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The fate of bycatch species released back into the water is crucial to estimate population status and consequent decisions to implement adequate management measurements for elasmobranchs. The shortnose guitarfish, Zapteryx brevirostris, is an endemic species of the Southwest Atlantic. It is currently listed as 'Vulnerable' both in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Brazilian red lists. Although this species displays high tolerance to capture and transportation by fishers from the capture site to the fish market, a significant reduction in survival rates is observed during the reproductive period. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine post‐capture and post‐commercial transportation consequences in pregnant females obtained as bycatch from artisanal fisheries in Southern Brazil. Results showed high abortion rates and reduced maternal survival after abortion, with all abortions occurring within 28 h of monitoring in laboratory. Stress plasma markers were also evaluated, to determine the physiological consequences of capture‐induced parturition to pregnant females. Results showed alteration in all markers measured (plasma urea, pH, lactate, phosphorus, and potassium) with values for dead pregnant females being different from non‐pregnant females and those which survived capture and subsequent abortions. The mortality caused by fisheries bycatch may prove difficult to manage, with immediate release and specific handling protocols for pregnant females implemented through environmental education environmental education and fishermen training programs, potential options to maintain adequate maternal survival and recruitment for this species. There is a growing concern about elamobranch overfishing worldwide, as well as an urgent need for the implementation of containment plans for bycatch, representing a very significant volume of annual catches for batoids and sharks. This study provides new information to understand the impact caused by incidental capture in an endemic and threatened guitarfish, suggesting practices to assist with satisfactory management plans for the shortnose guitarfish, Zapteryx brevirostris, especially during their reproductive season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Elderly patients may be at higher risk of postoperative complications, particularly infective, than younger patients. Method We prospectively followed 163 consecutive patients undergoing elective laparoscopic resection for cancer. We compared patients < 65, 65-80 and > 80 years of age at the time of surgery. Results Seventy (42.9%) patients had no complication; 93 (57.1%) had at least one complication following surgery and in 20 (12.3%) this was major. There was no difference in major complications between the groups (P = 0.47). Patients over 65 years of age were more likely to have a complication of any severity [< 65 years, 39.3%; 65-80 years, 69.3%; and > 80 years, 63.0% (P = 0.002)]. The frequency of gastrointestinal complications (30.1%) was similar in the groups (P= 0.29), as was wound infection (25.2%) (P= 0.65). There was an increase in the frequency of infectious complications, especially chest infection, with age, from 14.8% in patients < 65 years, to 22.7% in patients 65-80 years, to 44.4% in patients > 80 years (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed no increase in overall complications in elderly patients, but Stage II or Stage III cancer (OR = 2.59, P= 0.04) and increasing body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.07 for each unit increase in BMI, P = 0.04) were related to complications. Age remained the only predictor of an infective complication on multivariate analysis. Patients > 80 years of age had 4.21 times the OR of an infective complication (P = 0.03). Conclusion Older patients are more susceptible to infective complications postoperatively, particularly chest complications. Surgeons should alter their practice to reduce morbidity, such as adopting protocols requiring early physiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although paediatric growth charts are recommended for weight assessment prior to age 20, many teenagers transition earlier to adult care where absolute body mass index ( BMI) is used. This study examines concordance of weight classification in older teenagers using paediatric percentiles and adult thresholds. Methods BMI from 23 640 US teens ages 18-19 years were classified using paediatric BMI percentile criteria for underweight (< 5th), normal (5th to < 85th), overweight (85th to < 95th), obesity (≥ 95th) and severe obesity (≥ 120% × 95th percentile) and adult BMI (kg m−2) criteria for underweight (< 18.5), normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9) and obesity: class I (30-34.9), class II (35-39.9) and class III (≥ 40). Concordance was examined using the kappa (κ) statistic. Blood pressure ( BP) from the same visit was classified hypertensive for BP ≥ 140/90. Results The majority of visits (72.8%) occurred in adult primary care. Using paediatric/adult criteria, 3.4%/5.2% were underweight, 66.6%/58.8% normal weight, 15.7%/21.7% overweight, 14.3%/14.3% obese and 4.9%/6.0% severely/class II-III obese, respectively. Paediatric and adult classification for