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Shaoyao Gancao Decoction (SGD), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been proven to have a good liver protection effect, but the mechanism and pharmacodynamic substances of SGD in the treatment of acute liver injury are still unclear. In this study, an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS) method was established to characterize 107 chemical components of SGD and 12 compounds absorbed in rat plasma samples after oral administration of SGD. Network pharmacology was applied to construct a component‐target‐pathway network to screen the possible effective components of SGD in acute liver injury. Using lipidomics based on UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS coupled with a variety of statistical analyses, 20 lipid biomarkers were screened and identified, suggesting that the improvement of acute liver injury by SGD was involved in cholesterol metabolism, glycerol‐phospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid signaling pathways and fatty acid biosynthesis. In addition, the UHPLC‐tandem MS method was established for pharmacokinetics analysis, and 10 potential active components were determined simultaneously within 12 min through the optimization of 0.1% formic acid water and acetonitrile as a mobile phase system. A Pharmacokinetics study showed that paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin, ononin, formononetin, glycyrrhizic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid as the potential active compounds of SGD curing acute liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: To evaluate the differences in cardiac autonomic function, cardiac structure and diastolic function between individuals with diabetic foot (DF) and those with diabetes but without DF. Materials and Methods: A total of 413 individuals with DF and 437 without DF who underwent a 24‐h electrocardiogram Holter and a Doppler echocardiogram were included. The heart rate variability parameters to evaluate cardiac autonomic function, and the indices for the assessment of cardiac structure and left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, including left atrium, LV posterior wall thickness, interventricular septum and E/e′ ratio, were measured or calculated. Propensity score matching was used for the sensitivity analysis to minimize potential imbalance. Results: In both the crude and propensity score matching analyses, significant differences were observed in heart rate variability between individuals with and without DF, as evidenced by lower standard deviation of the normal sinus interval, lower low‐frequency power/high‐frequency power ratio, lower standard deviation of the 5‐min average RR intervals, lower low‐frequency power, lower percentage of normal adjacent RR interval difference >50 ms, lower root mean square of successive RR interval differences and lower high‐frequency power (all P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, DF showed an independent negative correlation with the aforementioned indices of heart rate variability (all P < 0.05). Individuals with DF showed higher left atrium, LV posterior wall thickness, interventricular septum and a higher E/e′ ratio than those without DF in the crude analysis (all P < 0.05), whereas these indices were no longer associated with DF in the multivariate analysis and the propensity score matching analyses. Conclusions: Cardiac autonomic modulation was more severely impaired in individuals with DF than in their counterparts without DF. There has been insufficient evidence to demonstrate the independent association of DF and LV diastolic dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MuscleX is an integrated, open‐source computer software suite for data reduction of X‐ray fiber diffraction patterns from striated muscle and other fibrous systems. It is written in Python and runs on Linux, Microsoft Windows or macOS. Most modules can be run either from a graphical user interface or in a 'headless mode' from the command line, suitable for incorporation into beamline control systems. Here, we provide an overview of the general structure of the MuscleX software package and describe the specific features of the individual modules as well as examples of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), displaying high current density and energy efficiency, have been proven to be an effective technique to electrochemically reduce CO2 into CO. However, the insufficiency of cathode activity and stability is a tricky problem to be addressed for SOECs. Hence, it is urgent to develop suitable cathode materials with excellent catalytic activity and stability for further practical application of SOECs. Herein, a reduced perovskite oxide, Pr0.35Sr0.6Fe0.7Cu0.2Mo0.1O3‐δ (PSFCM0.35), is developed as SOECs cathode to electrolyze CO2. After reduction in 10% H2/Ar, Cu and Fe nanoparticles are exsolved from the PSFCM0.35 lattice, resulting in a phase transformation from cubic perovskite to Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite with more oxygen vacancies. The exsolved metal nanoparticles are tightly attached to the perovskite substrate and afford more active sites to accelerate CO2 adsorption and dissociation on the cathode surface. The significantly strengthened CO2 adsorption capacity obtained after reduction is demonstrated by in situ Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR) spectra. Symmetric cells with the reduced PSFCM0.35 (R‐PSFCM0.35) electrode exhibit a low polarization resistance of 0.43 Ω cm2 at 850 °C. Single electrolysis cells with the R‐PSFCM0.35 cathode display an outstanding current density of 2947 mA cm−2 at 850 °C and 1.6 V. In addition, the catalytic stability of the R‐PSFCM0.35 cathode is also proved by operating at 800 °C with an applied constant current density of 600 mA cm−2 for 100 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies found that histamine H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) had blood pressure lowering and cardioprotective effects, but the impact of H2RAs on the survival outcomes of critically ill patients with essential hypertension is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of H2RAs exposure with all‐cause mortality in patients with essential hypertension based on Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database. A total of 17,739 patients were included, involving 8482 H2RAs users and 9257 non‐H2RAs users. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to improve balance between 2 groups that were exposed to H2RAs or not. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to compare the cumulative survival rates and multivariable Cox regression models were performed to evaluate the association between H2RAs exposure and all‐cause mortality. After 1:1 PSM, 4416 pairs of patients were enrolled. The results revealed potentially significant association between H2RAs exposure and decreased 30‐day, 90‐day, and 1‐year mortalities in multivariate analyses (HR = 0.783, 95% CI: 0.696‐0.882 for 30‐day; HR = 0.860, 95% CI: 0.778‐0.950 for 90‐day; and HR = 0.883, 95% CI: 0.811‐0.961 for 1‐year mortality, respectively). Covariate effect analyses showed that the use of H2RAs was more beneficial in essential hypertension patients with age ≥ 60, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, coronary arteriosclerosis, stroke, and acute kidney failure, respectively. In conclusion, H2RAs exposure was related to lower mortalities in critically ill patients with essential hypertension, which provided novel potential strategy for the use of H2RAs in essential hypertension patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disulfide bonds, covalently formed by sulfur atoms in cysteine residues, play a crucial role in protein folding and structure stability. Considering their significance, artificial disulfide bonds are often introduced to enhance protein thermostability. Although an increasing number of tools can assist with this task, significant amounts of time and resources are often wasted owing to inadequate consideration. To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of designing disulfide bonds for protein thermostability improvement, we initially collected disulfide bond and protein thermostability data from extensive literature sources. Thereafter, we extracted various sequence‐ and structure‐based features and constructed machine‐learning models to predict whether disulfide bonds can improve protein thermostability. Among all models, the neighborhood context model based on the Adaboost‐DT algorithm performed the best, yielding "area under the receiver operating characteristic curve" and accuracy scores of 0.773 and 0.714, respectively. Furthermore, we also found AlphaFold2 to exhibit high superiority in predicting disulfide bonds, and to some extent, the coevolutionary relationship between residue pairs potentially guided artificial disulfide bond design. Moreover, several mutants of imine reductase 89 (IR89) with artificially designed thermostable disulfide bonds were experimentally proven to be considerably efficient for substrate catalysis. The SS‐bond data have been integrated into an online server, namely, ThermoLink, available at guolab.mpu.edu.mo/thermoLink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Price discrimination (PD) in mobile gacha games differs from that in e‐commerce platforms due to its reliance on the concealed "probability" mechanism, which appears transparent but is actually controlled, making it harder to detect and regulate by society. To confirm the existence of PD in mobile gacha games, a comprehensive analysis of its operational modes was conducted through extensive participatory observation and in‐depth interviews with over 30 domestic gamers, game developers, and data analysis website founders. The study revealed that, contrary to academic definitions, PD does indeed occur in mobile gacha games, characterized by three interconnected models: the scarcity–pricing model, gachaing–user profiling model, and recharging–profiting model. By examining the interrelated models that comprise the PD process, concentrating on China as a special context, and offering insightful information on the effects of PD on consumer behavior and economic platforms, this study makes a noteworthy and novel contribution to the understanding of PD within the realm of mobile gacha games. The research examines the influence of PD on consumer behavior and economic decision‐making processes. Furthermore, the research discusses the difficulties of controlling PD in mobile gacha games, particularly due to the opacity of the "probability" mechanism. In conclusion, recommendations aimed at addressing the issue of PD within the realm of mobile gacha gaming in China are presented, drawing upon Lawrence Lessig's framework on "Four modalities of restraining behavior in cyberspace." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively guarantee the smooth supply of emergency materials under public health emergencies, first, we predict the number of daily infected people based on the modified SEIRD infectious disease dynamics model and accordingly construct the dynamic demand prediction model of emergency materials so as to catch the change rule of the demand for emergency materials with greater precision. Subsequently, under the premise of demand satisfaction, we optimize the supply chain network of emergency materials and embed two insurance strategies in the supply system in advance: multi‐source purchase and buffer production capacity, to enhance the stability of supply chain by sacrificing part of the cost. Next, a bi‐objective linear programming model based on minimizing system cost and maximizing demand satisfaction is proposed with the intention of realizing the design of emergency materials supply chain network, which balances the risk and cost. Finally, through the analysis of the example, we find that compared with the traditional supply chain network of emergency materials, the total satisfaction rate of the supply chain network optimized by balancing cost and risk is increased by 11.70%, while the cost is increased by only 2.04%, which fully verifies the validity of the optimized design of supply chain network of emergency materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the effect of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) on tooth extraction sockets healing, we established an extraction sockets model in osteoblast‐conditional Prmt5 knockout mice. The results provided clues for promoting extraction sockets healing in clinical settings. Materials and Methods: Maxillary first molars were extracted from 6 to 8‐week‐old mice to establish an extraction fossa model. Microcomputed tomography (Micro‐CT), histology, and immunostaining assays were performed on samples harvested at 3‐, 7‐, and 14‐day post‐extraction. Prmt5‐silenced cell lines were employed to explore the regulatory mechanisms underlying the osteigenic differentiation. Results: PRMT5 expression was higher in the early stage of socket healing. Micro‐CT analysis showed that the percentage of new bone in the extraction sockets was lower in OC‐Cre; Prmt5fl/fl mice than in the control group, consistent with Masson staining. We found that, Prmt5 deficiency delayed the osteogenesis during extraction socket healing, which might be achieved through the decrease of H4R3me2s in the Sp7 promoter region. Conclusion: PRMT5 in osteoblasts may promote the differentiation of osteoblasts by regulating the Sp7 promoter H4R3me2s and participate in the healing of tooth extraction sockets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type IV collagen is an integral component of basement membranes. Mutations in COL4A1, one of the key genes encoding Type IV collagen, can result in a variety of diseases. It is clear that a significant proportion of mutations that affect splicing can cause disease directly or contribute to the susceptibility or severity of disease. Here, we analyzed exonic mutations and intronic mutations described in the COL4A1 gene using bioinformatics programs and identified candidate mutations that may