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In their senior year, biochemistry majors at the University of Detroit Mercy take a senior seminar course entitled "Recent Advances in Biochemistry Related to Societal Issues." Students read papers selected from the current literature and take turns presenting these papers to the class. Papers are grouped into units dealing with molecular biology, protein structure/function, apoptosis/cancer/AIDS, and neurochemistry. The ethical/societal implications of the research are also discussed. In addition, a term paper dealing with societal issues and written in dialogue format by teams of students is required. The students present their dialogue papers as skits to an audience composed of faculty as well as junior biochemistry, chemistry, and biology majors. Based upon a survey taken at the beginning, at midterm, and at the end of the semester, the familiarity of the students with the ethical/societal issues related to the subjects covered increased significantly. Also, in course evaluations administered at the end of the semester, students expressed a high degree of satisfaction with this course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of various papers on policy studies subjects that were presented at the 1977 annual meetings of the Midwest, New England, Northeastern, Southern, Southwestern, and Western Political Science Association. Philip Abbott of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan presented "Philosophy of Political Theory and Public Policy: The Abortion Question in the Classroom." John Shiry of University at Alberta, presented "Policy Type and the Political Process in a Canadian Province: A Test of the Lowi Model."

In jurisdictions throughout the United States, thousands of sexual assault kits (SAKs; also known as a "rape kits") have not been submitted by the police for forensic DNA testing. DNA evidence may be helpful to sexual assault investigations and prosecutions by identifying perpetrators, revealing serial offenders through DNA matches across cases, and exonerating those who have been wrongly accused. This paper describes a longitudinal action research project conducted in Detroit, Michigan after that city discovered approximately 11,000 untested sexual assault kits in a police department storage facility. We conducted a root cause analysis to examine individual, organizational, community, and societal factors that contributed to the development of the rape kit backlog in Detroit. Based on those findings, we implemented and evaluated structural changes to increase staffing, promote kit testing, and retrain police and prosecutors so that cases could be reopened for investigation and prosecution. As we conducted this work, we also studied how this action research project impacted the Detroit criminal justice system. Participating in this project changed stakeholders' attitudes about the utility of research to address community problems, the usefulness of DNA evidence in sexual assault cases, and the impact of trauma on survivors. The results led to new protocols for SAK testing and police investigations, and new state legislation mandating SAK forensic DNA testing. Highlights: Thousands of sexual assault kits have not been submitted by the police for forensic DNA testing.This paper describes a longitudinal action research project conducted in Detroit, Michigan.We also studied how this action research project impacted the Detroit criminal justice system.Participating in this project changed stakeholders' attitudes about the utility of research.The results led to new protocols for SAK testing and new legislation for SAK forensic DNA testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Detroit, pockets of gentrification can be found amid larger processes of neighbourhood decline. Emerging gentrification is rapidly shifting the city's dominant narrative from one of urban failure, to a comeback city. Both these interpretations, however, are problematic. In Detroit, race is central to understanding these narratives and the different meanings of gentrification. In this paper, I draw on in‐depth interviews with key visionaries and community leaders, all of whom share a broad concern for social justice. Two narratives that both challenge the dominant perspectives on Detroit become clear. The first sees gentrification is a necessary evil whose negative effects need to be carefully managed. The second is the perspective from many African American activists that gentrification is part of a continuum of racial discrimination. An analysis of these narratives helps to expose injustices, propose socially‐just solutions and politicise gentrification and its consequences, key elements of critical urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe normal ocular morphology and establish parameters for select diagnostics in a population of Panamanian Golden Frogs (PGF) Atelopus zeteki maintained at the Detroit Zoo. Method: A total of 22 toads free of ocular disease were included in this study. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests included as follows: endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), assessment of intraocular pressures (IOP), Rose Bengal stain, palpebral fissure width, blink rate and corneal cultures. Histology was performed on stored postmortem samples. Results: Panamanian Golden Frogs have a distinct brow ridge and mobile third eyelid. Biomicroscopy revealed avascular, convex corneas with a shallow anterior chamber. Iris color ranged from yellow to green with dark pigmentation of the peripheral iris. Pupil shape was round. Posterior segment and fundus could not be visualized. Total number of blinks observed over a 10‐minute period was one. Mean EAPPTT was 2 ± 1 mm and 3 ± 1 mm in males and females, respectively (P). Mean IOP using rebound tonometry in horizontal and vertical restraint positions were 21.6 ± 2.28 mm Hg and 17.45 ± 3.66 mm Hg, 21.85 ± 2.7 mm Hg and 17.5 ± 3.93 mm Hg in males and females, respectively. Mean palpebral fissure width was 5.02 ± 0.46 mm and 6.12 ± 0.39 mm in males and females, respectively (P). Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from one clinically normal toad. Conclusions: Tear production and blink rate were low and not significantly different between males and females. Intraocular pressure was significantly greater in male toads (P value <0.01). Females had a significantly larger palpebral fissure width when compared to males (P value <0.01) 5819. The ophthalmic parameters established in this study can aid in the evaluation and diagnosis of eye diseases in PGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the book "History and Research in Child Development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development," written by Alice Boardman Smuts and John W. Hagen. This monograph is a pioneer venture, the first publication in which both professional historians and child developmentalists focus on the history of child development and in which historians gear their work to an audience of developmentalists. The monograph is one result of the decision of the U.S. Society for Research in Child Development to make the history of the society, of child development research, of the family, and of childhood the theme of its fiftieth anniversary meeting, held in Detroit, Michigan on April 2 1-24, 1983.

