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Abstract: In June 2015, the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced that a woman would replace Hamilton on the $10 bill. In April 2016, it announced that Harriet Tubman would replace Andrew Jackson on the $20 bill, instead. After each announcement, we surveyed nationally representative samples of American adults and asked them what they thought of these proposed changes for the $10 bill (Study 1, N = 209) and the $20 bill (Study 2, N = 208). Predictors of currency preferences were gender, race, political affiliation and their respective prejudices and biases—sexism, racism, and political ideology. On the basis of social identity, system justification, and social dominance theories we predicted that privileged groups (i.e., males, Whites) and groups who desire to maintain the status quo (i.e., Republicans, conservatives, sexist and racist individuals) would prefer to leave Hamilton on the $10 bill and Jackson on the $20 bill. Results were consistent with these predictions: Overall, we found that under‐represented groups and more liberal individuals support the proposals from the U.S. Department of the Treasury. These findings suggest a bill of money is not just a piece of paper. The person depicted on U.S. currency can be perceived as an in‐group or out‐group member and this can affect judgements in line with relevant social psychological theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we argue that a cultural context of racism in the United States influences the representation and outcomes of Black forgiveness. Previous research in psychology has focused on the positive social and emotional benefits of forgiveness; however, the consequences of Black forgiveness are not always straightforward. We review prior research and highlight real‐world examples that suggest Black people are often pressured and expected to forgive racism. This pressure to forgive overshadows calls for justice and encourages forgiveness as a more palatable, less antagonistic response to racism. Furthermore, we argue that this expectation suppresses Black emotions by stigmatizing negative emotional reactions to racism in favor of forgiveness. We conclude by proposing future lines of research in social psychology that do not reinforce a pressure for Black forgiveness, that foster a study of forgiveness that incorporates social justice, and that considers new lines of forgiveness research that are culturally sensitive to Black experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the 16 articles appearing in the 2009 and 2010 volumes of Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy that were submitted in response to a call for papers on 'The Social Psychology of the 2008 United States Presidential Election.' The papers touch a wide array of election topics, comparing the backgrounds and values of voters and nonvoters, those voting for different candidates, and those who choose which candidates they support early vs. late during the campaign. These papers, together with several others on media representations of candidates, highlight the continuing presence of race in shaping political attitudes and preferences, and also emphasize the evolution of American prejudices in the election process, from overt rejection of individuals who are racially different, to qualified political support under certain circumstances. Other papers in the collection focus on the role of gender as well as race, and also on some of the many ways in which presidential elections reflect and shape the self-concepts of American voters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay introduces Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy's collection of papers on the social psychology of the 2012 election, framing it in terms of two prior collections. The papers are described as reflecting four themes: President or Barack Obama's path from outsider to incumbent, the nation's shift toward increasingly racialized politics, contemporary perceptions of 'Americanness,' and the role of moral values in political engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2004 U.S. presidential election was determined not by simple demographics and the power of incumbency, but by emotions such as fear and shame, aspects of the self-concept such as moralism and religiosity, and other psychological phenomena ranging from the self-deception of voters to the linguistic styles of the candidates. In introducing the papers in this special issue of ASAP on the social psychology of the election, I examine the effect sizes for psychological constructs such as religiosity, moralism, and terror. I suggest that pride and shame are likely determinants of the widely reported exit poll discrepancies, and argue that outgroup homogeneity was critical in determining the outcome of the election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper treats the development of public choice as an academic enterprise that originated at the University of Virginia and that grew to maturity at VPI. It seeks to distinguish between the particularistic and personal sources of programmatic success on the one hand, and institutional and organizational sources on the other. Only to the extent the success is institutional or organizational is there something that potentially can be duplicated through the adoption of an appropriate institutional framework. Otherwise the success is idiosyncratic, and must be attributed to the particular qualities of James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, independently of the institutional and organizational framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adds three dimensions to the received literature: it models migration when the individuals' preferences regarding their relative incomes are ordinal, it works out the resulting spatial steady-state distribution of the individuals, and it shows that the aggregate of the individuals' migration choices in the spatial steady-state distribution sums to the social optimum. This finding does not apply when the individuals' preferences regarding their relative incomes are cardinal. We highlight the importance of the assumption about the nature of the individuals' social preferences (whether ordinal or cardinal) to studying and predicting their migration behaviour, and to elucidating the consequences of that behaviour for social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between the development of industrial capitalism and the development of modern social science in the United States through the writings of two of the best–known writers on social science in the late nineteenth century: Henry George, the apostle of the rights of labor and author of the classic critique of private ownership of land, Progress and Poverty; and William Graham Sumner, the arch defender of the rights of capital and author of a pioneering treatise on Folkways. The paper traces and analyzes their mutual movement away from classical political economy and toward a new social psychology in response to rising economic inequality. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comment on an article by social psychologist Jozef M. Nuttin related to social behavior that appeared in the 1989 issue of the European Journal of Social Psychology. In his interesting and thought-provoking paper, Nuttin set for him two principal tasks, the first consists of proposing and defining three quasi-social contrast filters, which one meant to help determine the place or location of any specific exemplar of scientific psychological research within the broader space of psychology; the second involves application of these filters to another social psychologist's well-known investigation of the nature of love, to demonstrate the utility of contrast filters and, presumably, thereby foster their widespread adoption. This article is focused principally on a consideration of the assumption on which the contrast filter notion is founded. Nuttin's insistence on restricting social psychology to a study of conspecifics requires the abandonment to general psychology of many of the methods, points of view, and empirical observations that are central to the discipline of social psychology as it is practiced in Europe and the United States.

