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This study presents an approach to better characterize the P‐wave and S‐wave velocity structure of the seafloor sediment layer using ocean bottom seismometers. The presence of low‐velocity seafloor sediment layers influences the observed seismic record at the seafloor over a broad frequency range, such that detailed knowledge of this sediment structure is essential to predict its effect on teleseismic records. We use the radial component of teleseismic P waves and autocorrelation functions of the radial, vertical, and pressure components of teleseismic P and S waves to obtain sediment layer models using the Markov chain Monte Carlo approach with parallel tempering. Synthetic tests show that the body waves constrain the P‐ and S‐wave impedances and travel times and the P‐ to S‐wave velocity ratio of the sediment layers. The proposed method resolves thin layers at a high resolution, including the uppermost thin (∼50 m to a few hundred meters) low S‐wave velocity layer. Real data applications at sites across the Pacific Ocean that are coincident with previous in situ studies demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in characterizing the seafloor sediment unit. The sediment models characterized by this new approach will allow us to more accurately predict and correct the effects of sediment layers in generating P‐ and S‐wave reverberations. Plain Language Summary: Ocean bottom seismometers are powerful tools for investigating the detailed structure of the oceanic mantle. However, most ocean bottom seismometers are placed above the low‐velocity water‐saturated sediment layer, such that their seismic records are inevitably affected by this seafloor sediment layer. Detailed constraints on the structure of the seafloor sediment layer allow us to accurately predict its effects on the observed seismic records. The seafloor sediment layer may consist of multiple discontinuities and vary regionally. This study proposes a new approach for characterizing the seismic properties of the seafloor sediment layer using teleseismic body waves recorded at ocean bottom seismometers. Synthetic tests show that the method can resolve thin sublayers within the sediment layer, such as a very thin low shear‐wave velocity layer and sharp seismic velocity jumps. Real data applications show that the sediment models obtained using this approach are in good agreement with those obtained from direct measurements and previous body‐wave analyses. Our proposed method will enable more detailed prediction and correction of the influence of the sediment layer on ocean bottom seismometer records, thereby providing more accurate constraints on deeper Earth structures. Key Points: The seismic properties of the seafloor sediment layer are characterized using ocean bottom seismometer teleseismic body‐wave recordsThe P‐ and S‐wave impedances and travel times and the VP/VS values of each sublayer within the sediment layer are resolvedIn situ seafloor sediment structure constraints will enable accurate correction and prediction of shallow structure effects [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear wave velocity (Vs) estimations of accretionary prisms can pose unique constraints to the physical properties of rocks, which are hard to obtain from compressional velocities (Vp) alone. Thus, it would help better understand the fluid processes of the accretion system. This study investigates the Vs structure of the Hyuga‐nada accretionary prism using an array of ocean‐bottom seismometers (OBSs) with a 2 km radius. Teleseismic Green's functions and a surface wave dispersion curve are inverted to one‐dimensional Vs structures using transdimensional inversion. The results indicate the presence of a low‐velocity zone 3–4 km below the seafloor. The reduced Vs corresponds to a reduced Vp feature obtained in a previous seismic refraction survey, and the high Vp/Vs ratio suggests the presence of high pore fluid pressure. In addition, the resolved lithological boundary exhibits a sharp offset that extends laterally across the OBS array. We attribute this offset to a blind fault below while acknowledging other possibilities, such as due to mud diapirism or intense fracturing. The predicted fault is located at the Kyushu–Palau Ridge flank, oriented roughly parallel to the ridge axis, and thus likely caused by ridge subduction. This fault may act as a fluid conduit, contributing to the formation of a fluid reservoir beneath the compacted sediment layers. Plain Language Summary: Propagation speeds of seismic S‐waves offer unique constraints on physical properties in shallow subduction zones, which is hard to know from only seismic P‐wave velocity. This study investigates the subsurface structure in Hyuga‐nada in the southwestern Japan subduction zone by exploring S‐wave speeds. For this purpose, we use natural seismic and noise data recorded by densely installed ocean‐bottom seismometers. The results reveal a region with a reduced S‐wave velocity at a depth of ∼3–4 km below the seafloor, which may be a water reservoir. The depth of the potential water reservoir changes abruptly across the array. This offset may suggest the presence of a hidden fault below, although we cannot exclude other possibilities. We propose that a fault created by subducting seamounts acts as a conduit that transports water to the reservoir. Key Points: The shear wave velocity structures of the shallow Hyuga‐nada accretionary prism were derived using a passive seismic arrayA low shear‐wave velocity zone exists ∼3–4 km below the seafloor, possibly indicative of a fluid reservoirA Fault induced by the subducting Kyushu–Palau Ridge may act as a fluid pathway, supplying fluids to the reservoir [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents reflectivity images of the northeast (NE) Japan subduction zone continuous across the ocean and land. As nearly half of its forearc region is under the ocean, data from ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) must be utilized to fully image the region by passive seismic analysis. The use of OBS data has been a challenge due to inherent characters of the ocean bottom observations: high noise level and effects of seafloor sediment. Now, decent imaging is possible in NE Japan overcoming the high level noise due to the accumulated data set of the OBSs. The low‐velocity of seafloor sediment significantly delays and amplifies S waves passing through them, and thus complicates teleseismic waveforms. We identify and correct these effects to produce coherent receiver function images throughout the amphibious subduction zone. Our images provide a potential for discussing new structural features and will help better understanding of