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Background: Extant literature on transgender and gender‐diverse (TGD) people living in the United States is centered on bicoastal metropolitan cities. Little is known about the health status and health‐related barriers among TGD people living in the middle of the country. Minority Stress Theory (MST) provides a framework for understanding how TGD people experience stressors that shape their health‐related experiences. Purpose: To describe health‐related experiences of TGD people living in Colorado using the MST framework. Method: The scoping review was limited to peer‐reviewed, English‐language studies published between January 2018 and November 2023. Data abstraction and synthesis were performed using Thomas and Harden's approach to thematic synthesis. Results: Twenty‐one articles were included in the review. Seventeen (80.9%) articles were quantitative studies, two (9.5%) were qualitative, and two (9.5%) were mixed methods. Most of the participants were transfeminine and 18 years old or younger. Three themes emerged (1) TGD Coloradans experience multiple health‐related stressors, (2) these stressors contribute to poor health outcomes, and (3) overcome with coping strategies and/or social support. Conclusion: TGD Coloradans experience multiple stressors related to their TGD identity that shape their health‐related experiences. Nurses play a critical role in intervening in these stressors and addressing care disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), a rare and highly aggressive malignancy, is characterized by an exceptionally poor prognosis, where the majority of patients present with extensive local invasion and/or distant metastases. 20–30% of ATCs harbor the BRAF‐V600E mutation. Neoadjuvant BRAF‐targeted therapy may have the potential to downstage and facilitate surgical resection for patients with locally advanced and unresectable primary tumors with BRAF mutation and may convey a survival advantage in those with metastatic disease. There is emerging evidence to support the use of other targeted agents, including multikinase inhibitors, as well as the incorporation of immunotherapy into the treatment regimen. Rapid molecular and pathological diagnosis and expert multidisciplinary discussion at specialized treatment centers are critical to expedite investigations and initiate treatment for this complex and rapidly progressive disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers peer monitoring in a capital budgeting setting with information asymmetry between principal and agents. The paper demonstrates in a two‐agent, two‐project setting that the principal can have each agent reveal their private information on the other agent's project, at an arbitrarily low cost. Next, an examination of monitoring resource allocations is made. Specifically, a comparison is made of broad monitoring, which spreads monitoring resources equally across agents' projects, and focused monitoring, which applies all monitoring resources to a single agent's project. Focused monitoring is preferred within an intermediate range of profitability, above which broad monitoring is preferred and below which neither is preferred. If project profitability is heterogeneous and focused monitoring is preferred, the more profitable project receives the focus. Both of these results occur because there is a threshold of monitoring resources that must be deployed for monitoring to provide any benefit, and the threshold is higher (more resources must be deployed) for lower profitability projects. That is, even if all monitoring resources are devoted to a low profitability project, they may provide no benefit to the principal. A discussion of how peer monitoring can be engineered by the firm is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Evaluate constitutional differences in chin morphology and volume, and mandibular tooth size, between different facial divergence patterns. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 284 pretreatment cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of growing and non‐growing patients who were stratified into 4 groups based on mandibular plane inclination to cranial base (SN) angle. Linear and angular measurements were made on the lateral CBCT images: mandibular lateral incisor crown (I‐C) total (I‐A) lengths, the distances between point D (centre of symphysis) and both incisor apex (D‐A) and menton (D‐Me) and between cemento‐enamel junction and menton (CEJ‐Me); chin width at the level of the central incisor apex (CWA) and point D (CWD); and the angles of the anterior and posterior symphyseal slopes. The volume of the symphysis was measured using a specialized 3D imaging software. Group differences and associations between parameters were gauged through the three‐way ANOVA analysis. Results: I‐C, I‐A, D‐A, D‐Me and CEJ‐Me were greater in the hyperdivergent group (p <.001). CWA and CWD were wider in the hypodivergent group (p =.003). Volume of the chin and inter‐slope angles were similar in all groups (p >.05). The anterior slope angle decreased with hyperdivegence (p <.005) in opposite pattern to the posterior slope angle (p <.005). Conclusions: Shape differences in mandibular symphysis were observed between opposite divergence patterns. Mandibular incisors were longer with hyperdivergence and shorter with hypodivergence. However, chin volumes were similar across divergence groups. These findings underline the role of genetic and environmental factors that impact facial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the tensions between tradition, truth, and history in theology, focusing on four recent proposals. It examines how historical and scientific developments have impacted theological discourse, particularly in Catholic theology. The text explores different perspectives on the role of history in theology, ranging from defending traditional Thomistic approaches to advocating for a more eschatologically oriented understanding of tradition. The authors engage with issues of theological method, doctrinal authority, and the relationship between tradition and contemporary challenges, such as colonialism and racism. Ultimately, the texts offer diverse perspectives on navigating theological issues in light of tradition, truth, and history. [Extracted from the article]

Splenic rupture leads to massive hemorrhage and requires immediate surgical intervention. Splenic rupture results from trauma or from underlying disease processes. Lymphoma is a rare cause of atraumatic splenic rupture (ASR) with high mortality rates. We present a case of ASR due to T‐cell/histiocyte‐rich large B‐cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) requiring splenectomy and large‐volume transfusion. This case report highlights the necessity of prompt surgical intervention and massive transfusion for hemodynamically unstable ASR. This report also discusses massive transfusion protocol (MTP) and its limited use in nontraumatic surgical patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Understanding the evolutionary processes underlying range‐wide genomic variation is critical to designing effective conservation and restoration strategies. Evaluating the influence of connectivity, demographic change and environmental adaptation for threatened species can be invaluable to proactive conservation of evolutionary potential. In this study, we assessed genomic variation across the range of Fraxinus latifolia, a foundational riparian tree native to western North America recently exposed to the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis; EAB). Over 1000 individuals from 61 populations were sequenced using reduced representation (ddRAD‐seq) across the species' range. Strong population structure was evident along a latitudinal gradient, with population connectivity largely maintained along central valley river systems, and a centre of genetic diversity coinciding with major river systems central to the species' range. Despite evidence of connectivity, estimates of nucleotide diversity and effective population size were low across all populations, suggesting the patchy distribution of F. latifolia populations may impact its long‐term evolutionary potential. Range‐wide estimates of genomic offset, which indicate genomic change required to adjust to future climate projections, were greatest in the eastern and lowest in the southern portions of the species' range, suggesting the regional distribution of genomic variation may impact evolutionary potential longer‐term. To preserve evolutionary capacity across populations needed for the development of breeding and restoration programmes, prioritising conservation of range‐wide genomic diversity will provide a foundation for long‐term species management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the two‐player zero‐sum game problem, which is a bounded L2$$ {L}_2 $$‐gain robust control problem. Finding an analytical solution to the complex Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Issacs (HJI) equation is a challenging task. Hence, a novel Q‐learning algorithm for unknown continuous‐time (CT) affine‐in‐inputs nonlinear systems is proposed for generating an approximate solution to the HJI equation, which is valid