The article focuses on the racial trends and countertrends in American organizational behavior. The present state of affairs is typified by a general disjuncture between life in black U.S. and the people, practices, and resources typically required for entry into the world of a corporate American more oriented to the "bottom line" than ever before. About the only positive aspect of this situation is the consensus of both papers that this state of affairs is not necessarily permanent. For some intrinsic reason, intergroup behavior in American business organizations actually differs from such relations in society at large--or at least it should. In this view, the often-cited liberalization of American racial attitudes since World War II should have reached the boardrooms and personnel offices of American corporations, if it did not actually begin there in the first place. The efficacy of the assumption of an increasingly racially liberal United States is highly questionable. Whatever the trend in society-at-large, corporate management, as an enlightened elite, should hold comparatively liberal racial views.

In this paper, the author proposes a social psychology research, which may increase understanding of inter-personal relations in the U.S. The methods which seek to take account of the individual as a dynamic process are the clinical ones. These approaches will be best used when coordinated with other techniques already developed in the field of social psychology. An example of such coordination in the investigation of social psychological problems is to be found in the University of California Public Opinion Study. For the study of anti-democratic trends, projective techniques have been found valuable. Whereas in the area of internal economic tensions, an assessment center is needed to incorporate principles such as: basing of research upon a fundamental theory of personality; assessment of persons as wholes and as members of natural groups; use of multiform clinical procedures with the techniques of attitude and opinion measurements.

This paper focuses on one aspect of social change—changes in value orientations which reflect relationships between self and society. Two questions are examined: What differences in value orientations exist between younger and older generations of Negroes and whites in a rural area? What are the implications of the differences to social change in the United States? Data were collected in 1962 from younger and older generations of Negroes and of whites living in three rural counties in northern Florida. The younger generations included 411 Negro and white 12th graders and the older generations included their parents. Generational differences in value orientations—in achievement, in anomia, and in family identification—were more pronounced among Negroes than among whites. These generational differences among rural Negroes suggest an orientation to life for young Negroes which enables them to identify easily with movements for change in race relations in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 2 years, a record number of abortion restrictions have been proposed and enacted in the United States. Such restrictions include parental notification and consent laws, mandatory waiting periods, preabortion counseling, sonogram requirements, and restrictions on late-term abortions. These restrictions are often positioned in the language of informed consent with legislators and policymakers asserting that women regret abortions, are physically and psychologically harmed by them, and are advantaged by continuing their pregnancies to term. In this paper, I position these restrictions, as well as ideas about parenting, within a framework of pronatalism, an ideology that venerates parenting as normative and desirable, and generally disparages other choices surrounding reproductive choices, particularly for women. Research about the incidence and impact of abortion on women's lives, as well as the physiological, psychological, financial, and other effects of pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting on adults' well-being, is presented. Myths pertaining to abortion and parenting are explored. Recommendations for psychologists conclude the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses issues concerning witnesses and testimonies in congressional hearings in the U.S., a social problem in need of social research. Congressional hearings focused general interest on the witness. A large variety of situations arose in each of which the testifying person appeared in a different light. Some social psychologists felt that it would perhaps be advisable to examine carefully the problems involved in the area of witness behavior, to take stock of what has already been done, and to outline a program of research for the future. In their preliminary thinking they became aware of the fact that similar problems concerning witness performance also exist in connection with court trials.