alter the normal splicing pattern through a minigene system. We identified seven variants that induce splicing alterations by disrupting normal splice sites, creating new ones, or altering splice regulatory elements. These mutations are predicted to impact protein function. Our results help in the correct molecular characterization of variants in COL4A1 and may help develop more personalized treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Autophagy is involved in human apical periodontitis (AP). However, it is not clear whether autophagy is protective or destructive in bone loss via the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK/osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of autophagy via the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis during the development of AP in an experimental rat model. Methodology: Twenty‐four female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control, experimental AP (EAP) + saline, and EAP + 3‐methyladenine (An autophagy inhibitor, 3‐MA) groups. The control group did not receive any treatment. The EAP + saline group and the EAP + 3‐MA group received intraperitoneal injections of saline and 3‐MA, respectively, starting 1 week after the pulp was exposed. Specimens were collected for microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) scanning, histological processing, and immunostaining to examine the expression of light chain 3 beta (LC3B), RANK, RANKL, and OPG. Data were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance (p <.05). Results: Micro‐CT showed greater bone loss in the EAP + 3‐MA group than in the EAP + saline group, indicated by an elevated trabecular space (Tb.Sp) (p <.05). Inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the EAP + saline and EAP + 3‐MA groups. Compared with EAP + saline group, the EAP + 3‐MA group showed weaker expression of LC3B (p <.01) and OPG (p <.05), more intense expression of RANK (p <.01) and RANKL (p <.01), and a higher RANKL/OPG ratio (p <.05). Conclusion: Autophagy may exert a protective effect against AP by regulating the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis, thereby inhibiting excessive bone loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctic krill Euphausia superba is a key species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem and has important ecological value. It is also one of the main fishery resources in the Southern Ocean with high economic value. In recent years, with the development of krill fishery and rapid climate change, the conservation and management of krill resources have faced unprecedented challenges. The krill resource is different from the general fishery resources. Due to the krill schooling characteristics, fishery data has some advantages over scientific survey data. Reviewing and analyzing the krill fishery data is necessary. Therefore, in this study, four fishery resource indices (FRIs) were calculated based on Antarctic krill fishery data, and based on the environmental dependence of Antarctic krill, the FRI with the strongest environmental dependence was screened by using the Gradient Forest Model, and the step changes of the FRI with strongest environmental dependence was examined by using the sequential t‐test analyses of regime shifts (STARS). The generalized additive model (GAM) to analyze the correlation between the FRI with the strongest environmental dependence and the main environmental factors, and then explore the resource status of Antarctic krill in the study area. The model results showed that the "FRI_hual" had the strongest environmental dependence and was a better indicator of the status of the Antarctic krill in the study area than the others. In the 2009–2010 year, "FRI_hual" had an obvious regime shift. The interaction of environmental factors "ice_area_2" and "SSH_1" has a great impact on "FRI_hual". Methods used and results obtained in the study can provide new ideas and a scientific reference for future work, including integrated stock assessment of krill and krill resource monitoring, conservation, and management based on the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high‐entropy alloy was introduced to join Cf/SiC composite by spark plasma sintering technique. The influence of holding times on microstructure, shear strength and fracture behavior of the joints was studied. When held for 7 min, the typical microstructure of the Cf/SiC‐AlCoCrFeNi2.1‐Cf/SiC joint was Cf/SiC composite → CrSi2 + FCC + Al8Cr5 + graphite → CrSi2 + FCC + Al8Cr5 → CrSi2 + FCC + Al8Cr5 + graphite → Cf/SiC composite. As the holding time extended, the Ni–Si and Fe–Si brittle phases in the joint gradually reduced, and the diffusion transition layer continued to thicken. The maximum joint strength was 23.9 MPa, which was obtained at 1450°C for 7 min. Analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, the fracture modes of the joints joined at different holding times were all brittle fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses 7075 aluminum alloy as the base material and employs micro arc oxidation technology to prepare ceramic coatings with different concentrations of graphene particles on the surface of the 7075 aluminum alloy. The effects of graphene particle concentration on micro arc oxidation behavior and coating performance were investigated through X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, electrochemical testing, and other performance characterization methods. The research results show that the addition of graphene particles helps to promote the transformation of metastable γ‐Al2O3 to stable α‐Al2O3, thereby enhancing the corrosion properties of the coating. When the concentration of graphene particles is 3 g/L, the prepared micro arc oxidation coating has the maximum thickness and hardness, which are 17.13 µm and 886.76 HV0.3, respectively, while the porosity and roughness are the smallest, which are.39 µm and 4.79%, respectively. Electrochemical test results show that the self‐corrosion current density is the smallest at this concentration, which is 2.323 × 10−9A/cm2. Therefore, the addition of graphene particles can effectively improve the corrosion properties of 7075 aluminum alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of mesophyll conductance (gm) to CO2 plays a key role in photosynthesis and ecosystem carbon cycles under climate change. Despite numerous studies, there is still debate about how gm responds to short‐term CO2 variations. Here we used multiple methods and looked at the relationship between stomatal conductance to CO2 (gsc) and gm to address this aspect. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and online carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) at different CO2 mole fractions in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. The variable J and Δ based methods showed that gm decreased with an increase in CO2 mole fraction, and so did stomatal conductance. There were linear relationships between gm and gsc across CO2 mole fractions. gm obtained from A‐Ci curve fitting method was higher than that from the variable J method and was not representative of gm under the growth CO2 concentration. gm could be estimated by empirical models analogous to the Ball‐Berry model and the USO model for stomatal conductance. Our results suggest that gm and gsc respond in a coordinated manner to short‐term variations in CO2, providing new insight into the role of gm in photosynthesis modelling. Summary statement: For photosynthesis modelling, the response of gm to short‐term CO2 changes is essential. Using variable J and carbon isotope discrimination methods, we showed that gm decreased with an increase in CO2 mole fraction, which contradicts the assumption of a constant gm in photosynthesis models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion Atrophic acne scars (AAS) are disfiguring and permanent changes caused by inflammatory acne. Fractional carbon dioxide is a common ablative device used to treat this condition. However, issues such as unclear effectiveness, frequent treatments, and potential side effects exist. In recent years, recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) has also been frequently reported for its application in the treatment of acne scars.To explore the potential synergistic effect of fractional carbon dioxide laser combined with rhEGF in AAS treatment.We enrolled 15 patients with AAS. They received fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment and were then randomly assigned to receive either rhEGF or a placebo on one side of the face. The procedure was repeated three times, and the results were evaluated using the échelle d'évaluation clinique des cicatrices d'acné (ECCA) score and analyzed using the CBS camera system, 3D analysis (3DMD). Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) examination was also conducted.Both sides exhibited significant improvement in the appearance of the acne scars after treatment, as confirmed by the ECCA score, 3DMD data, and CBS texture score. On the rhEGF‐treated side, the pore number and epidermal pigment area significantly improved as compared to the control side, whereas no significant differences were observed in the other data. Under RCM, a significant increase in epidermal thickness and appearance of reticular collagen fibers in the dermal layer after treatment was observed.Compared to the sole use of laser, the combination of fractional carbon dioxide laser and rhEGF does not significantly enhance scar therapeutic effects. However, it does shorten the recovery period after laser treatment and improves the pore appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an exceptional optical gene, the [PO4] tetrahedron is indispensable in the field of optical crystals due to its gain in the band gap of solid materials. However, the high symmetry of [PO4] tetrahedron hinders the achievement of large optical anisotropy in the lattice for phosphate crystal forms. In this work, the heteroleptic tetrahedra strategy, which involves replacing some of the oxygen atoms on regular oxy‐tetrahedra, is proven to be a feasible approach for preserving the wide transmission of the original [PO4] tetrahedra and improving the polarizability anisotropy. Based on this, eight methylphosphates are designed and synthesized for the phosphate system by substituting a [CH3] group for the O atom on the [PO4] tetrahedra. Theoretically, as compared to [PO4] units, [CH3PO3] and [CH3PO3H] units can improve the polarizability anisotropy, particularly [CH3PO3H] units, which have the potential to be birefringence‐active. The strong birefringence (exp. 0.108@546.1 nm) and short deep‐UV cutoff edge (195 nm) of nonmetallic methylphosphates [C(NH2)3][CH3PO3H] in the series suggest that it may be a possible short‐wave UV birefringent crystal. In addition to providing new birefringence‐active units for optical material design, this study validates the viability of modifying tetrahedra to improve inherent short board of nearly rigid [PO4] tetrahedra in phosphate family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin effect in electromagnetism describes the tendency of alternating current to predominantly flow near the surface rather than through the center of a conductor. Here, another skin effect of electromagnetic flux is reported to occur in non‐conductive materials, specifically within 3D anisotropic zero‐index metamaterials, as well as its potential application in subwavelength wave manipulation. It is found that when a medium of near‐zero longitudinal permittivity and permeability is embedded with inclusions whose transverse permittivity and/or permeability approach zero, the electromagnetic flux therein is directed and extremely compressed beneath the surfaces of inclusions within a skin depth less than λ0/150. This unusual effect empowers arbitrary control of electromagnetic flux at deep subwavelength scale. Customized subwavelength pathways for electromagnetic flux are demonstrated in full‐wave simulations via practical implementations. The study opens a new avenue for extreme confinement and flexible control of electromagnetic flux at deep‐subwavelength scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethers play a crucial role in the development of anticancer drugs. To enhance the anticancer efficacy and reduce the toxicity of these compounds, thereby advancing their application in cancer treatment, herein, guided by the structure‐activity relationships of aglycone polyethers, novel aglycone polyethers are rationally redesigned with potentially improved efficacy and reduced toxicity against tumors. To realize the biosynthesis of the novel aglycone polyethers, the gene clusters and the post‐polyketide synthase tailoring pathways for aglycone polyethers endusamycin and lenoremycin are identified and subjected to combinatorial biosynthesis studies, resulting in the creation of a novel aglycone polyether termed End‐16, which demonstrates significant potential for treating bladder cancer (BLCA). End‐16 demonstrates the ability to suppress the proliferation, migration, invasion, and cellular protrusions formation of BLCA cells, as well as induce cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in vitro. Notably, End‐16 exhibits superior inhibitory activity and fewer side effects against BLCA compared to the frontline anti‐BLCA drug cisplatin in vivo, thereby warranting further preclinical studies. This study highlights the significant potential of integrating combinatorial biosynthesis strategies with rational design to create unnatural products with enhanced pharmacological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we utilized potassium hydroxide (KOH) to re‐activate activated carbon and subsequently loaded zinc oxide to obtain a more efficient catalyst for the decomposition of methyl formate. The objective of KOH activation was to augment the catalytic activity of the original ZnO/AC catalyst. Various techniques were used to characterize the prepared catalyst samples, including BET, FT‐IR, SEM, XRD, XPS, and CO2‐TPD. We found that KOH re‐activation of AC can increase the carrier's specific surface area