in a local domain due to the use of a local approximator, that is, a Neural Network (NN) structure. The approach is model‐free and does not require the knowledge of system drift dynamics, and input and disturbance gains. The algorithm learns online from measurements of state variables in real time. To generate the local approximate solution of the HJI equation for the two‐player zero‐sum game problem for nonlinear systems, the proposed non‐iterative algorithm requires only a single critic NN instead of the commonly used triple NN approximator structure. A persistence of excitation condition is required to guarantee Uniformly Ultimately Boundedness (UUB) and convergence to the optimal solution. The effectiveness of the proposed Q‐learning approach for the two‐player zero‐sum game problem is demonstrated via simulations of a linear F‐16 aircraft plant and a highly complex nonlinear system. Proof of closed‐loop system stability is provided using Lyapunov Analysis, and convergence of the approximate solution to the true saddle‐point solution is guaranteed in a UUB‐sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety and depression are associated strongly with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Dietary therapies are used increasingly in the management of IBS, but the impact of common mental disorders on response to these has not been well studied. Aims: To examine whether symptoms compatible with common mental disorders influence response to dietary interventions. Methods: Prospective cohort study of adults, with either diarrhoea‐predominant or mixed bowel habits, IBS Severity Scoring System [IBS‐SSS] score ≥ 75 points. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression score (HADS) and attended initially for British Dietary Association advice for IBS. IBS‐SSS was re‐checked 3 months later to assess response. If primary endpoint (≥ 50 point decrease in IBS‐SSS) was not achieved, patients were offered low fermentable oligo‐, di‐ and monosaccharides and polyol diet and repeated IBS‐SSS after another 3 months. Secondary endpoints included of change in IBS‐SSS and effect of symptom severity on response. Results: In total, 448 patients took part, average age of 42 years and 79.0% were female. 69.9% of participants had HADS‐A scores ≥ 8 and 39.3% with HADS‐D scores ≥ 8. Average IBS‐SSS score at baseline was 290 (SD 86). No significant difference was noted in achievement of the primary endpoint according to HADS‐A scores (53.4% vs. 62.2% by ITT in those with HADS‐A ≥ 8 vs. HADS‐A < 8, p = 0.09). Patients with HADS‐D ≥ 8 were significantly less likely to achieve the primary endpoint compared with those with HADS‐D < 8 (43.8% vs. 64.0% by ITT, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Understanding psychological profile of patients can help predicting their response to IBS dietary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the introduction of new advanced therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), expanded risk mitigation strategies are essential. Aims: To create a comprehensive set of statements on assessment procedures and vaccinations before starting monoclonal antibodies, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors or sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) modulators for IBD. Methods: We examined literature, guidelines and drug product information regarding vaccination and assessment recommendations for initiating advanced IBD therapies. Using a modified Delphi approach, delegates voted anonymously on the acceptability of these statements prior to and following consensus discussion. Results: We developed eight statements on the domains of infectious diseases screening, vaccinations and assessments prior to commencing JAK inhibitors and S1P modulators. Six statements received agreement. Pre‐advanced therapy screening for infectious diseases was established, and the vaccination protocol was revised. Malignancy, cardiovascular and thromboembolic risk assessments are necessary before initiating JAK inhibitors. Those starting S1P modulators need cardiac and ophthalmic assessments. Conclusions: These consensus statements combine vaccination and assessments on the currently available advanced therapies for IBD as a single comprehensive document that may reduce IBD complications associated with use of advanced therapies. Knowledge gaps identified during the consensus process will provide further research opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body size has an impact on all biological functions and analyzing how body size impacts functional traits such as locomotion is critical. Body size does not only vary across species but also during ontogeny. Indeed, juvenile animals are often at a competitive disadvantage due to their smaller absolute size. Consequently, understanding size‐ and age‐related changes in the locomotor system is critical for our understanding of adult phenotypes. Here, we address this question by exploring growth of the hind limb muscles in two species of closely related baboons that differ in their ecology, the olive baboon, Papio Anubis, the Guinea baboon, and Papio papio. To do so, we dissected 40 P. anubis and 10 P. papio and measured the mass and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) of the hind limb muscles. Our results showed no sexual differences in size‐ or age‐related growth patterns, but did show differences between species. Whereas the scaling of muscle mass and PCSA was largely isometric in P. anubis, allometric scaling was more common in P. papio. Despite these differences between species, the knee extensors and external rotators at the knee scaled with positive allometry in both species highlighting their important role during adult locomotion. Although life‐history data for P. papio are scarce, we suggest that differences between species may be associated with differences in adult body size and age of locomotor independence between species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Prenatal cannabis use prevalence in the United States has increased. Relaxation of state‐level cannabis policy may be contributing to the diminished risk perception of using cannabis. The main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, crosses the placenta, interacting with functional cannabinoid receptors in the fetus. Here, we assess the association between prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) and a set of birth outcomes. Methods: Using the Michigan Archive for Research on Child Health, a prospective pregnancy cohort, we linked prenatal survey data with neonatal data from state‐archived birth records. Recruitment occurred in 23 clinics across Michigan. Pregnant participants with live birth records between October 2017 and January 2022, after exclusion for missing data on cannabis use, birth outcomes, and covariates, were included in the final analytic sample (n = 584). Analyses involved generalized linear models. Results: An estimated 15% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12%, 18%) of participants reported using cannabis during pregnancy. Covariate‐adjusted models revealed an association between PCE and birth size (ß = −0.3; 95% CI: −0.5, −0.003). Discussion and Conclusions: Findings suggest a relationship between PCE and smaller birth size. Clinicians should follow guidelines outlined by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists when counseling pregnant patients on cannabis use. Scientific Significance: We detected a significant association between PCE and birth size. Most studies focus only on the extremes of birth size, however, use of z‐scores allow for assessment of the sex‐specific birth weight‐for‐gestational age distribution, increasing the accuracy of detecting an effect of cannabis exposure on birth size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumbosacral radiculopathy is a common disorder evaluated by the electrodiagnostic medicine (EDX) consultant. Making this task difficult is the abundance of radiculopathy mimics. Peripheral neurologic mimics are common, but musculoskeletal mimics are not rare and may be less familiar to many EDX consultants. Awareness of the most common musculoskeletal mimickers—particularly key historical and physical examination features that can distinguish them from radiculopathies—can lead to an accurate diagnosis for the patient and referring provider. Part 1 of this monograph covered theoretical issues surrounding why radiculopathy mimics occur. This second part reviews the most common musculoskeletal mimics, including facet arthropathy, myofascial pain syndrome, hip pathology, greater trochanteric pain syndrome, piriformis syndrome, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, hamstring pathology, iliotibial band syndrome, and plantar fasciitis. Diagnosis of these musculoskeletal mimickers is complicated by nonspecific physical examination and imaging findings, and diagnostic injections are frequently necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for most mimickers includes physical therapy, anti‐inflammatory medications, guided injections, and other conservative measures, only rarely followed by surgical intervention. EDX consultants can efficiently incorporate a few high‐yield maneuvers into