the dynamics of the NE Japan subduction zone. Plain Language Summary: In northeast Japan, the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Japanese arc, and delineating how the actual subduction is taking place at depths has been the target of many seismological studies. This study presents our effort of continuous imaging of subsurface interfaces across the ocean and land employing an amphibious data set. On the land side, there are dense seismic networks that have been used to reveal the seismic interfaces using converted phases of distant earthquakes. On the ocean side, the accumulation of data from temporary ocean bottom seismometers in the last decade and the recently installed ocean bottom cable network has made it possible to use a similar approach as on the land. However, the low‐velocity sediment beneath the seafloor causes systematic slower arrivals and larger amplitudes of the seismic phases of interest that result in highly disturbed images if we analyze them in the same way as the land. Here, we identify and correct the effects of the seafloor sediment to analyze the seismic interfaces across the ocean and land. As a result, we succeed in imaging the interfaces of the subducting oceanic crust throughout the region, as well as previously unidentified features under the ocean that may deserve future investigation. Key Points: The northeast Japan subduction zone is imaged using receiver functions (RFs) of an amphibious data setWe identify significant amplitude and time delay effects on RFs from seafloor sedimentCorrections of the sediment effects significantly improve images across an amphibious region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sanriku ocean‐bottom seismometer system uses an optical fiber cable to guarantee real‐time observations at the seafloor. A dark fiber connected to a Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) interrogator converted the cable in an array of 19,000 seismic sensors. We use these measurements to constrain the velocity structure under a section of the cable. Our analysis relies on 24 hr of ambient seismic field recordings. We obtain a high‐resolution 2‐D shear‐wave velocity profile by inverting multimode dispersion curves extracted from frequency‐wave number analysis. We also produce a reflection image from autocorrelations of ambient seismic field, highlighting strong impedance contrasts at the interface between the sedimentary layers and the basement. In addition, earthquake wavefield analysis and modeling help to further constrain the sediment properties under the cable. Our results show for the first time that ocean‐bottom DAS can produce detailed images of the subsurface, opening new opportunities for cost‐effective ocean‐bottom imaging in the future. Plain Language Summary: Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a relatively new measurement method that has the potential to convert existing fiber optic communication infrastructure into arrays of thousands of seismic sensors. In this research, we connected a DAS to a cable that was originally installed at the bottom of the ocean to sustain a seismic and tsunami observatory in the Sanriku Region. We show that this new type of measurement can provide reliable information to image and explore the shallow subsurface under this fiber cable. This is the first time such analysis is performed in an oceanic environment, and our methods could be readily exportable to other fiber‐optic cables that are the backbones of our modern telecommunication. Key Points: Ocean‐bottom Distributed Acoustic Sensing is used to image shallow VS structureRayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves are extracted from frequency‐wave number analysisReflection image is obtained from autocorrelations of ambient seismic field [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Receiver functions, calculated by deconvolving P (or vertical) component records of teleseismic waveforms from the corresponding SV (or radial) components, have been widely used to obtain receiver‐side Green's functions in an approximate form. Conventional receiver function methods, however, often fail due to numerical instability of the deconvolution and strong multiples on the P components. These problems become severe when analyzing in high frequency and using data from ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). We present a novel technique to estimate Green's functions of receiver‐side structure from teleseismic P waveforms. In this method, two components of Green's functions, which are assumed to form a series of pulses, are directly related in a single equation without explicit deconvolution. Based on the equation, we construct posterior probability distributions regarding the number of pulses, their timing, and amplitudes within a transdimensional Bayesian framework. A reversible‐jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method is used for this purpose, and we further utilize a parallel tempering method to achieve rapid convergence. Synthetic tests and application to an OBS installed at the Yamato Basin, the Sea of Japan, show that the proposed method can estimate radial‐component Green's functions more accurately than conventional receiver function methods. We suggest that the high‐frequency Green's functions estimated by the new method can be used to reveal fine‐scale (in order ~100 m) structure of the seafloor sediment. Plain Language Summary: The receiver function is a popular tool in geophysics. It extracts useful signals from the waves of distant earthquakes to investigate the Earth's subsurface structures. However, computing receiver functions is difficult under certain conditions; (1) when working with high‐frequency waves, the receiver function method becomes unstable; (2) when working with data from the ocean bottom or sedimentary basins, strong reverberations within the sediment or from the ocean surface are troublesome. This study provides a new technique that can clear these issues, making use of advanced statistical methods. We demonstrate its advantage over the conventional receiver function methods through both simulations and a real application to an ocean bottom seismometer. We suggest that the new method has the potential to reveal fine‐scale Earth structure even beneath the seafloor. Key Points: We propose a method that estimates Green's functions of receiver‐side structure from teleseismic waveforms by transdimensional inversionThe new method does not require deconvolution and is suited to the analysis of challenging (e.g., high frequency or offshore) data setsWe demonstrate the advantage of the new method through synthetic tests and the application to real offshore data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]