and alkaline sites, significantly improving the catalyst's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural polymer cellulose exhibits significant potential for various applications due to its unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties. However, the use of cellulose materials in luminescent applications has been relatively limited. This study aims to develop a simple and efficient method to enhance the fluorescence of cellulose materials by incorporating rare earth elements, thereby expanding their range of applications. In this work, we synthesized hybrid cellulose materials by grafting Eu‐bpy (H2bpydc=2,2‐bipyridine‐5,5‐dicarboxylic acid) onto the surface of cellulose fibers through a straightforward post‐processing procedure, resulting in materials with excellent fluorescence properties. By leveraging the abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface of cellulose fibers, Eu‐bpy@CF exhibits high luminescence in response to relative humidity and pH changes, with a noticeable color shift from light red to red visible to the naked eye. Consequently, these materials were further applied in the construction of smart fluorescent switches for the highly accurate and selective detection of phenylenediamine. Our research provides a simple approach to creating environmentally responsive handheld fluorescent papers and expands the diversity of rare‐earth cellulose fibers for developing new fluorescent materials with smart functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable progress has been made in the development of drug delivery systems for diabetic wounds. However, underlying drawbacks, such as low delivery efficiency and poor tissue permeability, have rarely been addressed. In this study, a multifunctional biohybrid nanorobot platform comprising an artificial unit and several biological components is constructed. The artificial unit is a magnetically driven nanorobot surface modified with antibacterial 2‐hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan, which enables the entire platform to move and has excellent tissue penetration capacity. The biological components are two‐step engineered extracellular vesicles that are first loaded with mangiferin, a natural polyphenolic compound with antioxidant properties, and then glycoengineered on the surface to enhance cellular uptake efficiency. As expected, the platform is more easily absorbed by endothelial cells and fibroblasts and exhibits outstanding dermal penetration performance and antioxidant properties. Encouraging results are also observed in infected diabetic wound models, showing improved wound re‐epithelialization, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and accelerated wound healing. Collectively, a biohybrid nanorobot platform that possesses the functionalities of both artificial units and biological components serves as an efficient delivery system to promote diabetic wound repair through dual‐enhanced cell and tissue penetration and multistep interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Rice bran, a by‐product of rice processing, has not been fully utilized except for the small amount used for raising animals. The raw material source requirements of microcrystalline cellulose are becoming increasingly extensive. However, the characteristics of preparing microcrystalline cellulose from rice bran have not been reported, which limits the application of rice bran.Microcrystalline cellulose was obtained from rice bran by alkali treatment, delignification, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. The morphology, particle size distribution, degree of polymerization, crystallinity, and thermal stability of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose were analyzed. The chemical compositions, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared analysis for rice bran microcrystalline cellulose showed that the lignin and hemicellulose were successfully removed from the rice bran fiber matrix. The morphology of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose was shown to be of a short rod‐shaped porous structure with an average diameter of 65.3 μm. The polymerization degree of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose was 150. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose showed the characteristic peak of natural cellulose (type I), and its crystallization index was 71%. The rice bran microcrystalline cellulose may be used in biological composites with temperatures between 150 °C and 250 °C.These results suggest the feasibility of using rice bran as a low‐price source of microcrystalline cellulose. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is crucial for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect. The D‐π‐A molecular engineering strategy can effectively separate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) distribution to achieve a smaller energy gap thereby facilitating ROS generation of photosensitizers (PSs). Incorporating heterocycles as π‐bridges can not only extend the conjugation system with improving the degree of π‐delocalization but also effectively accelerate the intersystem crossing process. Herein, a N‐heterocycle purine is innovatively integrated into the D‐π‐A structure as a π‐bridge, which significantly enhances the photodynamic performance by achieving high levels of Type I and Type II ROS generation. The most potent TPM‐QN2 is obtained by modulating the electron‐withdrawing ability of the acceptor (quinolinium), with a 1O2 yield of 9.32, which is the highest yield reported to date. Furthermore, these purine‐based PSs exhibit excellent capabilities in promoting cell photodynamic ablation and inhibiting tumor tissue growth. This novel approach of introducing natural heterocycles provides a promising avenue for developing high‐performance PSs and promoting tumor phototherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is considered as a promising strategy for CO2 utilization and producing renewable energy, however, it remains challenge in the improvement of photocatalytic performance for wide‐band‐gap photocatalyst with controllable product selectivity. Herein, the sulfur‐doped In(OH)3 (In(OH)xSy‐z) nanocubes are developed for selective photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CH4 under simulated light irradiation. The CH4 yield of the optimal In(OH)xSy‐1.0 can be enhanced up to 39 times and the CH4 selectivity can be regulated as high as 80.75% compared to that of pristine In(OH)3. The substitution of sulfur atoms for hydroxyl groups in In(OH)3 enhances the visible light absorption capability, and further improves the hydrophilicity behavior, which promotes the H2O dissociation into protons (H*) and accelerates the dynamic proton‐feeding CO2 hydrogenation. In situ DRIFTs and DFT calculation confirm that the non‐metal sulfur sites significantly weaken the over‐potential of the H2O oxidation and prevent the formation of ·OH radicals, enabling the stabilization of *CHO intermediates and thus facilitating CH4 production. This work highlights the