In this article, the author comments on methodologies in social psychological work proposed by participants of the roundtable discussion conducted by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issue in the U.S. The techniques of surveying, has had exceptional use in solving the practical problems encountered in administrative work. With regards to the dynamics of face-to-face human groups, the clinical approach to social psychological problems was appropriate in that the former isolation between social psychologists and clinicians has been breaking down. The author suggested that there are no really unique methods in the field.

This paper explores the attempt of social scientists associated with Unesco to create a system of knowledge production to provide the international perspective necessary for democratic governance of a world community. Social scientists constructed a federal system of international associations that institutionalized American disciplines on an international scale. An international perspective emerged through the process of interdisciplinary international research. I call this ideal of coordinating multiple subjectivities to produce objectivity the “view from everywhere.” Influenced by social psychological “action-research,” collaborative research was group therapy. The attempt to operationalize internationalists' rallying slogan, “unity in diversity,” illuminated tensions inherent in the mobilization of science for social and political reform. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a summary of the cost-effectiveness research for family therapy. Data were available from four different sources in the United States: (1) a health maintenance organization with 180,000 subscribers; (2) the Medicaid system of the State of Kansas; (3) CIGNA Behavioral Health, a division of a health insurance company with nine million subscribers; and (4) a family therapy training clinic. Results suggest that family therapy reduces the number of healthcare visits, especially for high utilizers. The studies suggest that including family therapy as a treatment option does not significantly increase healthcare costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores changes in the meaning of privacy. Because individuals’ understandings and experiences of privacy vary by sociohistorical contexts, privacy is difficult to define and even more challenging to measure. Avoiding common obstacles to privacy research, I examine privacy from the standpoint of its invasion. I develop a typology of privacy invasions and use it to analyze discussions of invasions of privacy in U.S. newspapers. I show that the nature of invasions discussed in the news is increasingly covert and continuous and find empirical support for the often-made claim that the concept of privacy is evolving in meaningful ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how the personality characteristics of individuals affect the answers they give to questions on controversial political topics. In April and May 2000, a random-digit-dial survey of 518 Americans was conducted in the continental United States. This survey included question batteries measuring two psychological concepts related to self-presentation. Respondents were also asked about their opinion on a number of sensitive topics, such as feelings toward blacks and homosexuals and their opinions about spending on popular programs, including schools and the environment. Their responses to these questions varied as a function of their self-presentation personality characteristics. The results presented here suggest that self-presentation measures such as those assessed here can improve our understanding of how the social dynamics of the survey interview affect responses to sensitive questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers elaborations on current knowledge about social-movement framing processes and cognitive liberation, especially regarding technical controversies and not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) protest. The social-constructionist lens of the framing perspective also allows refinements in conventional explanations of NIMBY conflicts. Attention is given to the dynamics of emergence, continuity, and change in framing strategies over time in controversy regarding the U.S. Army's chemical-weapons disposal program. I focus specifically on dynamics involved in the development of cognitive liberation, particularly the framing difficulties that occur in the context of cognitive ambiguities produced by an "information haze." These ambiguities create problems for developing and linking the diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational elements of collective-action frames. I also attend to frame transformation, explaining how transformation may be both animated and constrained by a movement's opponent. I conclude that NIMBY is only one possible framing and can be transformed as the context of the dispute shifts. Moreover, framing activities in technical disputes may be particularly difficult due to the role of scientific rhetoric and experts in interpreting risks and shaping understandings of the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American experience teaches us that integration is not just mere proximity, but an active process based on joint participation and mutual acceptance. It is only in the creation of a common superordinate structure shared with the majority that minority groups can aspire to be associated with the dominant culture. Ironically, America has become most successful in allowing various immigrant groups to become part of its mainstream by abandoning the idea of blind assimilation. This paper analyzes the integration of voluntary immigrants who, while maintaining their cultural distinctiveness, have come to share the ‘American dream’. It is however in their social representations of Blacks, defined negatively as the “;other,” that they have reduced their social distance to the dominant Anglo-culture and facilitated their inclusion. By reconstructing their own cultural distinctiveness, like other groups, in juxtapositin to America, some Blacks have transformed themselves into African Americans to achieve the same level of integration. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent increases in domestic and international acts of extremist violence perpetrated against American citizens have prompted an increased need for information to help understand and evaluate the threat posed to U.S. targets by extremist groups and their individual members. The purpose of this paper is to (i) suggest the potential relevance of social psychological research on group behavior for understanding and assessing threats of extremist group violence; and, (ii) encourage more systematic research on group violence to further inform assessments of group risk. Approaching the issue from the levels of group behavior, and of individual behavior within a group context, the article summarizes research on key principles of group behavior, and the effects of group membership on individual behavior; proposes specific questions derived from these principles for consideration in evaluating risk for violence by groups, and by individuals influenced by groups; and suggests further research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the ideological asymmetry hypothesis with respect to the interface between legitimizing ideologies and psychological attachment to one's ethnic group. The ideological asymmetry hypothesis suggests that hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing ideologies should be positively associated with ingroup attachment among high-status groups, but that among low-status groups these associations should be either less positive in magnitude (isotropic asymmetry) relative to high-status groups or negative in direction (anisotropic asymmetry). The opposite pattern should be found with respect to the interface between hierarchy-attenuating legitimizing ideologies and in group attachment: Among high-status groups these associations should be negative, but among low-status groups these associations should be either less negative in magnitude (isotropic asymmetry) relative to high-status groups or positive in direction (anisotropic asymmetry). The presence of isotropic versus anisotropic asymmetry is hypothesized to depend on the degree of disparity in status between the groups being compared: Wider status gaps should tend toward anisotropic asymmetries. The relationships between legitimizing ideologies and ingroup attachment were comparedfor (1) relatively high-status ethnic groups (European and Asian Americans) versus relatively low-status ethnic groups (Latinos and African Americans) in the United States, (2) the higher-status Jewish ethnic group (Ashkenazim) versus the lower-status Jewish ethnic group (Mizrachim) in Israel, and (3) the high-status Israeli Jews versus the low-status Israeli Arabs. The data were largely consistent with the ideological asymmetry hypothesis. The implications of these findings are discussed within the theoretical frameworks of social dominance theory and other approaches to intergroup relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine the development of ‘institutional law,’ a recent corpus of doctrines and decisions by which courts have attempted to limit, restructure, and reform total institutions in the name of protecting individual liberty. We suggest that institutional law has reached a crucial stage in which legal decrees now must translate more effectively into institutional change. We use court-ordered school desegregation of the southern United States as an instructive counterexample in a discussion of the procedural and structural impediments to the judicial reform of institutions. We conclude that institutional change requires much greater attention to applied social psychology than heretofore given it by the courts, and toward this end we propose a brief list of change-oriented heuristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past few years there have been important developments in two related fields, i.e., community psychology as it affects the delivery of mental health services and behavior modification as an approach for understanding etiology and treatment of mental disorders. Although behavioral technology has been applied increasingly to community areas, there has been little comprehensive integration of the two approaches. This failure may be due to a lack of clarity both in the definitions and assumptions of the two approaches. This paper presents an integration of community and behavioral psychology, first by delineating their critical concepts and then by presenting illustrations of behavioral community psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses data from an intensive study of Boston's antebellum black community to demonstrate how sustained social activism is embedded in the formal and informal institutions of the community. The social networks of cooperative institutions were primary factors in this community's ability to mobilize and sustain protest actions and to call attention to social injustice. This examination of antebellum black Boston indicates that the issue of slavery was crucial to social activism. This suggests that the presence of a salient issue which links the everyday lives of participants with a public issue may be an important factor in building a social movement based in a poor, relatively powerless community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the four decades since the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka desegregation decision, social psychologists have generally avoided direct involvement in policy making in the arena of intergroup relations. A review of research and theory on the social psychology of intergroup relations since the 1960s is used to argue that it is time to renew such involvement. In recent years, policy making in the United States has shifted from assimilationism to various forms of pluralist or multicultural politics. This paper suggests that the route to multiculturalism may be perilous unless better informed by relevant social psychological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study of an inter-university controversy over the publication of research from an interdisciplinary social science project on the forced migration and long- term internment of West Coast Japanese-Americans during World War II shows some of the difficulties of maintaining ownership of research materials. In this particular instance the junior employee was able to override his seniors' demand for control of the dissemination of research results by playing on the concerns about even appearing to suppress work for political reasons. The paper discusses conflicting norms of science and rhetorics of justification ranging from proprietary self-interest through "good science" to "the national interest" and onto "the needs of a free society." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States judiciary assumes jurors obey the law as it is charged to them in the trial judge's instructions. This paper contends that jurors' comprehension of the law results from an active intelligence which makes available alternative decision rules giving rise to the power of juries to nullify instructions. To study the compliance assumption, we presented to mock jurors pattern jury instructions along with summaries of testimonies from a rape trial. Four times during the trial we administered to participants measures of their attributions of defendant responsibility, judgments about the legal elements of the case, and verdicts. Multiple regressions conducted with data from separate subsamples and with separate questionnaire administrations revealed that a) verdicts were based on attributions independent of the jury instructions, b) individual differences in life experiences predicted the degree to which decision makers used their attributions, and c) the more practiced participants were at applying the jury instructions the more heavily they weighed their own attributions and less heavily the judgments required by the law. We concluded that comprehension alone cannot predict the likelihood that jurors will comply with the law. Therefore, the assumption that jurors follow the law needs to be more carefully considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A special clinical-community psychology program for Asian-Americans is described. Four separate papers discuss the background of the training center and the philosophical and practical rationales as well as products of the training program. This discussion of the training program is designed to provide some insight into the issue of training clinical-community psychology students interested in working with multi-ethnic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a brief summary of what the most common answers seem to be when the host country is the United States, and then examines evidence about factors that make for differences among students in their views of the host country. It draws heavily on two studies carried out by the Research Center for Human Relations of New York University, but it takes account also of the findings of other studies. The focus on students who have studied in the United States reflects the distribution of studies of cross-cultural education; to date there have been so few systematic studies of foreign students in other countries that it is not possible to draw even tentative generalizations beyond the American setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces papers published in the volume 17 of "The Journal of Social Issues," which were originally presented at the Symposium "Intercultural contact and the image of America at home and abroad," organized by the issue editor at the 67th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in Cincinnati, Ohio. The scope of the collection of studies was suggested by the theoretical and practical concerns of the Committee on Cross-Cultural Education which was established by the Social Science Research Council in 1952. During that year there were only about 30,000 international students enrolled in American institutions of higher learning. The dimensions of the United States' concern with the educational and development problems of the world are indicated by the nearly 70,000 foreign citizens at U.S. institutions of higher learning and in training programs with hospitals and industrial films.

The article discusses the social psychology of witness behavior with special reference to criminal courts in the U.S. This paper describes some features of the criminal court system which are necessary for the comprehension of the complex phenomena of witness behavior. The conceptual frame of reference used here is that of legally structured roles. Given the anxiety stimulating features of the necessary legal safeguards of American court practices, the study of the witness who is not under stress as a result of his contacts with courtroom procedure is as important for the comprehension of witness behavior under stress as is the direct study of stress behavior.

SUMMARY Social psychological factors affecting prices on markets are of two orders: The non-economic but objective influences, such as propaganda, rumors, incorrect news, etc. which affect the individual buyer or seller; the 'subjective' definition of the situation with which the individual integrates all the relevant 'information' and which provides him motivation for his actions. These are analyzed and exemplified in this paper, based on informal interviews with persons participating in two American exchanges and on the published literature. The setting of the brokers' offices and of the 'floor' of the exchange is also considered as a source of social psychological influences on the market participants. Special consideration is given to booms and panics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a sociopsychological approach to the study of the acceptance of improved farm practices among 80 farm owners in a Piedmont community of North Carolina. Intensive interviews are analyzed with the technique of content analysis for the purpose of isolating and categorizing the sociopsychological variables. Three variables used to demonstrate the method and approach are attitude toward education for boys going into farming, conservatism toward nonagricultural areas of experience (education, religion and the movies), and dependence upon neighborhood and kinship ties. Each of these variables are associated with an index of improved farm practices adopted to a highly significant degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The status‐legitimacy hypothesis proposes that those who are most disadvantaged by unequal social systems are even more likely than members of more advantaged groups to provide ideological support for the very social system that is responsible for their disadvantages. Li, Yang, Wu, and Kou (2020, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin) sought to expand the generalizability of this hypothesis by testing it in China, addressing inconsistencies surrounding the empirical support for this hypothesis by postulating that the construct of status should be separated into an objective and subjective