This paper examines the incidence and extent of racial discrimination in various dimensions of owner-occupied housing search. Audit data for sales units (1980-90) from the Fair Housing Center of metropolitan Detroit is used in an ordered probit framework. Agents' own prejudices and the prejudices of their customers are shown to be significant in explaining discrimination. Results also indicate that white home seekers are steered toward more white and affluent neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization is commonly associated with biodiversity loss and habitat fragmentation. However, urban environments often have greenspaces that can support wildlife populations, including rare species. The challenge for conservation planners working in these systems is identifying priority habitats and corridors for protection before they are lost. In a rapidly changing urban environment, this requires prompt decisions informed by accurate spatial information. Here, we combine several approaches to map habitat and assess connectivity for a diverse set of rare species in seven urban study areas across southern Michigan, USA. We incorporated multiple connectivity tools for a comprehensive appraisal of species‐habitat patterns across these urban landscapes. We observed distinct differences in connectivity by taxonomic group and site. The three turtle species (Blanding's, Eastern Box, and Spotted) consistently had more habitat predicted to be suitable per site than other evaluated species. This is promising for this at‐risk taxonomic group and allows conservation efforts to focus on mitigating threats such as road mortality. Grassland and prairie‐associated species (American Bumble Bee, Black and Gold Bumble Bee, and Henslow's Sparrow) had the least amount of habitat on a site‐by‐site basis. Kalamazoo and the northern Detroit sites had the highest levels of multi‐species connectivity across the entire study area based on the least cost paths. These connectivity results have direct applications in urban planning. Kalamazoo, one of the focal urban regions, has implemented a Natural Features Protection (NFP) plan to bolster natural area protections within the city. We compared our connectivity results to the NFP area and show where this plan will have an immediate positive impact and additional areas for potential consideration in future expansions of the protection network. Our results show that conservation opportunities exist within each of the assessed urban areas for maintaining rare species, a key benefit of this multi‐species and multi‐site approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nation of Islam (NOI) is an African American religious movement that originated in Detroit, Michigan, during the 1930s based on a rather heterodox form of the Muslim religion. Founded by the enigmatic Wallace D. Fard and taken over by the Honorable Elijah Muhammad upon Fard's disappearance in 1934, the NOI came to exert important economic, political, and cultural influence in the African American community with its program of economic independence and charismatic high profile members such as Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali. Advocating the complete separation of Black people from the White race of 'blue-eyed devils', the NOI was a lightning rod for controversy. With Elijah Muhammad's death in 1975, leadership of the organization passed into the hands of Warith Deen Mohammed, who dropped the name 'Nation of Islam' and radically reorganized the group along quasi-Sunni Islamic lines. However, in 1977, long time NOI member Minister Louis Farrakhan reestablished the Nation of Islam according to Elijah Muhammad's doctrine, and subsequently propelled it back into America's national consciousness with his controversial involvement in Jesse Jackson's 1984 presidential campaign and the 1995 Million Man March in Washington D.C. Although the NOI has done much to popularize Islam in the U.S., the Nation's religious beliefs bear little resemblance to traditional Islamic theology. While the Nation shares a common vocabulary with Muslims around the world, the NOI's teachings concerning God, cosmology, Prophet Muhammad and the afterlife can be deemed heterodox, or even heretical, by Islamic standards. But despite its vast ideological differences from the international Muslim community, the NOI has come to be seen like a partner, even an ally, by many in the Arab and Muslim worlds. This paper explores the NOI's trajectory and ideology, together with the reasons behind that apparent paradox, and shows it to be built on common interest rather than a common faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests the Demirjian and international Demirjian dental aging methods for forensic use when ancestry and ethnicity are unknown. A radiographic sample of 187 boys and girls was collected from the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the University of Detroit Mercy and aged using both methods. The total sample and the sample by age categories (young, middle, and old) were analyzed using t-tests. The Demirjian method was found to better estimate age to a statistically significant degree for the total sample, as well as the middle and old age categories. The young category was aged better using the international Demirjian method. The results indicate that while the Demirjian method accurately estimates age, caution must be used with the method. Further research is needed to determine whether the international Demirjian method can be used for forensics in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their junior or senior year, biochemistry majors at the University of Detroit Mercy are required to take a two-credit biochemistry laboratory course. Five years ago, the format of this course was changed from structured experiments to a more project-based approach. Several structured experiments were included at the beginning of the course because not all students were familiar with computer-based statistics and graphics programs or fundamental biochemical techniques. Finally, students were given an enzyme purification assignment and a test/control project. In the latter project, students were provided with tissue from test and control animals and were expected to propose and test a parameter that they hypothesized might be different between the two tissues. For both projects, student teams were required to search the literature, submit and orally defend their proposals, perform the experiments, and submit a report. For all experiments except the test/control project, students submitted a written report in the style of a journal paper. A poster presentation was required for the test/control project. In course evaluations, the students cited a high degree of satisfaction with the project-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of a field study of 15 street-level heroin dealers in Detroit, Michigan. The techniques used by these heroin dealers are different from those described in most previous literature. The Detroit dealers do not conform to the traditional "hustling" model. They operate within a bureaucracy, do not generally sell heroin to fund their own habit, are relatively young, and largely lack an approval ideology for their activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's insights regarding the journal "Personnel Psychology," considering its previous issues. The author states that in the first issue of "Personnel Psychology," the journal's prospects were discussed. The author also mentions that in the first volume of the journal, there is a report regarding the intelligence of policemen in Detroit, Michigan who scored higher compared to the sergeants. The author adds that "Personnel Psychology" will not anymore publish reports on personnel psychology research without deeply advancing on space needed to keep readers informed on modern thinking.