promotion effect of the non‐metal doping engineering on wide‐band‐gap photocatalysts for tailoring the product selectivity in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Pb,La)(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3‐based antiferroelectric ceramics have excellent energy storage performance(more than 90% efficiency), which make them have great application advantages in the field of ceramic capacitors. However, the sintering temperature of (Pb,La)(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3‐based antiferroelectric ceramics is generally above 1250 °C, which limits application as a material for ceramic capacitors. Cu inner electrode has a low co‐firing temperature and high conductivity and a low cost price, making it more competitive in the field of ceramic capacitor inner electrode. Therefore, the first step is to reduce the sintering temperature of (Pb,La)(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3‐based ceramics to below 1000 °C(co‐firing temperature with Cu inner electrode), which is the key and difficult point. In this paper, Pb0.94La0.02Sr0.04(Zr0.45Sn0.47Ti0.08)0.995O3(PLSZST) antiferroelectric ceramics are doped with ZnO, which effectively reduce the sintering temperature. Among them, PLSZST‐1 wt% ZnO is sintered at an ultra‐low sintering temperature (TSintering = 940 °C), which is 330 °C lower than that of PLSZST(TSintering = 1270 °C) without doping ZnO. At the same time, PLSZST‐1 wt%ZnO obtain a recoverable energy density of 4.26J cm−3 and an energy efficiency of 95.5% at 230 kV cm−1. The pulse discharge energy density (Wdis = 3.92 J cm−3) and discharge time (t0.9 = 351 ns) are obtained at 220 kV cm−1, and the current density (CD = 1338A cm−2) and power density (PD = 134MW cm−3) are obtained at 200 kV cm−1. The results provide a possible material basis for Cu internal electrode ceramic capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: An efficient electrochemical approach has been developed for the construction of 3‐sulfanylquinoline derivatives by treating phenylethynylbenzoxazinanones with disulfides in an undivided cell. The protocol provided a convenient route to functionalized quinolines with good functional group tolerance. Moreover, it does not require any metal catalysts or additives, furnishing a series of biological quinolines in moderate to good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeted fluorescence probes for imaging and differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are highly desirable from its scientific research and clinical applications. However, most of the current targeted fluorescence probes focus on the variation of intracellular microenvironment caused by the cancerization of hepatocyte, which causes a fluorescence intensity alteration but fails to produce a spatial differentiation due to the lack of robust parameters for further improving accuracy. Herein, the study develops a new fluorescent carbon dot (CTF‐CDs) that can target the overexpressed GABAA receptor (GABAAR) on cell membrane for accurate and high‐contrast imaging of HCC and differentiation. The competition response between CTF‐CDs and typical receptor‐binding ligands reveals their affinity toward the picrotoxin‐binding site of GABAAR. Based on this GABAAR‐targeting ability, accurate imaging of HCC cells is realized by lighting their membranes, along with a big difference from the intracellular fluorescence of normal liver cells and other cancer cells. In addition, the CTF‐CDs have also been used to visualize the anticancer drug‐induced variations on HCC cell membrane and fluorescent imaging in HCC tissue. This work extends the targeting object of fluorescence probes from intracellular microenvironment to membrane protein, adding a new dimension to the imaging and differentiation of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications of luminescence at high temperature such as high‐power lighting, lasing, thermophotovoltaics, and photonic coding, are severely prevented due to the notorious thermal quenching (TQ). Although anti‐TQ luminescence (anti‐TQL) is reported using highly oxygen‐coordinated solid‐state oxide as host in virtue of the rigid skeleton that resists lattice vibration at elevated temperatures, it is meaningful to extend anti‐TQL to other hosts. Herein, taking advantage of the ligand‐metal antenna effect and the negative thermal expansion feature of Eu3+ doped MIL‐68‐In (MIL‐68‐In/xEu), adjustable anti‐TQL is realized for the first time, that is, anti‐TQ, zero‐TQ, and TQ at x = 5%, 10%, and 50%, respectively. Therefore, except for added novel mechanisms, this work has also expanded the hosts available for high‐temperature luminescence and enabled advanced photonic coding in terms of facial synthesis, rich information, and visual changes of emission intensity instead of device‐dependent analogous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a negative prognosis is frequently linked to heightened epigenetic heterogeneity. Chidamide, a selective histone deacetylase inhibitor, shows promise as a targeted therapy for R/R DLBCL by targeting abnormal epigenetic changes associated with poor prognosis. Methods: A cohort of 27 ineligible patients with R/R DLBCL participated in an open — label, single — arm study. Chidamide was administered orally at a dose of 30 mg twice weekly for one week during the induction monotherapy phase. The subsequent combination therapy phase involved oral chidamide at a dose of 20 mg twice weekly for two weeks, followed by a one‐week discontinuation period, in conjunction with intravenous R‐GDP every 21 days. Results: Among the cohort of 31 patients who underwent screening (median age: 67 years), 27 were ultimately included in the study, with 14 individuals successfully completing six cycles of C‐R‐GDP treatment. The overall best objective response rate was determined to be 79.1% (95% CI: 75.1%–83.3%), comprising a complete response rate of 45.8% (95% CI: 41.6%–49.9%) and a partial response rate of 33.3% (95% CI: 29.3%–37.4%). Within the subgroup of 14 patients who completed the full treatment regimen, the best objective response rate reached 100%, with 71.4% achieving complete response (n = 10) and 28.6% achieving partial response (n = 4). The median follow‐up period for these patients was 17.0 months, ranging from 3.5 to 55 months. Progression‐free survival was 5.9 months and overall survival was 48.3 months. Anemia was the most common adverse event, affecting all patients. Thrombocytopenia led to treatment interruption or dose reduction in 13 patients. Other common adverse events included hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia. Three patients experienced grade 3 pneumonitis and one had grade 3 skin rash. Conclusions: Chidamide combined with R‐GDP is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with R/R DLBCL who are not eligible for autologous stem cell transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing and synthesizing narrow band gap acceptors that exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and strong crystallinity is a highly