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Background: Recurrent Testicular Torsion (RTT) is a rarely reported event after previous testicular torsion (TT) repair. Both conditions have similar signs and symptoms. Various techniques have been attempted to reduce the incidence of retorsion. This review assesses the presentation, diagnosis, risk factors, management and outcomes associated with RTT. Methods: After PROSPERO Registration (CRD42021258997), a systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Global Index Medicus and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CIANHL) was performed using specific search terms. Study metadata including patient demographics, orchidopexy techniques, RTT rates and RTT timing were extracted. Results: Twenty‐six articles, comprising 12 case series and 14 case reports, with a total of 46 patients were included. Overall, the median (IQR) age of the pooled cohort was 18 (15–26) years, the median (IQR) time to presentation was 6 (3–36) hours from the onset of testicular pain. The most common presenting features were testicular pain (100%), testicular swelling (60.9%) and a high riding testicle (34.8%). The left testicle was most commonly affected (63.0%), RTT was on the ipsilateral side in relation to the primary episode of TT in 52.2% of cases, the median (IQR) interval between torsion and retorsion events was 4 (1.3–10.0) years, non‐absorbable sutures were the most common suture material used during orchidopexy after RTT (88.9%). Conclusion: RTT is a rare presentation to the Emergency Department. Even with a prior history of TT, RTT should be considered in patients presenting with classic symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Testicular torsion (TT) is a urological emergency that affects one in 4000 males younger than 25 years. Delays in the management of TT may result in testicular ischaemia, testicular necrosis, orchidectomy and infertility. This review assesses the validity of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a diagnostic tool in the assessment and diagnosis of TT. Methods: A systematic search of Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases was performed in January 2019 using specific search terms. Selected studies were ranked and evaluated using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2 tool. Results: A total of nine studies that included 253 subjects (88 animals and 165 humans) with a mean sample size of 28.1 (standard deviation 40.8) subjects were included. The mean difference in testicular tissue oxygen saturation between torsed and non‐torsed testes (Δ%StO2) were 45%, 42% (±5%), 26% and 5–18% in four animal studies and 2.0%, 3.0%, 6.7%, 6.8% and 23.0% in five human studies. The tissue oxygen saturation difference between contralateral healthy testes (controls) ranged from 1% to 10% in the five studies that alluded to this. Conclusion: The current body of evidence does not support the use of NIRS in the work‐up of TT. Well‐designed clinical trials with large patient samples are required to determine whether NIRS may have some future role as a diagnostic modality in TT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]