status marker. They reported that objective socioeconomic status (SES; income and education) negatively predicted system justification, while subjective SES positively predicted system justification. In the present study we attempt to replicate and extend the work of Li et al. in a cross‐cultural comparison of demographic stratified quota online samples in China and the United States. We test the status‐legitimacy hypothesis using objective and subjective SES to predict system justification using cross‐sectional and cross‐lagged regression analyses. We received partial support for Li et al.'s findings. Specifically, subjective SES positively predicted system justification for both societies during cross‐sectional and cross‐lagged longitudinal analyses. However, we failed to replicate Li et al.'s findings surrounding objective SES in China during cross‐sectional and cross‐lagged analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social psychological research on collective victimhood has often focused on comparisons between the ingroup's and outgroups' collective victimization (i.e. comparative victim beliefs such as competitive victimhood or inclusive victim beliefs). This qualitative study examines how people in different contexts of collective victimization and its aftermath make sense of items commonly used to assess comparative victim beliefs, and how they extend or challenge these constructs and their underlying assumptions. We used thematic analysis to analyse eight focus group discussions among four minority groups in the United States with historical or more recent experiences of collective victimization (Armenian Americans, Burundian refugees, Jewish Americans and Nepali‐speaking Bhutanese refugees). Findings extend commonly assessed comparative victim beliefs and reveal participants' critical perspectives on these constructs. The findings also highlight the dialectical structure of collective victim beliefs: Participants not only endorsed but also rejected comparative victim beliefs, and relatedly described both ingroup power and outgroup power in the context of their group's victimization. These findings extend existing social psychological literature on comparative victim beliefs and intergroup relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the possession of instrumentality (i.e., partner B being useful to partner A's goal pursuit) can facilitate relationship satisfaction, taking an instrumental approach (i.e., A focusing on B's usefulness and seeing B as a tool to facilitate personal goal attainment) is (often) considered as a callous and depersonalized approach to forming relationships. The current research examined whether adopting an exchange orientation amplifies the tendency for people to take an instrumental approach via the motive to maximize self‐gain. Four studies (N = 1446) utilizing samples across different countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States and China, supported this hypothesis. Specifically, during relationship initiation, an exchange (vs. non‐exchange) orientation made participants place higher importance on instrumentality rather than traits facilitating intimacy and bonding (Study 1). For established relationships, participants who chronically adopted an exchange orientation (Study 2) and who were temporarily induced to do so (vs. control; Study 3) were more likely to view their significant other as a tool. The final quasi‐experiment (Study 4) showed that requiring or being required to offer a bride price – an embodiment of exchange orientation – predicted instrumentality in marriage and subsequently impaired relationship satisfaction. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial minority of the public express belief in conspiracy theories. A robust phenomenon in this area is that people who believe one conspiracy theory are more likely to believe in others. But the reason for this "positive manifold" of belief in conspiracy theories is unclear. One possibility is that a single underlying latent factor (e.g. "conspiracism") causes variation in belief in specific conspiracy theories. Another possibility is that beliefs in various conspiracy theories support one another in a mutually reinforcing network of beliefs (the "monological belief system" theory). While the monological theory has been influential in the literature, the fact that it can be operationalised as a statistical network model has not previously been recognised. In this study, we therefore tested both the unidimensional factor model and a network model. Participants were 1553 American adults recruited via Prolific. Belief in conspiracies was measured using an adapted version of the Belief in Conspiracy Theories Inventory. The fit of the two competing models was evaluated both by using van Bork et al.'s (Psychometrika, 83, 2018, 443, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 56, 2019, 175) method for testing network versus unidimensional factor models, as well as by evaluating goodness of fit to the sample covariance matrix. In both cases, evaluation of fit according to our pre‐registered inferential criteria favoured the network model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The overarching goal of research on physical settings for individuals livingwith dementia is to identify associations between designed features within the built environment and outcomes of interest. Over the past three decades numerous environmental assessment tools have been developed in several countries, responding to a changing set of care industry values that increasingly prioritize a holistic, quality-of-life-driven person-centered care (PCC) model over a biomedical approach to long-term care (LTC) provision. This article reviews the diversity, constructs, strengths, and limitations of existing environmental assessment tools and identifies gaps for future tool development. Methods:Asystematic literature search was conducted using four databases (Medline, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Avery Index) and terms related to health-care environments and assessment tools. Results: A total of 13 environmental assessment tools for people living with dementia within shared residential settings were identified. Evaluation of the environmental assessment tools includes a synthesis of published data for each tool's reliability, validity, ease of use, interpretability, strengths and weaknesses, as well as a comparison