effective, yet challenging, approach to reducing non‐radiative energy losses (▵Enr) and boosting the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). We have successfully designed and synthesized an A–D–A type fused‐ring electron acceptor, named DM‐F, which features a planar molecular backbone adorned with bulky three‐dimensional camphane side groups at its central core. These bulky substituents effectively hinder the formation of H‐aggregates of the acceptors, promoting the formation of more J‐aggregates and notably elevating the PLQY of the acceptor in the film. As anticipated, DM‐F showcases pronounced near‐infrared absorption coupled with impressive crystallinity. Organic solar cells (OSCs) leveraging DM‐F exhibit a high EQEEL value and remarkably low ▵Enr of 0.14 eV‐currently the most minimal reported value for OSCs. Moreover, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of binary and ternary OSCs utilizing DM‐F has reached 16.16 % and 20.09 %, respectively, marking a new apex in reported efficiency within the OSCs field. In conclusion, our study reveals that designing narrow band gap acceptors with high PLQY is an effective way to reduce ▵Enr and improve the PCE of OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials possessing broadband antireflective properties benefit applications of military camouflage, photovoltaic devices, and highly transparent windows. In this work, large area, high throughput subdiffraction‐limited motheye‐like metastructures featuring broadband infrared (3–12 µm) antireflectivity are realized through dual‐beam overexposure shrinking strategy and subsequent controllable anisotropic reactive‐ion‐etching process. Both overexposure and overdevelopment processes severely controlled in conventional lithography processes, attribute significantly to improving linewidth resolution to <150 nm when photoresist thickness exceeding 500 nm, even to one micron. For antireflective application, the motheye profiles with customized anisotropic ratio (>3.27) and tunable taper‐angle range (>12.2°) are also realized by regulating the competition of directional ion bombardment and isotropic chemical etching in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) plasma. The corresponding reflectivity is theoretically well‐simulated and experimentally validated after accounting for the tunable profiles and fractional volume coverage of motheye‐like structures. A low reflectivity <2.0% with the uniformity of ±4.8% and averaged to 1.2% across the overall spectrum of 3–12 µm are achieved. Implementing such efficient shrinking approach can possess huge potential in applications of military camouflage, photovoltaic devices, and highly transparent windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Preclinical studies are broad and can encompass cellular research, animal trials, and small human trials. Preclinical studies tend to be exploratory and have smaller datasets that often consist of biomarker data. Logistic regression is typically the model of choice for modeling a binary outcome with explanatory variables such as genetic, imaging, and clinical data. Small preclinical studies can have challenging data that may include a complete separation or quasi‐complete separation issue that will result in logistic regression inflated coefficient estimates and standard errors. Penalized regression approaches such as Firth's logistic regression are a solution to reduce the bias in the estimates. In this tutorial, a number of examples with separation (complete or quasi‐complete) are illustrated and the results from both logistic regression and Firth's logistic regression are compared to demonstrate the inflated estimates from the standard logistic regression model and bias‐reduction of the estimates from the penalized Firth's approach. R code and datasets are provided in the supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) is an ideal candidate for reinforced epoxy vitrimer composites, however, achieving a desirable improvement of the mechanical properties is a great challenge owing to CNT is extremely easy to aggregate. In this study, well‐dispersed CNT reinforced epoxy vitrimers, namely EVD/CNT, were prepared by combining ultrasonic dispersion and dynamic crosslinking techniques, using multiple wall carbon nanotube as reinforcement filler, sebacic acid as curing agent, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) as epoxy monomer, zinc acetylacetonate as transesterification catalyst, torque rheometer (internal mixer) as dynamic crosslinking equipment. The CNT reinforced epoxy vitrimers, namely EVS/CNT, were prepared using traditional static curing method. The structure and morphology, mechanical properties and stress relaxation behavior of EVS/CNT and EVD/CNT were comparatively investigated, and the influence of CNT content on the structure and properties of EVD/CNT prepared by dynamic crosslinking method were also studied. The results indicated that dynamic crosslinking technology can stably disperse CNT into epoxy vitrimer resin matrix under continuous shear force. However, CNT experienced severe secondary agglomeration during the static curing process. When the loading amount of CNT was 2 wt%, the tensile strength and elongation at break of EVD/CNT‐2 were 3.2 times and 2.2 times higher than those of EVS/CNT‐2, respectively. The Young's modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) of EVD/CNT‐2 (6.43 ± 1.10 MPa, 29.6°C) were also higher than those of EVS/CNT‐2 (5.46 ± 0.31 MPa, 25.4°C). Moreover, dynamic crosslinking technology greatly shortened the reaction time of CNT reinforced epoxy vitrimers, improved production efficiency and reduced reaction energy consumption, and was expected to be used for large‐scale and industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrous sulfides with the high theoretic capacity are the promising anode for sodium ion batteries. However, capacity fading and inferior rate capability still hinder their practical application. In this work, Na‐doped Fe7S8 microrods with cationic vacancies and weakened Fe─S bond are constructed through a facile and scalable sulfurized route. The experimental results combined with theoretical analysis thoroughly reveal the generation of Fe vacancies and weakened Fe─S bond strength induced by sodium doping, which modulates the energy band structure of Na‐doped Fe7S8, provides more active sites, and accelerates the sodiation/desodiation reaction kinetics, simultaneously. Moreover, the pre‐doping sodium delivers a strong guiding effect on the formation of thin and stable solid electrolyte interface films. As the result, the optimal sample exhibits the excellent sodium storage performance, including the high and stable reversible capacity (674 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 A g−1 and 503 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles at 10 A g−1), superior rate capability, and increased initial coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, the full cell paired with commercial Na3V2(PO4)3 also displays the outstanding cyclic stability