Introduction: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention currently recommends HIV screening at least annually among sexually active gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM), but only half report being tested in the past year in the United States. As HIV self‐test kits are becoming more available around the United States via web and app‐based interventions, it is important to understand who is willing and able to order them. This analysis sought to better understand predictors of free HIV self‐test kit utilization among MSM in M‐cubed, an HIV prevention mobile app intervention trial in Atlanta, Detroit and New York City. Methods: We conducted an exploratory secondary analysis of self‐report and in‐app data collected from the intervention arm of the M‐Cubed study from 24 January 2018 to 31 October 2019. Behavioural, demographic and other potential predictors of HIV self‐test ordering were identified from Social Cognitive Theoretical underpinnings of the app, and from the literature. Significant predictor variables in bivariate analyses were considered for inclusion in the empiric multivariable model. Demographic variables chosen a priori were then added to a final model estimating adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Results: Over half of the 417 intervention participants ordered an HIV self‐test kit during the study. In bivariate analyses, ordering a kit was associated with HIV testing history, plans to get tested and reported likelihood of getting tested. In the final model, participants were more likely to order a kit if they reported plans to get tested in the next 3 months (aPR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.18–2.11) or had not tested for HIV in the past 3 months (aPR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.13–1.70). There was no difference in HIV self‐test kit ordering by income, race/ethnicity or age. Conclusions: HIV testing is an important tool in ending the HIV epidemic and must be accessible and frequent for key populations. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of HIV self‐test kits in reaching populations with suboptimal testing rates and shows that self‐testing may supplement community‐based and clinical testing while helping overcome some of the structural barriers that limit access to annual HIV prevention services for MSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dan Hoffman was Architect‐in‐ Residence/Head of Department at the Cranbrook Academy of Art from 1986 to 1996. His tenure was concerned with the plight of contemporary Detroit during that time. He urged students to take to the city and make architectural responses/ interventions in its fabric – attempting to deal with real‐world issues and to create a new Detroit centred on critical regionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very little research has focused on how age factors into gentrification processes and how place branding helps drive gentrification. Scholarship on gentrification has engaged with the ways that race and class intersect to marginalize long‐time residents politically and economically in the context of gentrification, but rarely analyzes the important role that age plays in exclusion, or how it is represented materially in the branding of changing neighborhoods. To address this gap, this article aims to present a better understanding of how age plays into representation in new developments through the branding of downtown Detroit as a young, hip place to live, work and play. The article outlines how older adults are excluded from the reimagining of the 'new Detroit' using a content analysis of media articles, social media, promotional materials and downtown redevelopment strategies. This analysis showed limited representation of older adults in new developments, activities and public spaces downtown. Instead, images focused on younger people, young families and young professionals enjoying downtown amenities, often highlighting their perceived economic contributions. Biased representations of changing neighborhoods create barriers to developing an age‐friendly city. These findings inform the article's recommendations directed at planners and developers on how older adults can be better accommodated and included in the development boom of downtown Detroit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent neighborhood studies have focused on longitudinal aspects of neighborhood change and data‐mining methodologies that identify neighborhood trajectory patterns using time‐series multivariate census data. Existing neighborhood trajectory models capture neighborhood change by stacking cross‐sectional neighborhood clustering results across years and analyzing the discrete stepwise switching patterns between the clusters. Taking a different approach, we employ the functional data analysis (FDA) method to analyze longitudinal patterns of neighborhood change from mathematically represented multivariate time‐dependent curves to identify neighborhood trajectory clusters. This FDA‐based neighborhood trajectory model incorporates a multivariate functional principal component analysis and k‐means clustering. We have applied our model to neighborhoods in the Charlotte and Detroit metropolitan areas to identify ongoing racial and socioeconomic segregation patterns and the time dynamics of neighborhood change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responds to comments by economist William D. Walsh on a paper concerning the adjustment coefficient of construction apprenticeship in the Detroit, Michigan labor market. Alteration of the magnitudes by reducing the single period rate of adjustment; Sensitivity of training to construction demand factors; Evidence of partial adjustment by unions and contractors to changing market conditions.

