aggregate evidence. Accelerating productivity growth in IT-producing states stems from both IT-producing and IT-using industries in those states and is not a manifestation of the exclusive importance of IT production. Moreover, the less robust evidence for IT-using states is due to lower growth contributions from IT-producing and other industries in these states, not a symptom of a missing effect of IT usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased use of information technology promises to revolutionize both the provision of government services and the vibrancy of democracy. In the aftermath of the Florida voting controversy during the 2000 presidential election, governments have placed their faith in technology, adopting e-voting machines that offer enhanced voter convenience and eliminate the need for subjective recounts. However, the same underlying assumptions that apply to e-government theory do not apply to e-voting because of the severity of consequences if failure occurs and the loss of transparency traditionally associated with the voting process. A more useful theoretical guide is systems theory, which deals with complex, high-risk systems. This literature has been largely overlooked by adopters of e-voting technology, even though the practical criticisms of e-voting made by computer security specialists reflect an essentially systems theory perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this chapter, the author examines important issues related to online reporting of student survey results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of information technology (IT) on organizing and union effectiveness in US national unions. Original survey data and data from government and independent sources are combined to model outcomes including membership growth, success in representation elections, and union leaders’ assessments of effectiveness as a product of environmental and organizational characteristics. The results suggest that the practical impact of IT use on organizing outcomes can be quite important. Evidence regarding the impact of IT on overall effectiveness (i.e. organizational or union effectiveness) is more mixed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information technology (IT) revolution coincided with the transformation of the U.S. unsecured credit market. Households' borrowing increased rapidly and there was an even faster increase in bankruptcy filings. A risk of default model with asymmetric information and costly screening is introduced to study this period. When information costs are high, the design of contracts under private information prevents some households from borrowing with a risk of default. As information costs drop, households borrow more and bankruptcy filings increase. Quantitative exercises suggest that the IT revolution may have played an important role in the transformation of the unsecured credit market. (JEL E43, E44, G33) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To test for significant differences in information technology sophistication (ITS) in US nursing homes (NH) based on location. Methods We administered a primary survey January 2014 to July 2015 to NH in each US state. The survey was cross-sectional and examined 3 dimensions (IT capabilities, extent of IT use, degree of IT integration) among 3 domains (resident care, clinical support, administrative activities) of ITS. ITS was broken down by NH location. Mean responses were compared across 4 NH categories (Metropolitan, Micropolitan, Small Town, and Rural) for all 9 ITS dimensions and domains. Least square means and Tukey's method were used for multiple comparisons. Principal Findings Methods yielded 815/1,799 surveys (45% response rate). In every health care domain (resident care, clinical support, and administrative activities) statistical differences in facility ITS occurred in larger (metropolitan or micropolitan) and smaller (small town or rural) populated areas. Conclusions This study represents the most current national assessment of NH IT since 2004. Historically, NH IT has been used solely for administrative activities and much less for resident care and clinical support. However, results are encouraging as ITS in other domains appears to be greater than previously imagined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, millions of individuals are victims of sex trafficking and are compelled to perform sexual acts through force, fraud, or coercion. Law enforcement agencies, non‐profit organisations, and social entrepreneurs increasingly are using information technology as a resource to locate, identify, and rescue victims and find, arrest, and convict traffickers. In this qualitative case study, we partnered with a non‐profit organisation that trains law enforcement officers to use information technology to counter sex trafficking. For this research study, we observed training courses, interviewed law enforcement officers and non‐profit staff, and reviewed technology usage logs and other data sources. Some officers readily used the new information technology post‐training, while others failed to use the new technology. Using conservation of resources theory as a sensitising lens, we identify two factors affecting the use of new technology post‐training: the level of organisational resources available to individuals and the individual's perceptions of the new information technology as a resource. With these findings, we develop the Resources Model of Information Technology Use to explain how perceptions of organisational and technology resources affect information technology usage patterns and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the reading behaviors and information-use of the faculty of a university in the U.S. Reading behaviors of academicians; Information-related activities; Use of computer technology.

