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There is controversial literature about the effects of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine family in COVID-19 pathogenesis and immunity. So we aimed to identify the potential in the role of the IL-2 family in COVID-19. A narrative review search was done through online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search deadline was up to December 2022. We applied no time limits for the searching strategy. After retrieving articles from the databases, the authors summarized the data into two data extraction tables. The first data extraction table described the changes in the IL-2 cytokine family in COVID-19 and the second table described the therapeutic interventions targeting IL-2 family cytokines. The results of the literature on the role of the IL-2 cytokine family do not show a singular rule. IL-2 cytokine family can change during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Some studies suggest that IL-2 cytokine family rise during the infection and cause severe inflammatory response and cytokine storm. These cytokines are shown to be increased in immunocompromised patients and worsen their prognosis. In individuals without underlying disease, the upregulation of the IL-2 family shows the clinical outcome of the disease and rises with disease severity. However, some other studies show that these cytokines do not significantly change. IL-2 cytokine family is mostly upregulated in healthy individuals who had vaccination, but immunocompromised patients did not show significant changes after a single dose of vaccines, which shows that these patients need booster doses for efficient immunity. IL-2 cytokine family can also be used as immunotherapy agents in COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this paper, the application of sodium dodecylsulfate-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an adsorbent was evaluated for the extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of terbinafine hydrochloride in biological fluids before its determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Effects of various parameters on the extraction efficiency such as pH of solution, amount of sodium dodecylsulfate surfactant, extraction time, and desorption conditions were studied and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 2.5 to 500 µg L−1 with the correlation coefficient of 0.9998. Moreover, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 5 to 500 µg L−1 (seven standards) for both urine and plasma samples and the limits of detection were found to be 0.3, 0.7, and 1.5 µg L−1in aqueous, urine, and plasma samples, respectively. Also, the percent of relative standard deviation (RSD%) based on three replicate determinations was in the range of 0.9% to 6.8%. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the extraction of terbinafine from real samples, and satisfactory results were obtained. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]