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Ayran is a traditional fermented dairy drink that is manufactured by mixing yoghurt with water. In this research, the development of phytosterol‐enriched probiotic Ayran, the efficacy of various concentrations of phytosterol (0, 0.5 and 1 mg/L) and inoculation type (free or encapsulated) were investigated. The viability of Lactobacillus casei L26 and physicochemical indices of samples during storage time was studied. Samples with encapsulated probiotics showed lower serum separation due to the hydration of encapsulated agents. Sensory scores revealed that phytosterols are suitable for the enrichment of the probiotic Ayran. Moreover, phytosterol showed no significant changes in pH, acidity and viscosity during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The interaction of an advancing hydraulically loaded crack and in situ fracture network can yield highly complex patterns. We model the connectivity of cells in a finite element domain and in a fracture network by a simplicial complex data structure. The complete adjacency information between cells is determined by one level down facet and one level up cofacet neighborhood information. Combined with a disjoint set data structure, explicit algorithms are derived to efficiently track network connectivity and load transfer between independent fracture sets. We also propose an approach to regularize the application of hydraulic load to newly intersected in situ cracks to smoothen the transition of pressure on intersected cracks from ambient to hydraulic pressure and to avoid the sudden loading of the entire length of these cracks. Numerical results demonstrate the performance of crack connectivity and load transfer models and the effect of regularization model. The results show that as the angle between an incoming hydraulically loaded crack and an in situ crack increases, the effect of in situ crack shifts from slight realignment to diversion/offsetting of the loaded crack. As the angle difference approaches the normal angle, the loaded crack tends to penetrate through the in situ crack. The proposed schemes are also used for transient simulation of 2D reservoirs with multiple perforations surrounded by in situ cracks with and without a bias in the distribution of their orientation. It was shown that from 2 perforations with angles closer to in situ cracks at low loading rates to all perforations at higher loading rates can result in active hydraulic crack propagation. The h‐adaptive method of asynchronous space‐time discontinuous Galerkin method is used to exactly track complex fracture patterns in these dynamic fracture simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications where the diffusive and advective time scales are of similar order give rise to advection-diffusion phenomena that are inconsistent with the predictions of parabolic Fickian diffusion models. Non-Fickian diffusion relations can capture these phenomena and remedy the paradox of infinite propagation speeds in Fickian models. In this work, we implement a modified, frame-invariant form of Cattaneo's hyperbolic diffusion relation within a spacetime discontinuous Galerkin advection-diffusion model. An h-adaptive spacetime meshing procedure supports an asynchronous, patch-by-patch solution procedure with linear computational complexity in the number of spacetime elements. This localized solver enables the selective application of optimization algorithms in only those patches that require inequality constraints to ensure a non-negative concentration solution. In contrast to some previous methods, we do not modify the numerical fluxes to enforce non-negative concentrations. Thus, the element-wise conservation properties that are intrinsic to discontinuous Galerkin models are defined with respect to physically meaningful Riemann fluxes on the element boundaries. We present numerical examples that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, and we explore the distinct features of hyperbolic advection-diffusion response in subcritical and supercritical flows. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]