Knowledge management systems utilize information technology to manage knowledge in organizations with the purpose of creating, supporting, storing and disseminating information. These systems have been around for decades, but have significantly changed over time in complexity and features with the evolution of information technology and the Internet. With the development of these new technologies, the concept of knowledge management has thrived and has had significant impact on the way in which knowledge is accumulated, stored and accessed. This article will describe the historical development of knowledge management systems in oral health, illustrate the technology using examples and explore the future use of these systems with emerging technologies such as G oogle W ave®. One example of how knowledge management systems may affect the quality of dental education is the DentEd project, where a collaborative website was developed to coordinate dental school visitations and collection of reports from working groups, leading to several important publications. MEDLINE is another example of an effective knowledge management system in health care, providing access to health care-related scientific literature, which is highly organized under the auspices of the United States National Library of Medicine. Another and very differently organized example of an effective knowledge management system is Wikipedia, which is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by a nonprofit foundation. The final example of an effective knowledge management system is all of the social media, including Facebook and Twitter. These tools have proven very powerful in organizing and collaborating. In conclusion, the development of new technologies and the Internet have changed the way in which information is developed and accessed. This development is still ongoing and only the future will reveal how this will continue to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) Annual Meeting to be held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in October 2010.

Despite the possible benefits of implementing healthcare information technologies, successful implementation of effective healthcare information technology is constrained by cultural and regulatory concerns and technical obstacles encountered when establishing or upgrading an organisation's enterprise infrastructure. In this paper, we advance Ross' four-stage model of enterprise architecture maturity as a valuable IT resource for helping healthcare organisations sustain a competitive advantage. We use partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modelling to analyse survey data from 164 US hospitals at different stages of EA maturity. Our results provide evidence that enterprise architecture maturity directly influences the effectiveness of hospitals' IT resources for achieving strategic goals. Further, enterprise architecture maturity indirectly influences the effectiveness of IT resources when IT alignment is incorporated as a mediating variable. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice and suggest opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is easy to confuse true productivity advances in transportation industries with changes in ton-miles per unit of input that are the result of changes in the composition of traffic, as initially happened with the mid-20th century U.S. railroads. Transportation productivity varies enormously by traffic type, for example, with long-haul versus short-haul traffic. Measurements of changes in physical productivity can easily be biased by modest changes in the traffic mix. We control for endogenous changes in the composition of truck traffic and find that trucking has in fact lagged the U.S. economy as a whole in productivity growth over the period of our data, 1982-1997. Loosening of weight, length, and speed limits is the likely explanation for the growth we do observe. Improvements in information technology have brought real improvements in the quality of trucking services (in reliability, predictability, speed, order tracking, etc.), but as in other service industries, true physical productivity improvements in trucking are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the deterioration of tagging in Web development in the U.S. It states that tagging became popular in 2003 when the Web 2.0 phenomenon captured the attention of web designers, developers, information architects and entrepreneurs. However, in 2007, a number of people noticed that tagging seemed to be stuck and undeveloped. Moreover, the paper presented the blog that started the conversation about the deterioration of tagging, as well as the four trends that point toward tagging's future.

The article offers a look at a variety of ways in which computer and information technologies are being used by teachers in addressing assessment issues and improving their classroom practice. Each type of software is described, including the computer scanning software, which allows schools to process answer sheets at their own sites, the computer-based assessment software, which is available for installation and administration on school computers, and the Accelerated Reader, which was the first major recreational reading management system to gain popularity across the U.S.