of various tool characteristics including date of development, country of origin, applicable care setting(s), number and variety of measures and underlying constructs, format, and descriptive versus evaluative content. Discussion: While the shift to person-centered values encompasses all aspects of care and care settings, the majority of person-centered definitions exclude the important role of the designed, physical environment. However, this review of environmental assessment tools clearly demonstrates that newer tools are embracing the full array of PCC values. In the United States, this is shown in the shift from tools designed to assess segregated dementia care settings to tools that integrate the needs and preferences both of individuals livingwith and without dementia. Next-generation tools need to specifically address the household model of design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results from a four‐wave longitudinal study (N = 951–1349) investigating perceptions of the 2020 US Presidential Election as legitimate. Specifically, the role of homophily ("love of same") was examined in creating politically homogenous social and informational networks that facilitate and amplify polarized perceptions of the election's legitimacy and belief in voter fraud across time. Consistent with our hypotheses, Trump voters' susceptibility to misinformation about voter fraud and refusals to accept the election results as legitimate drastically increased to the extent to which they were entrenched in politically homophilic networks. Biden voters modestly strengthened their views of the election results as legitimate when entrenched in politically homophilic networks. Moreover, the influence of politically homophilic networks in facilitating this polarization grew stronger with the passage of time. Longitudinal modeling revealed that, among Trump voters, politically homophilic networks decreased perceptions of election legitimacy through increased belief in voter fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare the contents of Fox and MSNBC weekday evening telecasts using natural language analysis with Linguistic Inventory Word Count (LIWC) and sociopolitical dictionaries tapping into moral foundations, values, grievances, and personality. Across time, the two networks differed substantially across many constructs, particularly those from LIWC. The core of the difference between the networks was captured by a four‐component measure which we labeled Personalizing versus Formal speech. Scores on this measure were particularly volatile during 2019 and 2020, a period which included Trump's first impeachment, the beginning of the COVID pandemic, and the 2020 presidential campaign. In comparison with prior presidential election years, only MSNBC showed a drop in positive emotions in 2020, while both networks increased in the use of communal and analytic language. Contrary to our expectations, the language style of the two networks did not demonstrate increasing divergence over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on money and prosociality has described a monotonic pattern, showing that money reduces generosity. The present research aimed to examine whether money differently impairs generosity when arising from altruistic versus egoistic motives. To this end, we employed economic games designed to study generosity (e.g., the Dictator game) and varied experimental currency (i.e., money vs. candy/food). The results (N = 850) showed that although money made people ignore others when others were not crucial for their future gain, generosity was not impacted when egoistic motives (Study 1: avoiding sanctions; Studies 2 and 3: building reputation) were present. In other words, although people in general showed flexible prosociality by adjusting their generosity level according to game type, this was much more strongly the case when money rather than candy/food was the currency. In addition, we demonstrate a boundary condition of money on flexible generosity, namely imbuing money with prosocial meaning (Study 3). Some implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiracial people—those whose racial ancestry is comprised of two or more races—have always had a presence in the United States. However, since the recent US Census shift to allow people to identify with multiple racial groups, social psychologists have shown increased interest in multiracial identity. However, we argue multiracial research tends to emphasize the perceptions, thoughts, and interests of White people through White‐centering research practices, which reproduces racial inequality. To understand how multiracial research within social psychology has been shaped by White‐centering research practices, we reviewed literature in social psychology examining multiraciality. We show that White‐centering practices exist within this literature and explore how White‐centering research practices lead to misrepresentations of the conclusions that may be drawn from multiracial research, underscoring how these conclusions affirm racial power or Whiteness. We suggest Critical Race Psychology as a possible framework to help dismantle the affirmation of Whiteness in multiracial research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines religiosity among Indochinese refugees resettled in Utah. Few people have been subject to more stress and social disruption than Vietnamese, Cambodian, Hmong, and Laotian refugees. The trauma for most Indochinese refugees has included sudden risk-filled flight from their homelands, long discouraging stays in foreign refugee camps, and eventual resettlement away from extended families in a drastically unfamiliar culture. The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of resettlement on religious affiliation and activity in a sample of Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian, and Vietnamese refugees. Information for the study in this article was gathered from three sources: staffs of agencies serving refugees, sponsors of refugees, and a sample of refugees. The findings underscore the important social role that religion fulfills in the lives of many refugees. While not in the majority, a significant group of Indochinese refugees in Utah have adopted Western Christian religions in the brief time they have lived in the United States. A similar segment has left their Oriental religions and reports no current religious affiliation.