with 95.9% capacity retention at 0.5 A g−1 after 100 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing carrier concentration in PbTe materials can be achieved effectively through the chemical doping of sodium. Nevertheless, the valence balance can lead to the presence of "deleterious defects" in the PbTe matrix, resulting in low sodium solubility at room temperature. Herein, a strategy for fine‐tuning Pb vacancies to improve sodium solubility is developed. By a trace amount of Se‐doping, the solubility of Na in Pb0.99Te1‐xSex through the preservation of Pb vacancies in the matrix is substantially increased. Additionally, a large number of dense dislocations in the grains, which greatly reduced the lattice thermal conductivity is induced. A high power factor of ≈26 mW cm−1 K−2 and low lattice thermal conductivity of ≈0.43 W m−1 K−1 at 823 K in Pb0.95Na0.04Te0.97Se0.03 is achieved. Ultimately, a high figure of merit, ZT ≈2.2, is obtained at 823 K in quaternary PbTe compound. The current findings not only demonstrate that the introduction of trace amounts of Se and Pb vacancies in the PbTe matrix can effectively enhance Na solubility and minimize thermal conductivity, attaining synergistic improvement in electrical and thermal properties, but also indicate that the synergistic effect of Pb vacancies with a specific dopant is an alternative approach for enhancing ZT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeted delivery of glutamine metabolism inhibitors holds promise for cholangiocarcinoma therapy, yet effective delivery vehicles remain a challenge. This study reports the development of a biomimetic nanosystem, termed R‐CM@MSN@BC, integrating mesoporous organosilicon nanoparticles with reactive oxygen species‐responsive diselenide bonds for controlled release of the glutamine metabolism inhibitor bis‐2‐(5‐phenylacetamido‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES) and the photosensitizer Ce6. Erythrocyte membrane coating, engineered with Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) peptides, not only enhanced biocompatibility but also improved tumor targeting and tissue penetration. Upon laser irradiation, R‐CM@MSN@BC executed both photodynamic and glutamine‐metabolic therapies, inducing necroptosis in tumor cells and triggering significant immunogenic cell death. Time‐of‐flight mass cytometry analysis revealed that R‐CM@MSN@BC can remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by polarizing M1‐type macrophages, reducing infiltration of M2‐type and CX3CR1+ macrophages, and decreasing T cell exhaustion, thereby increasing the effectiveness of anti‐programmed cell death ligand 1 immunotherapy. This strategy proposed in this study presents a viable and promising approach for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constrained by a limited understanding of the structure and luminescence mechanisms of carbon dots (CDs), achieving precise enhancement of their photoluminescence (PL) performance without altering the emission wavelength and color remains a challenge. In this work, a deuterated CD is first achieved by simply replacing the reaction solvent from H2O to D2O. The substitution of D atoms for H atoms is not limited on the surface but also within the internal structure of CDs. Deuteration affects the formation of the π‐conjugated network structure by altering the content of sp2 carbon and sp3 carbon, ultimately inducing a reconstruction for energy level structure of CDs. Both the intrinsic state and surface state emission, including quantum yield, emission intensity and lifetime, are significantly enhanced after deuteration. It benefits from the reduction in non‐radiative transitions, since the lowered vibrational frequencies of D atoms and optimized local energy level distribution in CDs structure. The deuterated CDs are applied in the fabrication of white‐light‐emitting diodes to show their application potential. This work provides a highly versatile route for improving and controlling photoluminescence performance of CDs and has opportunities to guide the development of CDs for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion‐selective nanochannel membranes assembled from two‐dimensional (2D) nanosheets hold immense promise for power conversion using salinity gradient. However, they face challenges stemming from insufficient surface charge density, which impairs both permselectivity and durability. Herein, we present a novel vacancy‐engineered, oxygen‐deficient NiCo layered double hydroxide (NiCoLDH)/cellulose nanofibers‐wrapped carbon nanotubes (VOLDH/CNF‐CNT) composite membrane. This membrane, featuring abundant angstrom‐scale, cation‐selective nanochannels, is designed and fabricated through a synergistic combination of vacancy engineering and interfacial super‐assembly. The composite membrane shows interlayer free‐spacing of ~3.62 Å, which validates the membrane size exclusion selectivity. This strategy, validated by DFT calculations and experimental data, improves hydrophilicity and surface charge density, leading to the strong interaction with K+ ions to benefit the low ion transport resistance and exceptional charge selectivity. When employed in an artificial river water|seawater salinity gradient power generator, it delivers a high‐power density of 5.35 W/m2 with long‐term durability (20,000s), which is almost 400 % higher than that of the pristine NiCoLDH membrane. Furthermore, it displays both pH‐ and temperature‐sensitive ion transport behavior, offering additional opportunities for optimization. This work establishes a basis for high‐performance salinity gradient power conversion and underscores the potential of vacancy engineering and super‐assembly in customizing 2D nanomaterials for diverse advanced nanofluidic energy devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X‐ray imaging serves a critical role across diverse sectors, including medical diagnostics, industrial surveillance, security, and space exploration. This study delves into the unique properties of a novel polar crystal, [FMPPA]ZnBr4 (FMPPA = protonated 3‐fluoro‐4‐(4‐methyl‐1‐piperazinyl)aniline), characterized by a 0D metal halide structure. This crystal features [ZnBr4]2− tetrahedra and A‐site organic amine ion [FMPPA]2+ rings. With a high photoluminescence quantum yield (≈70%) and minimal self‐absorption, [FMPPA]ZnBr4 demonstrates exceptional scintillation performance under X‐ray excitation, producing 29300 ± 600 photons MeV−1 and achieving a low detection limit of 0.352 µGyair s−1, surpassing conventional 3D perovskite nanocrystals. Beyond superior performance, this scintillator meets the demand for efficient X‐ray imaging light emitters. Moreover, it consistently achieves ≈12.5 lp mm−1 high‐resolution X‐ray imaging. Additionally, [FMPPA]ZnBr4 exhibits a nonlinear optical response, surpassing the benchmark KH2PO4 by 1.8 times. This investigation introduces a new structure framework, paving the way for the development of integrated optoelectronic materials with both nonlinear and linear optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]