Very few empirical evaluations have been conducted on the impact of furniture on the lives of those who have transitioned from homelessness into permanent housing, especially within the United States. Our study contributes to this limited body of research by exploring the impact of furniture on the lives of 20 recently housed individuals residing in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. In partnership with the Furniture Bank of Southeast Michigan, we conducted semi‐structured interviews with recently housed individuals that lived for a period of time in an un‐ or under‐furnished house before receiving furniture support. Given the study's exploratory nature, interview questions were purposefully broad to allow themes to naturally emerge and were analyzed using a qualitative data analysis software package, NVivo (release 1.0). We present a conceptual model that outlines our findings and conclude with a discussion of the limitations of our approach, avenues for future research, and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Management Bundle (SEP‐1) assesses antibiotic administration, lactate measurement, and blood culture collection within 3 h of severe sepsis onset. The impact of the SEP‐1 3‐hour bundle among patients with severe sepsis is not extensively described. This investigation aimed to describe the impact of 3‐hour bundle compliance on 28‐day in‐hospital mortality in patients with severe sepsis. Study Design: This was a retrospective, propensity adjusted, nested case‐control study assessing the impact of compliance with a 3‐hour sepsis bundle among patients with severe sepsis. Setting: This study was conducted at a large, academic, tertiary care medical center in Detroit, Michigan from July 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019. Patients: Cases were defined as those suffering 28‐day in‐hospital mortality. Controls were defined as those surviving at or discharged by 28 days. Patients were separated based on 3‐hour bundle compliance or noncompliance. Nested and overall cohorts were assessed. Severe sepsis time zero was manually validated. Patients with shock, requiring vasopressors within 8 h of time zero, or those not meeting SEP‐1 inclusion criteria were excluded. Intervention: The primary outcome was the propensity adjusted odds of 28‐day in‐hospital mortality among 3‐hour bundle compliant versus noncompliant patients. Secondary outcomes included mortality for individual bundle element compliance, progression to septic shock, and predictors of mortality according to logistic regression. Results: A total of 325 compliant and 325 noncompliant patients were included. The median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was three in each group. There was no difference in propensity adjusted odds of mortality among those compliant versus noncompliant with the 3‐hour bundle (odds‐ratio [OR] 1.039; 95% CI: 0.721–1.497; p = 0.838) or with individual bundle elements. SOFA score and female sex were predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Three‐hour bundle compliance did not impact 28‐day in‐hospital mortality in patients with severe sepsis. Further research is needed to understand the impact of 3‐hour bundle compliance on mortality in severe sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the fourth annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching which was held from February 23-24, 1931 in Detroit, Michigan. The first day session of the meeting was held in Room A of the Masonic Temple at 9:30 A.M., and a program of ten papers, as given in the official program, was presented. The second day session of the meeting was in the form of a symposium. The general theme of the symposium was "An Integrated Program of Science Teaching for the Grades of the Elementary and Secondary Schools."

This study explores toxic stress and youth disconnection from work and school using data from the Detroit Jobs for Michigan's Graduates (JMG) program. A secondary cross‐sectional analysis was conducted using a program census of 1934 youth participating in JMG between 2014 and 2019. Youth with criminal justice contact, parenting responsibilities, and toxic stress barriers showed the greatest disparity in graduating or become employed following participation in the JMG program. Youth without toxic stress‐aligned barriers were 1.87 times the odds more likely of successful program outcomes when controlling for program enrollment year, program type, Detroit residency, gender, and age. Toxic stress is associated with disconnection from education and employment before and after participation in the JMG program. This indicates that expanding trauma‐informed systems and community approaches in youth‐serving programs can play a role in mitigating the impact of toxic stress exposure on connection to opportunity for Detroit youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can dreams for just futures take flight in universities with colonial legacies that celebrate diversity but silence academics of colour who seek to be more than "institutional ornaments" and "quiet achievers?" Emerging research on decolonising the university focuses on the struggle that hypervisible Black, Indigenous, Asian, Latinx, and minority ethnic/ethno‐religious academics of colour engage in to negotiate the subtleties of institutional racism. In Australia, academics of colour who struggle to gain entry feel less vulnerable when they retreat to a place of quiet achievement and focus on advancing their careers. But such "quiet" places, which open up through White recognition and White responsibility, fail to unsettle brutal practices and a bitter politics of survival. This article therefore argues for geographies of fearlessness and generosity from sites of vulnerability in the Anglophone/Western university. It is inspired by feminist, Indigenous, and Black politics; personal experiences in Australian universities; and ethnographic research with ethnic/ethno‐religious minority migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and Indigenous peoples in Paris and Detroit, among other locations. The findings are significant in showing how the multiply situated "we" in the university learn how to "stay with the trouble" and see the shimmer of decolonial horizons of possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of fathers among African-American men, particularly related to oral health, has received relatively little scholarly attention. This paper describes the characteristics of African-American men who self-identified as primary caregiver to an index child participating in the Detroit Dental Health Project. Of 1,021 caregiver-child pairs recruited to this oral health study, 52 were male. Data were