their physical examination based on the location of the pain to provide answers to patients presenting with a musculoskeletal mimic of a lumbosacral radiculopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Etrasimod (ADP334) is an oral, once‐daily, selective sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P)1,4,5 receptor modulator for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis and in development for the treatment of immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases. Interaction between S1P and its five receptor subtypes (S1P1–S1P5) plays a role in several physiologic systems, including the cardiovascular and immune systems. Since differences in S1PR binding and downstream intracellular signaling could contribute to distinct profiles of drug efficacy and safety, we directly compared the S1P1–5 selectivity profile of etrasimod to three marketed S1PR modulators: fingolimod, ozanimod, and siponimod. Using both heterologous expression systems and human umbilical vein endothelial cells that spontaneously express S1P1, we profiled key S1P1 downstream signaling pathways and found that etrasimod had similar potency to the other tested S1PR modulators in promoting β‐arrestin recruitment and S1P1 internalization. However, etrasimod was notably less potent than other S1PR modulators in assays measuring S1P1‐mediated G protein activation (GTPγS binding and cAMP inhibition). Relatively lower potency of etrasimod in inducing G protein signaling corresponded to significantly diminished activation of human cardiac G protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels when compared to ozanimod. Together with pharmacokinetic properties, this pharmacologic profile of etrasimod may contribute to the positive benefit risk profile of etrasimod observed during the phase III ELEVATE UC 52 and ELEVATE UC 12 trials in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital specializations of geckos are widely associated with their climbing abilities. A recurring feature that has independently emerged within the sister families Gekkonidae and Phyllodactylidae is the presence of neomorphic paraphalanges (PPEs), usually paired, paraxial skeletal structures lying adjacent to interphalangeal and metapodial–phalangeal joints. The incorporation of PPEs into gekkotan autopodia has the potential to modify the modularity and integration of the ancestral limb pattern by affecting information flow among skeletal limb parts. Here we explore the influence of PPEs on limb organization using anatomical networks. We modeled the fore‐ and hindlimbs in species ancestrally devoid of PPEs (Iguana iguana and Gekko gecko) and paraphalanx‐bearing species (Hemidactylus mabouia and Uroplatus fimbriatus). To further clarify the impact of PPEs we also expunged PPEs from paraphalanx‐bearing network models. We found that PPEs significantly increase modularity, giving rise to tightly integrated sub‐modules along the digits, suggesting functional specialization. Species‐specific singularities also emerged, such as the trade‐off between the presence of PPEs favoring modularity (along the proximodistal axis) and the interdigital webbing favoring integration (across the lateromedial axis) in the limbs of U. fimbriatus. The PPEs are characterized by low connectivity compared with other skeletal elements; nevertheless, this varies based on their specific location and seemingly reflects developmental constraints. Our results also highlight the importance of the fifth metatarsal in generating a shift in lepidosaurian hindlimb polarity that contrasts with the more symmetrical bauplan of tetrapods. Our findings support extensive modification of the autopodial system in association with the addition of the neomorphic and intriguing PPEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study estimated the healthcare cost savings for the government due to the prevention of gastroenteritis (GE) infections and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in the first year of life, attributed to an increase in the exclusive breastfeeding rate at 4 months in Hong Kong. Methods: The model used the best available data inputs, with uncertainty considered using probabilistic sensitivity analysis. We additionally assessed the impact of neonatal jaundice (NNJ) on the economic benefits of increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates. Results: During 2010–2019, five admissions for GE and three admissions for LRTI per 1000 births would have been prevented in the first year of life if the exclusive breastfeeding rate at 4 months increased from the actual levels (~15–30%) to 50%, resulting in annual healthcare cost savings of USD1.05 (95% CI 1.03–1.07) million/year. The cost saving would reach USD1.89 (95% CI 1.86–1.92) million/year if the exclusive breastfeeding rate at 4 months increase to 70%. However, if higher NNJ admissions during 7–90 days related to more exclusive breastfeeding are considered, the cost saving would reduce by 60%. Conclusion: Our findings can guide policymakers in allocating budget and resources for breastfeeding promotion in Hong Kong. The prevention of unnecessary NNJ admissions would maximise the economic benefits of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) employs various metabolic pathways to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is essential for redox balance, fatty acid synthesis, and energy production. GAPN, a non‐phosphorylating glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, plays a role in this process by directly reducing NADP+ to NADPH, effectively contributing to glucose metabolism. However, its relative importance for S. pneumoniae metabolism and infection has remained unknown. Here, we performed a comprehensive characterization of S. pneumoniae GAPN through kinetic assays, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), cryo‐EM, mass spectrometry, and infection assays. Despite its structural similarities to its homologues in other species, S. pneumoniae GAPN exhibits negative cooperativity with respect to its substrate, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate (G3P), suggesting a unique regulatory mechanism. Our results demonstrate that GAPN knockout leads to significant metabolic reprogramming, including increased glycogen storage that leads to enhanced fatty acid metabolism. This collectively reduces the ability of S. pneumoniae to manage oxidative stress and sustain infection. Our findings highlight GAPN as a critical enzyme for S. pneumoniae metabolic balance and suggest that its inhibition could serve as a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention in pneumococcal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More businesses are embedding stakeholder engagement (SE) practices in their corporate disclosures. This article explores the extent to which SE practices are featured in the sustainability reports (SRs) of 48 Italian food and beverage businesses, following the latest Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. The researchers analyze the content of their SRs dated 2020 and 2021. They utilize a panel regression technique to examine the relationship between stakeholder engagement disclosures (SED) and corporate financial performance (CFP), and to investigate the mediating role of SR assurance. The results show a positive and significant relationship between SED and CFP. They also confirm that there is a moderating effect from SR assurance on this causal path. However, the findings reveal that SED in SRs of Italian food companies is still moderate. This contribution builds on the logic behind the stakeholder theory. It implies that there is scope for food companies to forge relationships with stakeholders. It indicates that it is in their interest to disclose material information about their SE practices in their SR and to organize third party assurance assessments in order to improve their legitimacy with stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First‐line genetic investigations for rare neurological and developmental conditions have limitations in their ability to detect and characterize copy number variants (CNVs). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) offers potential advantages over other methods of CNV analysis. We aimed to demonstrate the utility of CNV detection using WGS through description of three clinical cases. WGS analysis was undertaken in three patients presenting to a national rare disease service, in whom a genetic aetiology remained uncertain after gene panel testing or microarray based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). In all three cases, WGS identified CNVs and confirmed zygosity and pathogenicity, resulting in genetic diagnoses of PRKN‐related Parkinson disease, TAOK1‐related neurodevelopmental disorder, and AP1G1‐related Usmani‐Riazuddin syndrome. This case series demonstrates the value of WGS analysis in identifying or better characterizing CNVs that were missed or deemed of uncertain significance using conventional methods of testing. Importantly, our approach facilitated accurate genetic diagnosis and counselling for the families involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Limited research has examined how discrimination in young adulthood relates to substance use. We examined how multiple and specific types (e.g., race‐based) of experiences of unfair treatment are related to problematic alcohol and cannabis use. Methods: We analyzed cross‐sectional data from a diverse cohort of young adults (mean age 24.7) predominantly residing in southern California (n = 2303) to examine associations of multiple (count) and specific experiences (race‐, sexual orientation‐, gender‐based) of perceived everyday discrimination with self‐reported alcohol and cannabis use outcomes (consequences, use disorders, and solitary use). We also tested interactions between the three specific discrimination experiences and sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., race‐based discrimination × race/ethnicity). Results: In this diverse sample (e.g., 47% Latinx/o and 22% Asian; 22% sexual/gender diverse; 56% female) of young adults, about 46% reported up to four different discrimination experiences and 27% reported race‐, 26% gender‐, and 5% sexual orientation‐based discrimination. Race‐ and gender‐based discrimination and experiencing more types of discrimination were associated with worse cannabis use outcomes. Race‐based discrimination was associated with fewer alcohol consequences and lower Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores. Associations with sexual orientation‐based discrimination and the interactions were not significant. Discussion and Conclusions: Findings build on limited research on associations of discrimination with cannabis use in young adults. More work is needed to understand the mechanisms by which discrimination influences drinking behaviors. Scientific Significance: This study advances the field by examining the unique contributions of specific and multiple types of discrimination experiences in young adulthood, a critical developmental period in which substance use peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, architectural heritage has been constructed using masonry, clay or stone elements, and lime‐based mortars. Over time, old buildings are subjected to different degrees of movement and degradation, leading to the formation of microcracks. Water dissolves and transports lime in mortar, but when the water evaporates, the lime is deposited and heals cracks in a process known as autogenous healing. Lime‐based mortars can regain some mechanical properties due to their healing capacity, given certain conditions. In the present work, a constitutive formulation has been developed to simulate cracking and healing in lime‐based mortars. The proposed model captures the residual displacements within cracks, associated with interacting crack surface asperities, as well as the healing effect on mechanical properties. A new approach is described which expresses these mechanisms mathematically within a micromechanical formulation. The proposed model was validated by comparing the outputs with experimental data. The results show that the new continuum micromechanical damage‐healing model could capture the damage‐healing cycle with good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Irregular cardiac motion can render conventional segmented cine MRI nondiagnostic. Clustering has been proposed for cardiac motion binning and may be optimized for complex arrhythmias. Purpose: To develop an adaptive cluster optimization method for irregular cardiac motion, and to generate the corresponding time‐resolved cine images. Study Type: Prospective. Subjects: Thirteen with atrial fibrillation, four with premature ventricular contractions, and one patient in sinus rhythm. Field Strength/Sequence: Free‐running balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) with sorted golden‐step, reference real‐time sequence. Assessment: Each subject underwent both the sorted golden‐step bSSFP and the reference Cartesian real‐time imaging. Golden‐step bSSFP images were reconstructed using the dynamic regularized adaptive cluster optimization (DRACO) method and k‐means clustering. Image quality (4‐point Likert scale), signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), edge sharpness, and ventricular function were assessed. Statistical Tests: Paired t‐tests, Friedman test, regression analysis, Fleiss' Kappa, Bland–Altman analysis. Significance level P < 0.05. Results: The DRACO method had the highest percent of images with scores ≥3 (96% for diastolic frame, 93% for systolic frame, and 93% for multiphase cine) and the percentages were significantly higher compared with both the k‐means and real‐time methods. Image quality scores, SNR, and CNR were significantly different between DRACO vs. k‐means and between DRACO vs. real‐time. Cardiac function analysis showed no significant differences between DRACO vs. the reference real‐time. Conclusion: DRACO with time‐resolved reconstruction generated high quality images and has early promise for quantitative cine cardiac MRI in patients with complex arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation. Level of Evidence: 1. Technical Efficacy: Stage 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the characteristics of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in patients from different racial/ethnic backgrounds is important for reducing the observed gaps in clinical outcomes. Purpose: To investigate the diagnostic performance of mpMRI and quantitative MRI parameters of prostate cancer (PCa) in African American (AA) and matched White (W) men. Study Type: Retrospective. Subjects: One hundred twenty‐nine patients (43 AA, 86 W) with histologically proven PCa who underwent mpMRI before radical prostatectomy. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T, T2‐weighted turbo spin echo imaging, a single‐shot spin‐echo EPI sequence diffusion‐weighted imaging, and a gradient echo sequence dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI with an ultrafast 3D spoiled gradient‐echo sequence. Assessment: The diagnostic performance of mpMRI in AA and W men was assessed using detection rates (DRs) and positive predictive values (PPVs) in zones defined by the PI‐RADS v2.1 prostate sector map. Quantitative MRI parameters, including Ktrans and ve of clinically significant (cs) PCa (Gleason score ≥ 7) tumors were compared between AA and W sub‐cohorts after matching age, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), and prostate volume. Statistical Tests: Weighted Pearson's chi‐square and Mann–Whitney U tests with a statistically significant level of 0.05 were used to examine differences in DR and PPV and to compare parameters between AA and matched W men, respectively. Results: A total number of 264 PCa lesions were identified in the study cohort. The PPVs in the peripheral zone (PZ) and posterior prostate of mpMRI for csPCa lesions were significantly higher in AA men than in matched W men (87.8% vs. 68.1% in PZ, and 89.3% vs. 69.6% in posterior prostate). The Ktrans of index csPCa lesions in AA men was significantly higher than in W men (0.25 ± 0.12 vs. 0.20 ± 0.08 min−1; P < 0.01). Data Conclusion: This study demonstrated race‐related differences in the diagnostic performances and quantitative MRI measures of csPCa that were not reflected in age, PSA, and prostate volume. Evidence Level: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The student check‐up (SCU) is a brief school‐based motivational interviewing intervention developed to promote academic‐related behavioral changes and to increase accessibility to mental health services. Despite published randomized controlled trials demonstrating SCU's effectiveness in promoting student self‐efficacy in academic efforts, the SCU's impact on student grade outcome has been inconsistent across studies. This study examines whether student participants' written statements that represent change talk and sustain talk predict differences in post‐treatment grade outcomes and whether these effects are moderated by students' pre‐treatment academic achievement. In addition, we examine whether change and sustain statements mediate the relationship between study sites and grade outcomes. A two‐level linear regression controlling for pre‐treatment grades indicated that as the frequency of change statements increases, students' post‐treatment grades in English Language Arts decrease (B = −0.62, p =.03), suggesting that "the more" is not always "the merrier" when it comes to evoking change statements related to academic goals that require multiple behavioral changes for attainment. Practitioner Points: Change talks during goal setting and planning do not always correlate positively with students' grade outcomes.During this process, students with lower grades are at a greater risk of having a negative relationship between change talks and post‐intervention grade outcomes.Adapting MI strategies to school‐based interventions requires practitioners to guide students in setting specific behavioral goals and creating personalized plans considering their individual barriers and strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The left atrial assist device (LAAD) is a novel continuous‐flow pump designed to treat patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, a growing type of heart failure, but with limited device‐treatment options. The LAAD is implanted in the mitral