The market value of U.S. corporations declined by 50% during 1973–74 and stagnated for the following 15 years. This abrupt decline in market valuations coincided with two technology shocks: (1) the start of the information technology revolution and (2) a sudden slowdown in productivity growth. I use general equilibrium theory to quantify the macroeconomic and asset price implications of these two shocks. The information technology revolution and the productivity slowdown make the theory consistent with the trends of key macroeconomic aggregates from the mid-1970s to the 1990s, and can also account for most of the drop in market values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers studying multi-level theories use homologous models to represent parallel nomological networks among similar constructs across different levels of analysis. We use the logic underlying homologous models to examine whether relationships established at the firm level of data aggregation are also evident at the economic sector level. Specifically, we investigate the process-model which posits that the relationship between IT investment and financial performance is mediated by operational performance, albeit in the manufacturing sector using firm level data. We examine the process-model using publicly available sector level data from 1960 to 1999 in the manufacturing, retail and wholesale sectors of the U.S. economy. Our results provide strong support for the process-model and highlight inter-sector variations, suggesting that different contextual factors may be at play in the three sectors. Finally, examining the process-model at a higher level of aggregation contributes to the scant multi-level empirical research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To what extent can information-technology led improvements in inventory management account for the apparent moderation of economic fluctuations in the United States since the mid-1980s? We argue that changes in inventory dynamics played a reinforcing—rather than a leading—role in the reduction of output volatility. Since the mid-1980s, inventory dynamics have changed in a manner consistent with a faster resolution of inventory imbalances. However, these changes appear to be a consequence of changes in the response of industry-level sales and aggregate economic activity to monetary policy shocks. Our results suggest that it is the interaction between the changes in inventory behavior at the industry level and the macroeconomic environment—where the latter likely includes changes in the conduct of monetary policy and the responses of the economy to policy disturbances—rather than any single factor, that has contributed importantly to the observed decline in economic volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we assess whether the number of public comments filed in response to proposed agency rules has dramatically increased as a result of the automation of the submission process. Specifically, we compare the volume of comment activity across two large sets of rules issued by the Department of Transportation, one that occurred before the launch of an agency-wide electronic docket system and another that occurred after this launch in 1998. Our analysis shows that, contrary to expectations held by many researchers and practitioners, the overall levels and patterns of stakeholder behavior showed a remarkable degree of similarity across the two periods. This finding implies that public involvement in rulemaking is not likely to become vastly more prevalent in the information age, confounding both hopes of democratization of the process and fears of costly and harmful mass participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using industry data for the United States and the United Kingdom, we provide new evidence on the impact of information and communications technology (ICT) capital on real output growth. The traditional industry panel data analysis fails to find a positive contribution. We argue that this is due to heterogeneity across industries, particularly in the time dimension. Pooling the data for the two countries and using a dynamic panel data estimation method yield a positive and significant effect of ICT on output growth. Individual country estimates suggest a strong impact in the United States, while results are less conclusive in the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some observers have raised the possibility that production spillovers and network effects associated with information and communications technology (ICT) are an important part of the "New Economy." Across U.S. manufacturing industries, however, ICT capital appears correlated with the acceleration of average labor productivity (ALP) growth as predicted by a standard production model, but not with total factor productivity (TFP) growth as these New Economy forces imply. Once one allows for productivity differences across industries, measured TFP growth is uncorrelated with all capital inputs, including ICT capital. This provides little evidence for a New Economy story of ICTrelated spillovers or network effects driving TFP growth throughout U.S. manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American archivists have long had an interest in standards, although their interest has led to more intensive activity in the past decade. New standards have been developed for arrangement and description of archival records and historical manuscripts, the adaptive use of bibliographic standards, preservation of archival records and historical manuscripts, and the use of information technology standards for the management of archival records in electronic form. Many challenges still remain, however. Most important of such questions is how archivists can play a greater role in the information standards-setting world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a survey of a number of issues that are concerned with information science, of importance outside the field as well as within, and generally caused by or related to changes in technology. Issues ore considered in four broad categories, those concerned with computers, communications, image recording and information content. Their importance lies in the fact that how they are resolved will affect the transition of the United States from a primarily industrial to a post industrial society. The intent of the article is to present the issues and their possible impact rather