collected at a central site in Detroit on: 1) demographics; 2) social support; 3) oral health beliefs, behaviors, and knowledge; 4) caregivers' and child's oral health. Participants reported good availability of social support and high perceived self-efficacy to take care of their child's teeth, yet, they possessed limited knowledge on preventing oral health problems. Moreover, male caregivers had high levels of caries, missing teeth, and poor hygiene. Findings may inform the development of effective interventions aimed at male caregivers to improve knowledge and understanding of the caries process, particularly concerning their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I present evidence that Detroit African Americans are participating in a recent sound change which is typically associated with some White, but not African American, varieties in the American South. Although both Southern White and African American speakers monophthongize /ai/ in pre-voiced phonetic contexts ( tide ), the spread of the monophthongal or glide-reduced variant to pre-voiceless environments ( tight ) is a salient characteristic of some subregions of the Southern U.S. I report a leveling pattern in which /ai/ monophthongization has expanded to the salient pre-voiceless context in Detroit African American English (AAE). I explain this is in terms of a change in the group with whom African American speakers perceive themselves as saliently contrastive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, serious fire accidents have occurred on bridges. For example, the 9‐Mile Overpass located near Detroit, MI, USA, experienced serious damage, where the steel‐concrete composite girder bridge fell down. To avoid future instances of such events, we need to understand the effect of the decrease in hardness of carbon steel during fire on structural characteristics, and to clarify the collapse mechanism of a bridge. Fifty years ago, the Japan Society of Steel Construction (JSSC) defined the mechanical properties of carbon steel up to 900 °C. However, recently, there have been bridge fire incidents where the heat has exceeded an estimated 1000 °C. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct the high temperature tensile test above 900 °C. In Japan, the design method has changed from the allowable design method to the limited design method, and a fire design method for the safety, serviceability and restorability of bridges has not been established. In near future, we seek to clarify the resistance coefficient for fire design. Herein, we carry out the high temperature tensile test to determine the relationship between strength and temperature, and propose a resistance coefficient for fire design based on these results. The 1 % yield strength of SM400 (minimum tensile stress: 400 N/mm2) decreased on average by 26 % at 500 °C, and on average by 94 % at 1100 °C. It was found that the elongation of carbon steel is greatest at 800 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates the growth assessment standards in infants in Detroit, Michigan. Occurrence of deviations during birth to three months; Effect of curvature on the percentage of deviations; Insignificance of sex differences in the type of deviations.

The article reports on the need for a re-evaluation, leading to the re-emphasis, redirection and modification by strengthening and extending materials used in areas of science important in the understanding of aircraft. Science implications in the study of flying in relation to the atmosphere include the gases that compose the atmosphere and the decrease in air pressure as one ascends the atmosphere. An outline in science for Grades 1-6 used in elementary schools in Detroit, Michigan is presented. Science teachers should direct science work so that children will gain an understanding in science that will help them live in an air age.

Planning interventions have been applied to improve the well‐being, hereafter happiness, of residents. The happiness in shrinking cities, in particular, becomes more critical since urban decline tends to induce an unequal and uneven distribution of care under a limited budget and human resources. Using geo‐tagged Twitter, census, and geospatial data on Detroit, Michigan, which is one of the well‐known shrinking cities in the U.S., the spatial distribution of sentiments, topics of tweets appeared, and the association between neighborhood conditions and the level of happiness were examined. The outcomes indicate that people in Detroit are posting happy tweets more than negative tweets. The downtown area holds both positive and negative hotspots, which are clustered around sports arenas and bars, respectively. Neighborhoods with young and well‐educated residents, situated close to amenities (i.e., recreation facilities, colleges, and commercial areas), and less crime tend to be happier. The use of SNS data could serve as a meaningful social listening tool to reconcile the declining urban vitality of neighborhoods since people interact with those spaces. Negative sentiments are attached to specific neighborhoods with certain conditions so that regeneration efforts should take place in neighborhoods with a higher priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) disrupted the food system motivating discussions about moving from a dependence on long food supply channels toward shorter local supply channels, including urban agriculture. This study examines two central questions regarding the adoption of urban agriculture practices at the household level during the COVID‐19 pandemic: whether the outbreak of the novel coronavirus elicited participation in urban agriculture (e.g., community growing and home growing) and what are the characteristics of individuals who participate. To answer these questions, we conducted two online surveys in Phoenix, AZ, and Detroit, MI. The first round occurred during 2017 and the second during the lock‐down in 2020. Using bivariate probit models, we find that (1) considerably fewer individuals participate in urban agriculture at community gardens compared to at‐home gardening; (2) participation overall is lower in 2020 compared to 2017; and (3) respondents in Detroit practice urban agriculture more than respondents in Phoenix. Across both cities, our results suggest that the continuity of individuals' participation in growing food at community gardens and home is fragile. Not all characteristics that determined who participated in community gardens before COVID‐19 are determining the likelihood to participate during the pandemic. In addition, growing food at home before COVID‐19 was practiced by larger households and employed respondents, yet, during the pandemic, we find that