1. Spatial patterns of genus-level phylogenetic endemism in the tree flora of Mediterranean Europe
- Author
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Anne-Christine Monnet, Francesca Bagnoli, Arndt Hampe, Frédéric Médail, Panayotis Dimopoulos, Giovanni G. Vendramin, Toni Nikolić, Gianni Baccheta, Agathe Leriche, Marwan Cheikh Albassatneh, Bruno Fady, Juan Arroyo, Loic Ponger, Marcial Escudero, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse [Palermo] (IBBR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Patras [Patras], Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Division of Botany [Zagreb], Department of Biology [Zagreb], Faculty of Science [Zagreb], University of Zagreb-University of Zagreb-Faculty of Science [Zagreb], University of Zagreb-University of Zagreb, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-11-LABX-0061,OTMed,Objectif Terre : Bassin Méditerranéen(2011), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Botany, University of Patras, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), and University of Patras
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Mediterranean climate ,Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling ,Biodiversity ,Context (language use) ,Conservation ,Relative environmental turnover ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Mediterranean Basin ,Phylogenetic diversity ,relative environmental turnover ,phylogenetic endemism ,Phylogenetic endemism ,Endemism ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Phylogenetic tree ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,conservation ,Euro-Mediterranean vascular flora ,15. Life on land ,Geography ,13. Climate action ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Spatial ecology ,phylogenetic diversity - Abstract
Aim: The Mediterranean Basin is a major hotspot of plant biodiversity, including forest trees. Over the past centuries, Mediterranean forests have been fragmented and over-exploited, to which the threats of climate change are now added. Our aim is to better understand patterns and processes of tree biodiversity in the Mediterranean and to provide indicators complementing the traditional approaches to biodiversity conservation based on species counts and occurrences, using georeferenced phylogenetic diversity and endemism analyses in a spatial ecological context. Location: Mediterranean Europe. Methods: Using a dated phylogeny of the 64 Euro-Mediterranean tree genera, we calculated phylogenetic diversity for all 50 × 50 km2 grid cells spanning Mediterranean Europe (n = 643) and compared values with those obtained for genus-level taxonomic diversity. Then, we tested the relative influence of geography, past and present climate, and soil on tree diversity (phylogenetic or taxonomic) and its geographical turnover. Geographical patterns of phylogenetic endemism were inferred using the Categorical Analyses of Neo- and Paleo-Endemism (CANAPE) methodology. Results: We showed that phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity within and among cells are correlated and influenced by soil parameters as well as current, Holocene and Late Glacial Maximum climate. Southern Spain, Cyprus and some Aegean islands contained areas of disproportionately high phylogenetic diversity and a concentration of phylogenetic paleo-endemics, while phylogenetic neo-endemism was high in eastern Sicily. Mixed phylogenetic endemism regions were detected in southern Spain and Portugal, in the Balkans and in Crete. Main conclusions: Our phylogenetic approach provides relevant indicators for better protecting forests of the Mediterranean, encompassing past and present evolutionary processes and factors. We consider areas that show a concentration of evolutionary history manifested by high phylogenetic endemism as high priority targets for the conservation of the European tree flora. Aix-Marseille University ANR-11-LABX-0061
- Published
- 2021
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