plane and pumps blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle. The purpose of this study was to refine the initial design of the LAAD, using results from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses to inform changes that could improve hydraulic performance and flow patterns within the LAAD. Methods: The initial design and three variations were simulated, exploring changes to the primary impeller blades, the housing shape, and the number, size, and curvature of the diffuser vanes. Several pump rotational speeds and flow rates spanning the intended range of use were modeled. Results: Guided by the insight gained from each design iteration, the final design incorporated impeller blades with improved alignment relative to the incoming flow and wider, more curved diffuser vanes that better aligned with the approaching flow from the volute. These design adjustments reduced flow separation within the impeller and diffuser regions. In vitro testing confirmed the CFD predicted improvement in the hydraulic performance of the revised LAAD flow path design. Conclusions: The CFD results from this study provided insight into the key pump design‐related parameters that can be adjusted to improve the LAAD's hydraulic performance and internal flow patterns. This work also provided a foundation for future studies assessing the LAAD's biocompatibility under clinical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Head and neck oncologic resections with microvascular reconstruction are lengthy and complex procedures with inefficiencies in the operating room (OR) associated with increased complications and higher costs. Multidisciplinary care has become increasingly used to provide improved care for complex patients; however, the potential role of this has not yet been studied in head and neck microvascular free flap procedures. Methods: Patients between 2016 and 2022 treated before and after implementation of the conference were included. Primary outcome was total procedure time (TPT). Demographics, operative details, and postoperative complications were also collected. Results: 233 patients were included in the preconference group and 330 in the post‐conference group. Preconference mean (SD) age was 61.6 (12) years versus 62.9 (12) years in the post‐conference group. The post‐conference group was associated with shorter mean (SD) TPT (629 [117] vs. 719 [134] minutes), less mean (SD) estimated blood loss (ESD) (230 [201] mL vs. 306 [211] mL), fewer prolonged lCU stays (>1 day), and fewer returns to the operating room (RTOR). The post‐conference group was associated with TPT ≤9 h (p < 0.001) on multivariate analysis. Factors associated with TPT greater than 9 h include history of head and neck radiation (p = 0.003), bony reconstruction (p = 0.05), stage IVa (p = 0.009), and stage IVb cancer (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Implementation of the multidisciplinary conference in head and neck surgery was associated with reduced TPT and reduced OR return. Our study suggests preoperative planning conferences may improve surgical efficiency and outcomes in head and neck oncologic resections with microvascular free flap reconstruction. Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 135:110–117, 2025 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To shorten CEST acquisition time by leveraging Z‐spectrum undersampling combined with deep learning for CEST map construction from undersampled Z‐spectra. Methods: Fisher information gain analysis identified optimal frequency offsets (termed "Fisher offsets") for the multi‐pool fitting model, maximizing information gain for the amplitude and the FWHM parameters. These offsets guided initial subsampling levels. A U‐NET, trained on undersampled brain CEST images from 18 volunteers, produced CEST maps at 3 T with varied undersampling levels. Feasibility was first tested using retrospective undersampling at three levels, followed by prospective in vivo undersampling (15 of 53 offsets), reducing scan time significantly. Additionally, glioblastoma grade IV pathology was simulated to evaluate network performance in patient‐like cases. Results: Traditional multi‐pool models failed to quantify CEST maps from undersampled images (structural similarity index [SSIM] <0.2, peak SNR <20, Pearson r <0.1). Conversely, U‐NET fitting successfully addressed undersampled data challenges. The study suggests CEST scan time reduction is feasible by undersampling 15, 25, or 35 of 53 Z‐spectrum offsets. Prospective undersampling cut scan time by 3.5 times, with a maximum mean squared error of 4.4e–4, r = 0.82, and SSIM = 0.84, compared to the ground truth. The network also reliably predicted CEST values for simulated glioblastoma pathology. Conclusion: The U‐NET architecture effectively quantifies CEST maps from undersampled Z‐spectra at various undersampling levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP) using MR has been used increasingly for the abdominal site. Multiple contrast weightings and motion‐resolved imaging are desired for accurate delineation of the target and various organs‐at‐risk and patient‐tailored planning. Current MR protocols achieve these through multiple scans with distinct contrast and variable respiratory motion management strategies and acquisition parameters, leading to a complex and inaccurate planning process. This study presents a standalone MR Multitasking (MT)–based technique to produce volumetric, motion‐resolved, multicontrast images for abdominal radiotherapy treatment planning. Methods: The MT technique resolves motion and provides a wide range of contrast weightings by repeating a magnetization‐prepared (saturation recovery and T2 preparations) spoiled gradient‐echo readout series and adopting the MT image reconstruction framework. The performance of the technique was assessed through digital phantom simulations and in vivo studies of both healthy volunteers and patients with liver tumors. Results: In the digital phantom study, the MT technique presented structural details and motion in excellent agreement with the digital ground truth. The in vivo studies showed that the motion range was highly correlated (R2 = 0.82) between MT and 2D cine imaging. MT allowed for a flexible contrast‐weighting selection for better visualization. Initial clinical testing with interobserver analysis demonstrated acceptable target delineation quality (Dice coefficient = 0.85 ± 0.05, Hausdorff distance = 3.3 ± 0.72 mm). Conclusion: The developed MT‐based, abdomen‐dedicated technique is capable of providing motion‐resolved, multicontrast volumetric images in a single scan, which may facilitate abdominal radiotherapy treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea turtles face various threats to survival, primarily due to human activities, such as bycatch, vessel strikes, pollution, and climate change. Many of these activities can lead to illness or injuries, increasing the risk of infection. Treating infections appropriately and effectively requires knowledge of antimicrobial properties and their ability to eradicate microbes without harm to the sea turtle. Robust pharmacokinetic studies, therefore, are important for appropriate dosing. Herein, we review the studies detailing the pharmacokinetic properties of antimicrobials in sea turtles conducted to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Signficant inequalities in tobacco smoking exist, with higher smoking rates among people from low‐socio‐economic status (low‐SES) populations. Tailored technology‐based programs for low‐SES smoking populations have the potential for high reach, but require effectiveness data from large‐scale trials. This trial among Australians who smoke from a low‐SES background will determine the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of tailored text‐message (TTM) support compared with standard Quitline (SQL) telephone support service. Design, setting and participants: This is a two‐arm, parallel group, randomized, non‐inferiority trial with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment in an Australian population within the greater Sydney region in New South Wales. Participants are adults who smoke daily (n = 1246), are interested in quitting and currently receiving a government pension or allowance, and will be recruited via advertisements. Intervention and comparator: Participants will be randomized (1:1 ratio) to receive either 12 months of TTM quit support or enrolment in SQL telephone support. Measurements: Assessments will be completed at baseline (telephone interview), within 1 month (check‐in call), at 3 months (on‐line questionnaire) and 12 months (telephone interview) post‐randomization. The primary outcome will be 6‐month continuous abstinence verified by carbon monoxide breath test at 12‐month follow‐up. The study will test whether TTM is non‐inferior to SQL by a non‐inferiority margin of 2%, i.e. the quit rate in the TTM group will be no worse than 2% less than the quit rate in the SQL group. Secondary outcomes will include self‐reported continuous and point prevalence abstinence and acceptability and cost‐effectiveness of TTM versus SQL. Conclusion: Should the tailored text‐message support prove non‐inferior and more cost‐effective than Quitline for this population, this will provide an opportunity for the upscaling of an effective, inexpensive and tailored quit support service. The trial findings will inform cessation treatment policy for priority populations in Australia and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Black women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) have worse survival and a higher burden of comorbid conditions compared with other racial groups. This study examines the association of comorbid conditions and medication use for these conditions with survival among Black women with EOC. Methods: In a prospective study of 592 Black women with EOC, the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) based on self‐reported data, three cardiometabolic comorbidities (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia), and medication use for each cardiometabolic comorbidity were evaluated. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the association of comorbid conditions and related medication use with all‐cause mortality while adjusting for relevant covariates overall and by histotype (high‐grade serous [HGS]/carcinosarcoma vs. non‐HGS/carcinosarcoma) and stage (I/II vs. III/IV). Results: A CCI of ≥2 was observed in 42% of the cohort, and 21%, 67%, and 34% of women had a history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, respectively. After adjusting for prognostic factors, a CCI ≥2 (vs. 0; hazard ratio [HR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.71) and type 2 diabetes (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.10–1.84) were associated with an increased risk of mortality. The increased risk of mortality for type 2 diabetes was present specifically among women with HGS/carcinosarcoma (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.10–1.97) and among women with stage III/IV disease (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.10–1.98). The authors did not find evidence that hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or medication use for the cardiometabolic comorbidities meaningfully impacted survival. Conclusion: Comorbid conditions, especially type 2 diabetes, had a significant adverse impact on survival among Black women with EOC. In a population‐based study of Black women with ovarian cancer, a higher Charlson comorbidity index based on self‐reported data and type 2 diabetes were associated with an increased risk of mortality, but no association was observed for hypertension or hyperlipidemia. Medication use for comorbid conditions did not meaningfully impact survival in this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial including 350 participants, a prostate‐specific antigen level >0.5 ng/mL after 9 to 10 weeks of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy was significantly associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality. The prostate‐specific antigen level after neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy may identify patients at higher risk of mortality who could benefit from treatment escalation in future randomized trials. Introduction: A prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level >0.5 ng/mL after 9 to 10 weeks of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and before radiation therapy (RT) was associated with an increased PSA‐failure risk; however, the impact on all‐cause mortality (ACM) risk after adjusting for serum testosterone level remains unknown. Methods: From 2005 to 2015, 350 patients with localized, unfavorable‐risk prostate cancer (PC) were randomly assigned to receive androgen deprivation therapy and RT plus docetaxel vs standard of care (SOC) with androgen deprivation therapy and RT. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to assess whether a significant association existed between PSA (continuous and categorized as ≤0.5 vs > 0.5 ng/mL) measured at 9 to 10 weeks after randomization and ACM risk, adjusting for known PC prognostic factors and baseline testosterone level. Results: After a median follow‐up of 10.23 years (interquartile range: 8.07–11.41), 85 patients died (25.30%), 41 from PC (48.24%). PSA level at 9 to 10 weeks after randomization was significantly associated with increased risk of ACM when analyzed as a continuous (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04–1.30; p =.008) or categorical covariate (>0.5 vs ≤ 0.5 ng/mL; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.12–3.17; p =.02) after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions: This study validates that a PSA level >0.5 ng/mL after neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and before RT is prognostic and significantly associated with an increased ACM risk. Patients achieving this endpoint should be considered for enrollment in future randomized trials evaluating the impact of treatment escalation on ACM using a prerandomization stratification by age or validated comorbidity metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Receptors for carboxylate anions have many possible biomedical applications, including mimicry of the vancomycin group of antibiotics. However, binding carboxylates in water, the biological solvent, is highly challenging due to the hydrophilicity of these polar anions. Here we report, for the first time, the recognition of simple carboxylates such as acetate and formate in water by synthetic receptors with charge‐neutral binding sites. The receptors are solubilised by polyanionic side‐chains which, remarkably, do not preclude anion binding. The tricyclic structures feature two identical binding sites linked by polyaromatic bridges, capable of folding into closed, twisted conformations. This folding is hypothesised to preorganise the structures for anion recognition, mimicking the process which generates many protein binding sites. The architecture is suitable for elaboration into enclosed structures with potential for selective recognition of biologically relevant carboxylates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report curvature‐induced electron spin catalysis by using solid carbon spheres as catalysts, which were synthesized using positive curvature molecular hexabromocyclopentadiene as a precursor molecule, following a radical coupling mechanism. The curvature spin of carbon is regarded as an overlapping state of σ‐ and π‐radical, which is identified by the inverse Laplace transform of pulse‐electron paramagnetic resonance. The growth mechanism of carbon spheres abiding by Kroto's model, is supported by the density functional theory study of thermodynamics and kinetics calculations. The solid carbon spheres present excellent catalytic behaviour of oxidation coupling of amines to form corresponding imines with the conversion of >99 %, selectivity of 98.7 %, and yield of 97.7 %, which is attributed to the predominantly curvature‐induced electron spin catalysis of carbon, supported by the calculation of oxygen adsorption energy. This work proposes a view of curvature‐induced spin catalysis of carbon, which opens up a research direction for curvature‐induced electron spin catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The αLβ2 integrin LFA‐1 plays a key role in T‐cell adhesion to the endothelial vasculature and migration into both secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues via interactions with its target protein ICAM‐1, but the pathways that regulate LFA‐1‐mediated T‐cell polarity and migration are not fully understood. In this study we screened two RNAi libraries targeting G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCR)/GPCR‐associated proteins and kinases in a HuT 78 T cell line model of LFA‐1‐stimulated T‐cell migration. Based on staining of the actin cytoskeleton, multiple parameters to measure cell morphology were used to assess the contribution of 1109 genes to LFA‐1‐mediated T‐cell polarity and migration. These RNAi screens identified a number of both novel and previously identified genes that either increased or decreased the polarity and migratory capacity of these cells. Following multiparametric analysis, hierarchical clustering and pathway analysis, three of these genes were characterized in further detail using primary human T cells, revealing novel roles for the heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gβ1 and Casein Kinase 2 in LFA‐1‐mediated T‐cell polarity and migration in vitro. Our studies also highlighted a new role for ICAP‐1, an adaptor protein previously described to be associated with β1 integrins, in β2 integrin LFA‐1‐directed migration in T cells. Knockdown of ICAP‐1 expression in primary T cells revealed a role in cell polarity, cell velocity and transmigration towards SDF‐1 for this adaptor protein. This study therefore uncovers new roles for GPCR/GPCR‐associated proteins and kinases in T‐cell migration and provides potential novel targets for modulation of the T‐cell immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamorphic testing (MT) is effective in detecting software failures; it detects failures by examining the metamorphic relations (MRs) among source test cases (STCs), follow‐up test cases (FTCs) and their respective outputs. The STCs together with the corresponding FTCs, considered as a whole, are called metamorphic groups (MGs). MT performance relies heavily on the MRs and MGs. Previous studies have mainly focused on improving MT performance by identifying effective MRs, or through generation of MGs with high quality, but have somewhat neglected the selection of MRs and MGs from existing ones. In this paper, we address this issue by introducing a new metric for guiding the selection of effective MR‐MG pairs from a new perspective: The MR‐MG pair is chosen such that the MR makes the current MG as far away as possible from the executed MGs. We design an MR‐MG pair selection algorithm, named metamorphic relation and group selection based on adaptive random testing (MRGS‐ART), to implement our metric. The intuition behind MRGS‐ART is that we attempt to improve MT performance by achieving an even distribution of STCs and FTCs in their corresponding input domains for all the MRs used. Experimental results indicate that MRGS‐ART can enhance MT performance. We believe that this is the first comprehensive and systematic demonstration, from the perspective of both MRs and MGs, that making STCs and FTCs evenly distributed in their corresponding input domains can improve MT performance. Finally, by analysing the experimental results, we provide guidance on how to most effectively implement MRGS‐ART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Analgesia trials often demands multiple comparisons to assess various treatment arms, outcomes, or repeated assessments. These multiple comparisons risk inflating the false positive rate. Multiplicity correction in recent analgesic randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remains unclear despite statistical method advancements and regulatory guidelines. Our study aimed to identify reporting inadequacies in multiple analysis adjustments and explanations to understand these deficiencies. Databases and Data Treatment: This review analysed RCTs from the European Journal of Pain, the Journal of Pain, and PAIN, published between January 2018 and December 2022. We included randomized, double‐blind trials focusing on pain outcomes. Data extraction, managed by three researchers using predefined criteria, included trial characteristics, multiplicity presence, and correction methods. Descriptive statistical analyses included Fisher's exact, and Holm method for multiple comparisons. Results: Out of 112 articles, 48 pre‐specified a primary analysis plan. Multiple analyses were observed in 65 articles, with 60% adjusting for all comparisons, primarily using the Bonferroni method. Compared with previous studies, no significant changes in multiplicity correction practices were noted when stratified by trial type, size, and sponsor. Conclusions: The study reveals a persistent reliance on multiple comparisons in analgesic clinical trials without a corresponding increase in multiplicity corrections emphasizing a need for enhanced reporting and implementation of statistical adjustments. We acknowledge limitations in categorizing studies, the use of a surrogate for the trial stage, and sourcing data from journal webpages rather than a database. Significance Statement: This study flags inadequate reporting on multiplicity correction in analgesic trials, stressing the risk of false positives and the urgent need for enhanced reporting to boost reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Substantial improvements in spatial resolution in brain positron emission tomography (PET) scanners have greatly reduced partial volume effect, making head movement the main source of image blur. To achieve high‐resolution PET neuroimaging, precise real‐time estimation of both head position and orientation is essential for accurate motion compensation. Purpose: A high‐resolution electromagnetic motion tracking (EMMT) system with an event‐by‐event motion correction is developed for PET‐CT scanners. Methods: EMMT is comprised of a source, an array of sensors, and a readout electronic unit (REU). The source acts as a transmitter and emits an EM dipole field. It is placed in close proximity to the sensor array and detects changes in EM flux density due to sensor movement. The REU digitizes signals from each sensor and captures precise rotational and translational movements in real time. Tracked motion in the EMMT coordinate system is synchronized with the PET list‐mode data and transformed into the scanner coordinate system by locating paired positions in both systems. The optimal rigid motion is estimated using singular value decomposition. The rigid motion and depth‐of‐interaction (DOI) parallax effect are corrected by event‐by‐event rebinning of mispositioned lines‐of‐response (LORs). We integrated the EMMT with our recently developed ultra‐high resolution Prism‐PET prototype brain scanner and a commercial Siemens Biograph mCT PET‐CT scanner. We assessed the imaging performance of the Prism‐PET/EMMT system using multi‐frame motion of point sources and phantoms. The mCT/EMMT system was validated using a set of point sources attached to both a mannequin head and a human volunteer, for simulating multiframe and continuous motions, respectively. Additionally, a human subject for [18F]MK6240 PET imaging was included. Results: The tracking accuracy of the Prism‐PET/EMMT system was quantified as a root‐mean‐square (RMS) error of 0.49∘$^{\circ }$ for 100∘$^{\circ }$ axial rotations, and an RMS error of 0.15 mm for 100 mm translations.The percent difference (%diff) in average full width at half maximum (FWHM) of point source between motion‐corrected and static images, within a motion range of ±20∘$\pm 20^\circ$ and ±$\pm$10 mm from the center of the scanner's field‐of‐view (FOV), was 3.9%. The measured recovery coefficients of the 2.5‐mm diameter sphere in the activity‐filled partial volume correction phantom were 23.9%, 70.8%, and 74.0% for the phantom with multi‐frame motion, with motion and motion compensation, and without motion, respectively. In the mCT/EMMT system, the %diff in average FWHM of point sources between motion‐corrected and static images, within a motion range of ±30∘$\pm 30^\circ$ and ±$\pm$10 mm from the center of the FOV, was 14%. Applying motion correction to the [18F]MK6240 PET imaging reduced the motion‐induced spill‐in artifact in the lateral ventricle region, lowering its standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) from 0.70 to 0.34. Conclusions: The proposed EMMT system is a cost‐effective, high frame‐rate, and none‐line‐of‐sight alternative to infrared camera‐based tracking systems and is capable of achieving high rotational and translational tracking accuracies for mitigating motion‐induced blur in high‐resolution brain dedicated PET scanners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While electron beams of up to 20 MeV are commonly used in radiotherapy, the use of very‐high‐energy electrons (VHEEs) in the range of 100–200 MeV is now becoming a realistic option thanks to the recent advancements in accelerator technology. Indeed, VHEE offers several clinically attractive features and can be delivered using various conformation methods (including scanning, collimation, and focussing) at ultra‐high dose rates. To date, there is a lack of research tools for fast simulation of treatment plans using VHEE beams. Purpose: This work aims to implement and validate a simple and fast dose calculation algorithm based on the Fermi–Eyges theory of multiple Coulomb scattering for VHEE radiation therapy, with energies up to 200 MeV. A treatment planning system (TPS) toolkit with VHEE modality would indeed allow for further preclinical investigations, including treatment plan optimization and evaluation, and thus contribute to the gradual introduction of VHEE radiotherapy in clinical practice. Methods: A VHEE pencil beam scanning double Gaussian model was introduced into the open‐source TPS matRad environment along with new functions and options dedicated to VHEE dose calculations. Various geometries and field configurations were then calculated in matRad (up to 200 MeV and 15 × 15 cm2, with complex bone or lung heterogeneities) and the results were compared to Monte Carlo simulations in the TOPAS/Geant4 toolkit. Two types of beam model (divergent or focused) were also tested. Examples of clinical treatment plans were computed, and the results were compared between the two codes. Results: VHEE modality was fully implemented in matRad with GUI capabilities while preserving all original TPS features. New relevant options such as the importation of specific spot‐lists or adjustment of the lateral dose calculation cutoff to optimize the calculation speed were validated. Single spot and square field dose distributions were validated in water alone as well as in clinically relevant inhomogeneities. Dose maps from the VHEE model in matRad were in good agreement with TOPAS (2D gamma index [2%/1 mm] with passing rates superior to 90%, <6% mean dose differences), except for large interface heterogeneities. Conclusions: This work describes the implementation of a simple but efficient VHEE simulation model in matRad. A few configurations were studied in order to validate the model against accurate Monte Carlo simulations, demonstrating its usefulness for carrying out preliminary studies involving VHEE radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We