home‐growing was more likely when children were in the household and households were smaller and younger (Detroit), and younger and more educated (Phoenix). These findings suggest that many urban households' food‐growing practices may not yet be mainstream and that other barriers may exist that inhibit households' participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chronic immunosuppressed state as in solid organ transplant recipients is a reported risk factor for the novel 2019 coronavirus infection. Patients with a history of orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) at a tertiary care transplant center in Detroit, Michigan were retrospectively reviewed from March until May 2020. Clinical parameters and outcomes of 5 OHT recipients and one combined heart–lung recipient with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 were obtained. The cohort was predominately African American males with median age of 59 years (interquartile range, 48.25‐73.25). All patients were classified as having mild–moderate disease; none required intubation or ICU admission with no deaths. The most common presenting symptoms were fever and shortness of breath 83% (n = 5), followed by cough and chills 67% (n = 4). All admitted patients (n = 5) received hydroxychloroquine and 3 received high‐dose steroids. Antimetabolites were held for 2 patients (33.3%). The calcineurin inhibitor trough goal was decreased in only 1 patient; 3 other patients, without change in goal, required calcineurin inhibitor dosage reduction. Two patients requiring readmission presented 7 and 23 days after initial symptoms onset. In conclusion, our experience with OHT patients infected by the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus did not have an elevated risk of severe infection. Impact of modifying immunosuppression remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research on right‐wing populism has tried to explain the rise of populist movements and parties. While some have studied how neighborhood contexts and histories shape voting patterns, few have examined what happens locally after votes are cast. This article draws on three years of ethnographic research while the author lived in Brightmoor, a majority black, minority white poor depopulated Detroit neighborhood, to show how Trump's politics shaped local expressions and experiences of racism. First, I show how white Trump supporters expressed distinct approaches to xenophobic ethnonationalism and racial politics. Trump's surge empowered many to broadcast anti‐immigrant sentiments, while they continued to put interactional and discursive work into not being seen as racist. Many also applied a "Trump lens" to local interactions and geographies and rendered minorities salient under Trump politics hypervisible. Second, I show how black residents equated xenophobic ethnonationalism with antiblack racism: seeing through pro‐Trump whites' attempts to separate these. Some also applied a new "Trump lens" to interactions and geographies, using the category of Trump voter and a sense of the voting map to anticipate and make sense of racist interactions. This article offers new insights into the local impacts of a national surge in right‐wing populism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite Detroit's reputation for social and financial crisis, developers and investors have successfully pursued growth and land‐use intensification in recent years. However, in Molotch's initial conception of the growth machine, environments of extreme decline go under analyzed. While scholars have investigated the role of growth in Detroit, they have narrowly focused on a single document: the Detroit Future City framework. This work looks more holistically at the development networks leveraged to pursue growth through a discourse analysis of a broader set of development documents and interviews with development professionals, uncovering ways the growth machine adapts to this unlikely environment for growth. Rather than proposing an alternative to growth for a shrinking city, growth elites (led by philanthropic foundations) propose development scenarios leveraging triage to channel diminished amounts of development resources. In doing this, Greater Downtown, with its investment potential, is polarized from other areas of the city seen as risky investments. In addition to focusing growth in investment‐friendly areas, growth coalitions pursue incentives and branding campaigns to attract talent and affluence. These dynamics are a divergence from the growth machine model that supports the narrative that growth benefits all residents in favor of a narrative of triage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A goal in urban water management is to reduce the volume of stormwater runoff in urban systems and the effect of combined sewer overflows into receiving waters. Effective management of stormwater runoff in urban systems requires an accounting of various components of the urban water balance. To that end, precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET), sewer flow, and groundwater in a 3.40‐hectare sewershed in Detroit, Michigan were monitored to capture the response of the sewershed to stormwater flow prior to implementation of stormwater control measures. Monitoring results indicate that stormflow in sewers was not initiated unless rain depth was 3.6 mm or greater. ET removed more than 40% of the precipitation in the sewershed, whereas pipe flow accounted for 19%–85% of the losses. Flows within the sewer that could not be associated with direct precipitation indicate an unexpected exchange of water between the leaky sewer and the groundwater system, pathways through abandoned or failing residential infrastructure, or a combination of both. Groundwater data indicate that groundwater flows into the leaky combined sewer rather than out. This research demonstrates that urban hydrologic fluxes can modulate the local water cycle in complex ways which affect the efficiency of the wastewater system, effectiveness of stormwater management, and, ultimately, public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime has been one of the notorious public threats in cities. Fortunately, the increasing digital crime data provide great opportunities to analyze and control crime incidents. However, studies that predict the risk of crime exposure for an individual's spatiotemporal paths based on historical crime big data are still limited. In this study, we have proposed the crime risk index (CRI) for spatiotemporal trajectory and built a model to estimate the CRI. Furthermore, an online crime risk analysis platform has been developed based on the model. First, we proposed a multi‐scale tile