than to offer solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education institutions are continuing to develop their capacity for learning analytics (LA), which is a sociotechnical data‐mining and analytic practice. Institutions rarely inform their students about LA practices, and there exist significant privacy concerns. Without a clear student voice in the design of LA, institutions put themselves in an ethical gray area. To help fill this gap in practice and add to the growing literature on students' privacy perspectives, this study reports findings from over 100 interviews with undergraduate students at eight U.S. higher education institutions. Findings demonstrate that students lacked awareness of educational data‐mining and analytic practices, as well as the data on which they rely. Students see potential in LA, but they presented nuanced arguments about when and with whom data should be shared; they also expressed why informed consent was valuable and necessary. The study uncovered perspectives on institutional trust that were heretofore unknown, as well as what actions might violate that trust. Institutions must balance their desire to implement LA with their obligation to educate students about their analytic practices and treat them as partners in the design of analytic strategies reliant on student data in order to protect their intellectual privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information regarding progress of U.S. women in education. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) in a report entitled "Degree Awards to Women: 1979 Update," has presented a picture of the progress achieved by U.S. women. In 1979 women accounted for 48.3 percent of the bachelor's degrees, 49.1 percent of the master's degrees, 28. 1 percent of the doctoral degrees, and 23.6 percent of the first-professional degrees. At the bachelor's degree level, women now predominate in two fields which have not traditionally been regarded as women's fields. These are psychology and public affairs and services. At both the bachelor's and master's degree levels, but not at the doctoral level, women showed their greatest increases in percentage representation in those fields where they have traditionally been least represented. In 1979 women still accounted for less than one-third of the bachelor's degrees awarded in the fields of: agriculture and natural resources, architecture and environmental design, business and management, computer and information sciences, engineering, military science, physical sciences, and theology.

We examine the influence of firms' ability to employ individualized pricing on the welfare consequences of horizontal mergers. In a two‐to‐one merger, the merger reduces consumer surplus more when firms can price discriminate based on individual preferences compared to when they cannot. However, the opposite holds true in a three‐to‐two merger, in which the reduction in consumer surplus is substantially lower with individualized pricing than with uniform pricing. Further, the merger requires an even smaller marginal cost reduction to justify when an upstream data provider can make exclusive offers for its data to downstream firms. We also show that exclusive contracts for consumer data pose significant antitrust concerns independent of merger considerations. Implications for vertical integration and data mergers are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an abundance of literature about the impact of the new electronic communications technologies and most of the authors attest to its value and theoretical benefits. Many organizations are working in this area and producing novel implementations, but for the general company there is little that is of help in planning for these systems. In order to overcome this deficiency, this article presents a detailed analysis of electronic data interchange (EDI) undertaken by a large number of U.S. companies. The results suggest a model of strategic implementation which illustrates how factors such as the nature of markets and distribution channels, organizational structure and process and buyer power influence the implementation of EDI with suppliers and customers. Five generic EDI strategies have been identified and the impact of market share and IT expertise on these are discussed. Finally, the authors give their views on some of the long-term issues and suggest some possible outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the type of paper submissions that will be accepted by the program committee of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. There are four types of paper submissions: 1) contributed papers; 2) contributed posters and short papers; 3) symposia and panels; and, 4) pre-conference sessions. For instance, contributed papers present original, recent research and design projects, and theoretical developments or innovative practical applications providing more general insight into an area of practice.

Objective: To assess how medical staffing mix changed over time in association with the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) in community health centers (CHCs).Study Setting: Community health centers within the 50 states and Washington, DC.Study Design: Estimated how the change in the share of total medical staff full-time equivalents (FTE) by provider category between 2007 and 2013 was associated with EHR adoption using fractional multinomial logit.Data Collection: 2007-2013 Uniform Data System, an administrative data set of Section 330 federal grant recipients; and Readiness for Meaningful Use and HIT and Patient Centered Medical Home Recognition Survey responses collected from Section 330 recipients between December 2010 and February 2011.Principal Findings: Having an EHR system did significantly shift the share of workers over time between physicians and each of the other categories of health care workers. While an EHR system significantly shifted the share of physician and other medical staff, this effect did not significantly vary over time. CHCs with EHRs by the end of the study period had a relatively greater proportion of other medical staff compared to the proportion of physicians.Conclusions: Electronic health records appeared to influence staffing allocation in CHCs such that other medical staff may be used to support adoption of EHRs as well as be leveraged as an important care provider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]