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Exploring and controlling surface tension‐driven phenomena in liquid metals may lead to unprecedented possibilities for next‐generation microfluidics, electronics, catalysis, and materials synthesis. In pursuit of these goals, the impact of minor constituents within liquid alloys is largely overlooked. Herein, it is showed that the presence of a fraction of solute metals such as tin, bismuth, and zinc in liquid gallium can significantly influence their electrocapillarity and electrochemistry. The instability‐driven fractal formation of liquid alloy droplets is investigated with different solutes and reveals the formation of distinctive non‐branched droplets, unstable fractals, and stable fractal modes under controlled voltage and alkaline solution conditions. In their individually unique fractal morphology diagrams, different liquid alloys demonstrate significantly shifted voltage thresholds in transition between the three fractal modes, depending on the choice of the solute metal. Surface tension measurements, cycle voltammetry and surface compositional characterizations provide strong evidence that the minor alloy components drastically alter the surface tension, surface electrochemical oxidation, and oxide dissolution processes that govern the droplet deformation and instability dynamics. The findings that minor components are able to regulate liquid alloys' surface tensions, surface element distributions and electrochemical activities offer great promises for harnessing the tunability and functionality of liquid metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active droplets play important roles in microfluidics, robotics, and micro-electromechanical systems. As a special class of active droplets that are conductive, reactive, and of high surface tension, liquid metal droplets (LMDs) can be driven by electric-field-induced surface (Marangoni) flows to function as reconfigurable components in actuators, sensors, catalytic reactors, and antennas. Stimulating LMDs using an electric field induces concurrent electro-hydrodynamic flows and electrochemical surface oxidation (passivation). It is however difficult to decouple these two effects which brings complexity in controlling LMD motions. To address this challenge, pulse time modulation (PTM) signals are used. PTM enables controlled LMD displacement by propelling the droplets forward during the voltage-on phases and facilitating surface recovery from oxidation during the voltage-off phases. Counterintuitively, by taking such intermittent "rests", the LMDs effectively inhibit the unfavorable impact of oxidation, granting high motion controllability. Combining high-speed imaging, motion tracking, machine learning, and electrochemical analysis, the study reveals how electro-hydrodynamic flows and surface oxide formation/dissolution interplay to generate well-defined motion regimes. The study further develops a quasi-analytical model to describe droplet motions and designs a rotary LMD motor to showcase the versatility of the approach. This work provides the fundamental framework and viable strategy for designing innovative liquid metal-based systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoengineering the composition and morphology of functional nanoparticles endows them to perform multiple tasks and functions. An intriguing strategy for creating multifunctional nanomaterials involves the construction of core–shell nanostructures, which have enabled promising applications in biomedicine, energy, sensing, and catalysis. Here, a straightforward nanoengineering approach is presented utilizing liquid metal nanoparticles and galvanic replacement to create diverse core–shell nanostructures. Controlled nanostructures including liquid metal core‐gold nanoparticle shell (LM@Au), gold nanoparticle core‐gallium oxide shell (Au@Ga oxide), and hollow Ga oxide nanoparticles are successfully fabricated. Remarkably, these investigations reveal that LM@Au exhibits exceptional photothermal performance, achieving an impressive conversion efficiency of 65.9%, which is five times that of gold nanoparticles. By leveraging the high photothermal conversion efficiency and excellent biocompatibility of LM@Au, its promising application in hyperthermia cancer therapy is demonstrated. This simple yet powerful nanoengineering strategy opens new avenues for the controlled synthesis of complex core–shell nanostructures, advancing various fields beyond biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart materials that can actively tune their stiffness are of great interest to many fields, including the construction industry, medical devices, industrial machines, and soft robotics. However, developing a material that can offer a large range of stiffness change and rapid tuning remains a challenge. Herein, a liquid metal variable stiffness material (LMVSM) that can actively and rapidly tune its stiffness by applying an external magnetic field or by changing the temperature is developed. The LMVSM is composed of three layers: a gallium-iron magnetorheological fluid (Ga-Fe MRF) layer for providing variable stiffness, a nickel-chromium wire layer for Joule heating, and a soft heat dissipation layer for accelerating heating and rapid cooling. The stiffness can be rapidly increased by 4 times upon the application of a magnetic field or 10 times by solidifying the Ga-Fe MRF. Finally, the LMVSM is attached to a pneumatically controlled soft robotic gripper to actively tune its load capacity, demonstrating its potential to be further developed into smart components that can be widely adopted by smart devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to control interfacial tension electrochemically is uniquely available for liquid metals (LMs), in particular gallium‐based LM alloys. This imparts them with excellent locomotion and deformation capabilities and enables diverse applications. However, electrochemical oxidation of LM is a highly dynamic process, which often induces Marangoni instabilities that make it almost impossible to elongate LM and manipulate its morphology directly and precisely on a 2D plane without the assistance of other patterning methods. To overcome these limitations, this study investigates the use of an LM–iron (Fe) particle mixture