system and a novel algorithm to estimate trajectory‐based CRI using big historical crime data and entropy‐based weighting. Second, we created a web‐based platform that allows users to provide a spatiotemporal trajectory and estimate the crime risk for such trajectory. We conducted several experiments based on the crime data in Detroit. Results demonstrate the practicability and generalizability of our platform. The proposed model and platform can be applied to multiple cities, providing useful references for crime information and public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large international watershed, the St. Clair‐Detroit River System, containing both extensive urban and agricultural areas, was modeled using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The watershed, located in southeastern Michigan, United States, and southwestern Ontario, Canada, encompasses the St. Clair, Clinton, Detroit (DT), Sydenham (SY), Upper, and Lower Thames subwatersheds. The SWAT input data and model resolution (i.e., hydrologic response units, HRUs), were established to mimic farm boundaries, the first time this has been done for a watershed of this size. The model was calibrated (2007–2015) and validated (2001–2006) with a mix of manual and automatic methods at six locations for flow and water quality at various time scales. The model was evaluated using Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and percent bias and was used to explore major water quality issues. We showed the importance of allowing key parameters to vary among subwatersheds to improve goodness of fit, and the resulting parameters were consistent with subwatershed characteristics. Agricultural sources in the Thames and SY subwatersheds and point sources from DT subwatershed were major contributors of phosphorus. Spatial distribution of phosphorus yields at HRU and subbasin levels identified locations for potential management targeting for both point and nonpoint sources and revealed that in some subwatersheds nonpoint sources are dominated by urban sources. Research Impact Statement: A well‐calibrated and validated field‐scale flow and water quality model was used to assess nutrient load, concentration, yield, and distribution for a large international watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops the concept of territorial stigma by analyzing how it can be cultivated at the level of political institutions across administrative divides. I consider the case of Detroit's regional water department, which until 2016 was owned and operated by the city and served over 120 suburban regional municipalities. I start by examining the cooperative city-suburban water system expansion in the 1950s and then analyze the rise of Detroit's first black-led administration in 1974, after which the water authority became a key regional institution that provided an opportunity for white suburban leaders to organize against the city. I find that suburban leaders advanced their immediate goal of mitigating rate hikes by declaring the city to be greedy and inept, instead of acknowledging structural conditions that increased operational costs. This had the effect of reproducing racialized stereotypes at the political level, which had enduring effects. The argument builds on the existing literature on territorial stigma by (1) identifying state institutions as sites for the propagation of stigma and (2) considering stigmatized places in relation to their non-stigmatized neighbors. The analysis integrates material-structural and cultural-symbolic factors in order to understand the perpetuation of regional urban inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial condition analysis is a critical task for public managers, but it is still unclear which indicators are the most salient measures of financial well-being. The financial health of Detroit, Michigan is unequivocally poor, providing an interesting case to evaluate the financial condition indicators that currently exist. We calculate the key financial indicators using data from Detroit over the last 11 years. We find the indicators fall into three groups: those that show no sign of impending financial crisis, those that show a steady worsening financial condition, and those that demonstrate a substantial change immediately prior to filing bankruptcy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We reviewed our experience of surgery for epileptic spasms ( ES) with or without history of infantile spasms. Methods Data were reviewed from 65 (33 male) patients with ES who underwent surgery between 1993 and 2014; palliative cases were excluded. Results Mean age at surgery was 5.1 (range 0.2-19) years, with mean postsurgical follow-up of 45.3 (6-120) months. Mean number of anticonvulsants used preoperatively was 4.2 (2-8), which decreased to 1.2 (0-4) postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Total hemispherectomy was the most commonly performed surgery (n = 20), followed by subtotal hemispherectomy (n = 17), multilobar resection (n = 13), lobectomy (n = 7), tuberectomy (n = 6), and lobectomy + tuberectomy (n = 2), with International League Against Epilepsy ( ILAE) class I outcome in 20, 10, 7, 6, 3, and 0 patients, respectively (total 46/65 (71%); 22 off medication). Shorter duration of epilepsy (p = 0.022) and presence of magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) lesion (p = 0.026) were independently associated with class I outcome. Of 34 patients operated <3 years after seizure onset, 30 (88%) achieved class I outcome. Thirty-seven (79%) of 47 patients with lesional MRI had class-I outcome, whereas 9 (50%) of 18 with normal MRI had class I outcome. Positron emission tomography ( PET) scan was abnormal in almost all patients [61 (97%) of 63 with lateralizing/localizing findings in 56 (92%) of 61 patients, thus helping in surgical decision making and guiding subdural grid placements, particularly in patients with nonlesional MRI. Fifteen patients had postoperative complications, mostly minor. Significance Curative epilepsy surgery in ES patients, with or without history of infantile spasms, is best accomplished at an early age and in those patients with lesional abnormalities on MRI with electroencephalography ( EEG) concordance. Good outcomes can be achieved even when there is no MRI lesion but positive PET localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the paper by economists John M. Mattila and J. Peter Mattila dealing with the impact of economic conditions on the size of Detroit, Michigan's apprenticeship programs. Revision of the three equation model; Implication of the model's demand variable estimates; Response of apprenticeship training programs to demand variation.