Nevitt Sanford reminisces about his development as a social scientist, civil libertarian, and humanist through interview and personal papers.
The use of developmental terms and concepts has become so commonplace among student services professionals that it may be difficult for many people to either recall or imagine a time when "student development" was not a predominant theme. Nonetheless, only 25 years ago, the prevailing wisdom among student services professionals was that college probably does not change students in any significant way. Jacob (1957) had conducted an exhaustive review of the research literature and concluded that little in or out of the classroom seemed to alter students as persons--some academic or career skills might be acquired, but personality change could not be demonstrated.
The title of this article refers to Nevitt Sanford as a "gentle prophet" and "Jeffersonian rebel." At one level, the nouns and their modifiers may seem mildly contradictory. Prophets are rarely gentle and rebels infrequently reflect the patrician breadth and depth of a Jefferson; however, Nevitt Sanford seems to be all of the above. He is gentle in his dealings with people and generous in acknowledging their worth as individuals. His gentleness makes him no less prophetic in his insistence on the freedom to inquire and to utter the outrageous truth, even when that utterance or inquiry leads to the loss of a livelihood, as it did for him during the Loyalty Oath controversies at Berkeley in the 1940s. Similarly, Sanford has listened to his own drummer, marching to a mode of research, that is out of step with the more conventional standards of psychological research respectability, while calling into play a civility and degree of certitude that few resources other than a rootedness in family and his Virginia culture might provide. As can be seen in the interview to follow, those apparent contradictions have been placed in the service of the profession. The... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The populist movement was the most important and radical third party ever established in this country. It was the last substantial effort at structural alteration of hierarchical economic forms in modern America. It was, in fact, America's greatest mass-democratic movement. Hence these analyses of the success and failure of populism can teach everyone much about the nature of contemporary America and the prospects for reform or radical institutional change. Michael Schwartz focuses on the precursor to populism, the Southern Farmers' Alliance, a radical protest organization that developed out of tile contradictions and conflicts inherent in postbellum cotton production. This system of labor exploitation embodied three distinctive class-based conflicts. First, planter and merchant struggled to control commercial credit. Second, planter-merchant and textile manufacturer struggled to create indentured vs. free labor. Finally, planter-merchant and farmer struggled as wealthy lien holders prospered from the accumulation of agricultural debt, while farmers moved through the stage of yeoman, tenant, and then peon.

Traditionally, the high rate of mobility in America has been linked to such negative consequences as disintegrating communities and alienation among the populace. Recent perspectives on mobility present a more complex image of the factors underlying a population "on the move" and a more benign view of the effects of mobility. In this article we provide a backdrop for these more recent perspectives by presenting an historical overview of American mobility which includes: the image of the mobile American throughout history; the stability of high mobility rates; the changing patterns of mobility and the implications of these changes; and, a demographic profile of who moves in America. In addition, we review past theories of why people move and the limited research on the consequences of mobility, especially in terms of community pathology. This historical review "sets the stage" for the current approaches to mobility that are presented within this issue of JSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ways in which behavioral scientists can combine their professional interests with work concerning civil liberties are explored along with a brief statement about each article included in the issue. The overview highlights certain themes that recur in the separate articles: (a) the absence of a solid consensus in the United States to support specific applications of the Bill of Rights despite increased willingness to support the liberties of some dissenters, (b) the relation of education to civil liberties attitudes, (c) the interrelationships of personality and political attitudes, (d) child and adult (work) socialization influences, and (e) the influence of face-to-face social interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining data gathered in a survey of Japanese women's attitudes toward their various roles with the findings of a comparative study of childrearing and child behavior in Japan and the United States, the present paper examines how social structural and cultural variables affect Japanese women's maternal values and behavior. We find that the maternal role is considered the central one for women, who emphasize it at the expense of their conjugal role, fostering in the process a high degree of interdependence with their children. However, our findings provide evidence of a potential for change by indicating that, in Japan. just as in the United States, environmental complexity produces individualistic values, reducing adherence to traditional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]