combined data from two independent Danish citizen science time‐series to describe changes in (1) abundance and (2) distribution of 12 wintering populations of geese and swans and tested the hypothesis that increases in national abundance since 2003 correlated with an expansion into formerly unoccupied winter farmland habitat. Five populations showed significant increases in national abundance, two declined and the remainder showed no significant trend over the same period; nine populations (including the five nationally increasing and two nationally declining) showed significantly positive correlations between annual abundance and distribution range size, including one stable population and one showing only local expansion. These results support our prediction that the five key increasing goose and swan populations benefiting from farmland exploitation are showing the greatest correlation between changes in abundance and wintering range in Denmark. This implies that continued growth in abundance in these populations will lead to continued expansion in their ranges, which will not only increase the potential for agricultural conflict with increasing abundance, but importantly also the geographical extent of such conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the establishment of trustworthiness criteria for meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) journals. The criteria aim to ensure the exclusion of low-quality or fabricated studies from meta-analyses by assessing various aspects such as governance, ethics, registration, and methodology. Authors conducting meta-analyses are encouraged to adhere to these criteria, which are divided into 'absolute' and 'other quality' criteria, to enhance the integrity and reliability of their research. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of prospective registration, adherence to CONSORT guidelines, and risk-of-bias assessment to promote transparency and reproducibility in research. [Extracted from the article]

Neonatal surgical emergencies are challenging, often high‐risk procedures for the pediatric anesthesiologist. Though each emergency presents different anesthetic challenges, several error traps exist that are common to all procedures in this patient population. These error traps include errors in surgical timing, airway management, maintenance of normothermia and normoglycemia, and recognition of pharmacologic and physiologic differences. In this narrative review, we will discuss each error trap to aid the clinician in recognizing, planning for, and mitigating adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work in the gig economy is championed by platform organizations as affording individuals the flexibility to decide when, where, and how much they wish to work. The reality is more complex. In app‐based gig work, we propose the concept of "algorithmic HRM control," which acts as an omnipresent and distinctive control system that differs from traditional forms of control in two significant ways: first, the reliance upon, and pervasiveness of, algorithmic technologies in its enactment; and second, the substantial direct and indirect influence of non‐organizational parties in controlling workers. Through a qualitative research design, this article delineates the scope of algorithmic HRM control in allocating and coordinating tasks, managing performance and rewards, and aligning the actions of workers with organizational objectives. Our analysis also unpacks the rigidity and complexities of the control system, as experienced by workers, and the influential role of non‐organizational parties in exerting unique, distinct forms of control. In so doing, we build upon emerging research on the duality of algorithmic HRM by revealing the inherent flaws or challenges from the perspective of the most central party—the gig worker. While output‐oriented control is pervasive, process and normative control elements are also found to exist in some scenarios, creating significant concerns for workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to define a new flexible statistical model to examine the COVID‐19 data sets that cannot be modeled by the inverse exponential distribution. A novel extended distribution with one scale and three shape parameters is proposed using the generalized alpha power family of distributions to derive the generalized alpha power exponentiated inverse exponential distribution. Some important statistical properties of the new distribution such as the survival function, hazard function, quantile function, rth$$ r\mathrm{th} $$ moment, Rényi entropy, and order statistics are all derived. The method of maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate the parameters of the new distribution. The performance of the estimators are assessed through Monte Carlo simulation, which shows that the maximum likelihood method works well in estimating the parameters. The GAPEIEx distribution was applied to COVID‐19 data sets in order to access the flexibility and adaptability of the distribution, and it happens to perform better than its submodels and other well‐known distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is known to induce a wide range of harmful effects on several organs, notably leading to ineffective esophageal motility (IEM). However, the relationship between DM and IEM is not fully elucidated. We aimed to determine the relationship between DM and IEM and to evaluate the impact of DM's end organ complications on IEM severity. Methods: A multicenter cohort study of consecutive patients undergoing high‐resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) was performed. We reviewed medical records of patients diagnosed with IEM using HREM, encompassing data on demographics, DM history, antidiabetic and other medications as well as comorbidities. Key Results: Two hundred and forty six subjects met the inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in any of the HREM parameters between diabetics and nondiabetics. Out of 246 patients, 92 were diabetics. Diabetics with neuropathy presented a significantly lower distal contractile integral (DCI) value compared to those without neuropathy (248.2 ± 226.7 mmHg·cm·sec vs. 375.6 ± 232.4 mmHg·cm·sec; p = 0.02) Similarly, the DCI was lower in diabetics with retinopathy compared to those without retinopathy (199.9 ± 123.1 mmHg·cm·sec vs. 335.4 ± 251.7 mmHg·cm·sec; p = 0.041). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in DCI values among DM patients with ≥2 comorbidities compared to those without comorbidities (224.8 ± 161.0 mmHg·cm·sec vs. 394.2 ± 243.6 mmHg·cm·sec; p = 0.025). Around 12.6% of the variation in DCI could be explained by its linear relationship with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), with a regression coefficient (β) of −55.3. Conclusion & Inferences: DM is significantly associated with IEM in patients with neuropathy, retinopathy, or multiple comorbidities. These results are pivotal for tailoring patient‐specific management approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In mice, intraperitoneal (ip) contrast agent (CA) administration is convenient for mapping microvascular parameters over a long‐time window. However, continuous quantitative MRI of CA accumulation in brain over hours is still missing. Purpose: To validate a quantitative time‐resolved MRI technique for mapping the CA kinetics in brain upon ip administration. Study Type: Prospective, animal model. Specimen: 25 C57Bl/6JRj mice underwent MRI. Field Strength/Sequence: 7‐T, gradient echo sequence. Assessment: Gd‐DOTA concentration was monitored by MRI (25 s/repetition) over 135 minutes with (N = 15) and without (N = 10) ip mannitol challenge (5 g/kg). After the final repetition, the brains were sampled to quantify gadolinium by mass spectrometry (MS). Upon manual brain segmentation, the average gadolinium concentration was compared with the MS quantification in transcardially perfused (N = 20) and unperfused (N = 5) mice. Precontrast T1‐maps were acquired in 8 of 25 mice. Statistical Tests: One‐tailed Spearman and Pearson correlation between gadolinium quantification by MRI and by MS, D'Agostino‐Pearson test for normal distribution, Bland–Altman analysis to evaluate the agreement between MRI and MS. Significance was set at P‐value <0.05. Results: MRI showed that ip administered CA reached the blood compartment (>5 mM) within 10 minutes and accumulated continuously for 2 hours in cerebrospinal fluid (>1 mM) and in brain tissue. The MRI‐derived concentration maps showed interindividual differences in CA accumulation (from 0.47 to 0.81 mM at 2 hours) with a consistent distribution resembling the pathways of the glymphatic system. The average in‐vivo brain concentration 2 hours post‐CA administration correlated significantly (r = 0.8206) with the brain gadolinium quantification by MS for N = 21 paired observations available. Data Conclusion: The presented experimental and imaging protocol may be convenient for monitoring the spatiotemporal pattern of CA uptake and clearance in the mouse brain over 2 hours. The quantification of the CA from the MRI signal in brain is corroborated by MS. Evidence Level: N/A Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]