that is capable of suppressing instabilities during the electrochemical oxidation process, thereby allowing for superelongation of the LM core of the mixture to form a thin wire that is tens of times of its original length. More importantly, the elongated LM core can be manipulated freely on a 2D plane to form complex patterns. Eliminating Marangoni instabilities also allows for the effective spreading and filling of the LM–Fe mixture into molds with complex structures and small features. Harnessing these excellent abilities, a channel‐less patterning method for fabricating elastomeric wearable sensors is demonstrated to detect motions. This study shows the potential for developing functional and flexible structures of LM with superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodevices are crucial for monitoring vital physiological signals, managing chronic health conditions, developing artificial organs for assisting people with disabilities, and conducting various clinical and surgical procedures. However, existing biodevices are mostly composed of rigid components, which can cause discomfort to the user, whereas the high stiffness of implants is known to be the major cause of inflammation and scarring. Gallium‐based liquid metals are intrinsically soft and possess desirable properties, including low toxicity, high conductivity, and deformability, which make them ideally suited for developing soft, deformable, reconfigurable, and healable biodevices. Herein, recent advancements in the emerging field of liquid‐metal‐based biodevices are discussed. This includes a description of the properties of gallium‐based liquid metals which make them so distinct from conventional materials, a brief outline of various techniques devised for fabrication of liquid‐metal‐based devices/structures, and an overview of the diverse range of wearable or implantable liquid‐metal‐enabled biodevices. The outlook and challenges are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of microdomes can significantly increase the surface roughness, contact area, and deformability of materials, which have been adopted in many fields including microfluidics, wearable devices, and microanalysis systems. However, the shape of liquid metal (LM) droplet is defined by the density and surface energy, which has very limited room to tune. In this work, a simple, low‐cost method to effectively control the profile of LM using the masked amalgamation is presented. The LM amalgamates the masked copper surface to create the complex microdomes with various aspect ratios, sizes, profiles, and structures. The concave dome replicated from the LM mold has been demonstrated to enhance the microfluidic mixing performance. With a pattern transfer technique, the microconvex domes can be patterned on the surface of stretchable conductive composites to develop a flexible and sensitive pressure sensor. This sensor exhibits a fast response time, a wide working range, and an enhanced sensitivity for detecting small strains. As such, the fabricated microdomes exhibit a great potential to enable the fabrication of high‐performance sensors, microfluidic platforms, and micro total analysis systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike conventional microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), machines based on gallium liquid metal alloys rely on Marangoni flows to induce motion without mechanical moving parts. Despite this advantage, currently developed liquid metal enabled robotic systems still need the locomotion of liquid metal droplets, thereby generating weak actuating forces and limiting their manoeuvrability. Here, a liquid metal engine (LME) is created to work as a jet thruster to continuously power a robot boat without the need of locomotion. In addition, the engine is electrically driven by surface tension without any mechanical moving parts. The structural design and the parameters of operation of the LME are investigated and optimized. Finally, the manipulation of the LME using a motor control unit is demonstrated for driving an untethered robot boat to realize complex locomotion with the precise control over the direction and speed. Thus, this LME could offer new opportunities for developing high‐performance liquid metal machines to power robotic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterning customized arrays of microscale Galinstan or EGaIn liquid metals enables the creation of a variety of microfabricated systems. Current techniques for creating microsized 3D structures of liquid metals are limited by the large dimension or low aspect ratio of such structures, and time-consuming processes. Here, a novel technique for creating 3D microstructures of Galinstan using dielectrophoresis is introduced. The presented technique enables the rapid creation of Galinstan microstructures with various dimensions and aspect ratios. Two series of proof-of-concept experiments are conducted to demonstrate the capabilities of this technique. First, the 3D Galinstan microstructures are utilized as 3D microelectrodes to enhance the trapping of tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanoparticles flowing through a microfluidic channel. Second, the patterned Galinstan microstructures are utilized as microfins to improve the dissipation of heat within a microfluidic channel that is located onto a hot spot. The presented technique can be readily used for creating customized arrays of 3D Galinstan microstructures for a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaotic advection plays an important role in microplatforms for a variety of applications. Currently used mechanisms for inducing chaotic advection in small scale, however, are limited by their complicated fabrication processes and relatively high power consumption. Here, a soft actuator is reported which utilizes a droplet of Galinstan liquid metal to induce harmonic Marangoni flow at the surface of liquid metal when activated by a sinusoidal signal. This liquid metal actuator has no rigid parts and employs continuous electrowetting effect to induce chaotic advection with exceptionally low power consumption. The theory behind the operation of this actuator is developed and validated via a series of experiments. The presented actuator can be readily integrated into other microfluidic