Aim Emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis was identified in 2002 as the cause of extensive ash ( Fraxinus spp.) decline and mortality in Detroit, Michigan, and has since killed millions of ash trees in the US and Canada. When discovered, it was not clear how long it had been present or at what location the invading colony started. We used dendrochronological methods to document the onset and progression of ash mortality and the spatio-temporal dynamics of the invasion. Reconstructing the progression of ash mortality serves as a proxy to draw inferences about the colonization and spread of emerald ash borer in North America. Location Southeastern Michigan, USA. Methods We collected increment cores from dead, declining or non-symptomatic ash trees on a systematic 4.8 × 4.8 or 2.4 × 2.4 km grid in 2004-2006. Geo-referenced samples were cross-dated to determine the earliest date emerald ash borer-killed trees in each location. Interpolated dates of ash mortality were analysed to determine rates and patterns of emerald ash borer spread across the 1.5 million ha study area. Results We identified a location in southeastern Michigan where ash trees were killed by emerald ash borer as early as 1997. Rates of ash mortality subsequently progressed at 3.84 km year−1 from 1998 to 2001 and then increased to 12.97 km year−1 from 2001 to 2003 as satellite colonies coalesced with the primary infestation. From 1998 to 2003, new satellites formed at a rate of 7.4 per year, with average jump distances of 24.5 km. Main conclusions Emerald ash borer was likely established in southeastern Michigan by at least the early to mid-1990s. Anthropogenic-aided stratified dispersal and the coalescence of satellite colonies with the primary population resulted in biphasic range expansion, rapidly expanding the footprint of the invasion. Our reconstruction of the emerald ash borer invasion demonstrates this invaders' remarkable capacity for population growth and spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the main effects of social support measures and their stress-buffering effects in two samples of homeless adults (Ns=249 and 219) obtained in the same large county (surrounding Detroit) at different points in time over an 8-year period (1992–1994 and 2000–2002). The findings suggest that the construct of social support, commonly applied to broad community and student samples, can also be usefully applied to at-risk groups such as the homeless. Although the study's main effects and stress-buffering effects were generally consistent with existing research on social support, the findings point out that expected results do not consistently emerge even when similar sampling and measurement techniques are employed. For example, a measure of perceived support showed consistent main and stress-buffering effects on psychological symptoms (but not other outcomes) and social network measures showed less consistent effects on outcomes (e.g., alcohol and drug abuse symptoms). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: An elective program on implant dentistry was started in the summer of 1994 at the University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry (UDM). The program provides comprehensive didactic and clinical training in implant dentistry to a select group of senior dental students. This study describes the program and clinical results of the first 11 years of the elective program in implant dentistry at UDM. Materials and Methods: The program is 1 year long and is offered to a group of 10 senior students out of a class of 72. In addition to a one-semester lecture course offered to all dental students, students in the elective program participate in a one-semester seminar which includes literature review and “hands-on” surgical and prosthodontic components. Patients are assigned during the summer term to students who work in pairs. Students actively participate in diagnosis and treatment planning, assist in surgery, and accomplish the prosthodontic procedures. Prosthodontic services include single-tooth restorations, multiple-unit fixed restorations, overdentures, and full-arch fixed prostheses. A retrospective analysis of the patients treated in the first 11 years of the program was conducted. Results: During the first 11 years of the program, 159 implants were placed in 70 patients. There were a total of 10 failed implants in seven patients (failure rate 6.3%): eight implants prior to loading and two following loading. Minor complications included gold screw loosening, gold screw fracture, porcelain fracture, and soft tissue inflammation, which occurred in less than 5% of the patients. Conclusions: The rates of implant failure and complications in the first 11 years of the elective implant program at UDM appear to be within an acceptable range when compared to other educational programs and studies reported in the dental literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this analysis was to analyze the incidence, mortality and survival rates for the city of Detroit and Wayne County, Michigan. In Detroit, about four out of the five residents are African-Americans. Methods: Rates and standard errors on oral cancer incidence, survival, and mortality by county of residence, race, gender, stage of diagnosis were provided by the Michigan Cancer Surveillance Program, which is maintained by the Michigan Department of Community Health. Rates were expressed per 100 000 individuals and age adjusted to reflect the distribution of the USA population in 2000. Analysis for trends was conducted by the authors using the National Cancer Institutes’ joinpoint regression program (version 3.0). Results: In 1993–2002, the incidence rate of oral cancer in Michigan (one of the 50 states in the USA) was 11.3 per 100 000, and in the city of Detroit, it was 16.6. In African-American males in Michigan the incidence rate was 24.3 per 100 000, one of the highest among all American males. The city of Detroit, with 9% of the total state population, had 13.1% of all new cases. Between 1993 and 2002, there was a drop in incidence rates in Michigan and Detroit. However, there was an increase in mortality rates in Michigan and Detroit between 2000 and 2002. In Detroit, the incidence and mortality rates of ‘white’ and African-American males were not different and the highest incidence rates were found in adults between the ages of 50 and 74 years. In the state, the peak incidence rates were found in adults 75 years or older. In 2000–2002, residents of Detroit had the lowest percentage (28.3%) of cases detected at early cancerous stage ( in situ or localized) compared with rates in Michigan. African-Americans in Michigan had a 5-year survival rate of 34.9% compared with the state average of 54.6%. Conclusions: African-American males in Detroit accounted for a larger proportion of the oral cancer cases relative to their population size. There was surprising similarity between the incidence and mortality rates of African and ‘white’ Americans in Detroit. While the incidence rates have declined in Michigan and Detroit, mortality rates have increased between 2000 and 2002. This finding is contrary to national trends. In order to target programs to prevent oral cancer, oral cancer statistics for in small areas or high-risk populations should be evaluated separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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