components for a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new platform described as the liquid metal/metal oxide (LM/MO) framework is introduced. The constituent spherical structures of these frameworks are made of micro- to nanosized liquid metal spheres and nanosized metal oxides, combining the advantages of both materials. It is shown that the diameters of the spheres and the stoichiometry of the structures can be actively controlled. Additionally, the liquid suspension of these spheres demonstrates tuneable plasmon resonances. These spherical structures are assembled to form LM/MO frameworks which are capable of demonstrating high sensitivity towards low concentrations of heavy metal ions, and enhanced solar light driven photocalalytic activities. These demonstrations imply that the LM/MO frameworks are a suitable candidate for the development of future high performance electronic and optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid metal marbles that are droplets of liquid metal encapsulated by micro- or nanoparticles are introduced. Droplets of galinstan liquid metal are coated with insulators (including Teflon and silica) and semiconductors (including WO3, TiO2, MoO3, In2O3 and carbon nanotubes) by rolling over a powder bed and also by submerging in colloidal suspensions. It is shown that these marbles can be split and merged, can be suspended on water, and are even stable when moving under the force of gravity and impacting a flat solid surface. Furthermore, the marble coating can operate as an active electronic junction and the nanomaterial coated liquid metal marble can act as a highly sensitive electrochemical based heavy metal ion sensor. This new element thus represents a significant platform for the advancement of research into soft electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amalgamation-Assisted Lithography: Amalgamation-Assisted Control of Profile of Liquid Metal for the Fabrication of Microfluidic Mixer and Wearable Pressure Sensor (Adv. Liquid metals, microdomes, microfluidics, wearable sensors Keywords: liquid metals; microdomes; microfluidics; wearable sensors EN liquid metals microdomes microfluidics wearable sensors 1 1 1 05/26/21 20210521 NES 210521 In article number 2100038, Sheng Yan and co-workers present a simple and straightforward amalgamation-assisted method for creating liquid metal droplets and microdomes with highly controllable sizes. [Extracted from the article]

Gallium‐based room temperature liquid metal alloys have recently been explored to be an emerging functional material. They have attracted particular attentions in a variety of applications due to their unique properties. Many of the applications are based on the precise control over the motion of liquid metal, and yet, the fact that currently lacking the advanced and reliable controlling methods greatly hinders the potential of liquid metal to be applied in a wider range of fields. In this study, an innovative approach is developed to obtain functional liquid metal (FLM) by modifying it with copper–iron magnetic nanoparticles (Cu–Fe NPs). The magnetic modification process enables the Cu–Fe NPs to be suspended within the liquid metal and form the FLM. The FLM exhibits similar appearance, actuating behaviors, and deformability in alkaline solutions to those of pure liquid metal alloys. Meanwhile, the magnetic modification enables the precise and rapid manipulation of the liquid metal using a magnetic field. Most importantly, for the first time, the precise control and climbing locomotion of the FLM is demonstrated with the interworking of both electric and magnetic fields simultaneously. The remarkable features of the FLM may represent vast potentials toward the development of future intelligent soft robots. An innovative electrochemistry‐assisted method for obtaining functional liquid metal (FLM) by modifying Galinstan with copper–iron magnetic nanoparticles is proposed. The FLM exhibits similar appearance, fluidity, and deformability as liquid metal without modification. Most importantly, the magnetic modification allows the precise control and climbing locomotion of the FLM with the interworking of both electric and magnetic fields simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional liquid metal nanoparticles (NPs), produced from eutectic alloys of gallium, promise new horizons in the fields of sensors, microfluidics, flexible electronics, catalysis, and biomedicine. Here, the development of a vapor cavity generating ultrasonic platform for nebulizing liquid metal within aqueous media for the one‐step production of stable and functional liquid metal NPs is shown. The size distribution of the NPs is fully characterized and it is demonstrated that various macro and small molecules can also be grafted onto these liquid metal NPs during the liquid‐based nebulization process. The cytotoxicity of the NPs grafted with different molecules is further explored. Moreover, it is shown that it is possible to control the thickness of the oxide layer on the produced NPs using electrochemistry that can be embedded within the platform. It is envisaged that this platform can be adapted as a cost‐effective and versatile device for the rapid production of functional liquid metal NPs for future liquid metal‐based optical, electronic, catalytic, and biomedical applications. An ultrasonic platform for nebulizing liquid metal within aqueous media is developed to achieve one‐step production of stable and functional liquid metal nanoparticles grafted with different molecules. This platform is able to control the thickness of the oxide layer on the produced nanoparticles using embedded electrochemical components. The demonstrated technique may enable future liquid metal‐based electronic, catalytic, and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On page 144, Kourosh Kalantar‐zadeh, Arnan Mitchell, and co‐workers introduce liquid metal marbles by encapsulating droplets of liquid metal in micro/nanoparticles that are insulating or semiconducting. The physical properties of the liquid metal marbles are investigated. The ability to form active electronic junctions using liquid metal marbles and its use as a highly sensitive, electrochemical‐based, heavy metal ion sensor is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]