underweight, normal, overweight and obesity were concordant for 90.3% (weighted κ 0.87 [95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.88]). For severe obesity, BMI ≥ 120% × 95th percentile showed high agreement with BMI ≥ 35 kg m−2 (κ 0.89 [0.88-0.91]). Normal-weight males and moderately obese females by paediatric BMI percentile criteria who were discordantly classified into higher adult weight strata had a greater proportion with hypertensive BP compared with concordantly classified counterparts. Conclusions Strong agreement exists between US paediatric BMI percentile and adult BMI classification for older teenagers. Adult BMI classification may optimize BMI tracking and risk stratification during transition from paediatric to adult care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Previous work has examined the impact of technology on information sharing and communication between doctors and patients in general practice consultations, but very few studies have explored this in hospital settings. Aims To assess if, and how, senior clinicians use an iPad to share information (e.g. patient test results) with patients during ward rounds and to explore patients' and doctors' experiences of information sharing events. Methods Ten senior doctors were shadowed on ward rounds on general wards during interactions with 525 patients over 77.3 h, seven senior doctors were interviewed and 180 patients completed a short survey. Results Doctors reported that information sharing with patients is critical to the delivery of high-quality healthcare, but were not seen to use the iPad to share information with patients on ward rounds. Patients did not think the iPad had impacted on their engagement with doctors on rounds. Ward rounds were observed to follow set routines and patient interactions were brief. Conclusions Although the iPad potentially creates new opportunities for information sharing and patient engagement, the ward round may not present the most appropriate context for this to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim There are many surgical techniques that deal with external rectal prolapse but perineal procedures have the advantage of reduced invasiveness. Therefore, despite concerns regarding high recurrence rates, the technique is still used by many surgeons. Method This manuscript and video describe our early clinical experience using the Harmonic scalpel in 11 consecutive patients who underwent a Delorme's procedure for external rectal prolapse. Results The median age of patients was 76 (range: 30-94) years. There were no intra-operative complications, and the median operative time was 78 min. Intra-operative blood loss was minimal (mean 45 ml; range 20-70 ml). Median length of stay was 2 (range: 0-8) days. Overall morbidity and recurrence were both 18%, with a median follow-up of 15 (range: 1-23) months. Nine patients were operated on by a senior trainee with consultant supervision. Conclusion The advantages of this device are mainly those of ease of mucosal dissection, minimal blood loss and shorter operative time in comparison with published series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is already known about this subject The prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased dramatically over the past three decades., There is a growing spectrum of severe obesity among children and adolescents., Obesity trends and race/ethnic differences may be evident at a young age., What this study adds Among children aged 3-5 years, the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity was higher in boys than in girls, and highest among children of Hispanic ethnicity., Within this young age group, higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with greater height percentile., Among obese children aged 5 years, provider recognition of obesity or elevated BMI was high, approaching 80% of children., Background Early childhood adiposity may have significant later health effects. This study examines the prevalence and recognition of obesity and severe obesity among preschool-aged children. Methods The electronic medical record was used to examine body mass index ( BMI), height, sex and race/ethnicity in 42 559 children aged 3-5 years between 2007 and 2010. Normal or underweight ( BMI < 85th percentile); overweight ( BMI 85th-94th percentile); obesity ( BMI ≥ 95th percentile); and severe obesity ( BMI ≥ 1.2 × 95th percentile) were classified using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Provider recognition of elevated BMI was examined for obese children aged 5 years. Results Among 42 559 children, 12.4% of boys and 10.0% of girls had BMI ≥ 95th percentile. The prevalence was highest among Hispanics (18.2% boys, 15.2% girls), followed by blacks (12.4% boys, 12.7% girls). A positive trend existed between increasing BMI category and median height percentile, with obesity rates highest in the highest height quintile. The prevalence of severe obesity was 1.6% overall and somewhat higher for boys compared with girls (1.9 vs. 1.4%, P < 0.01). By race/ethnicity, the highest prevalence of severe obesity was seen in Hispanic boys (3.3%). Among those aged 5 years, 77.9% of obese children had provider diagnosis of obesity or elevated BMI, increasing to 89.0% for the subset with severe obesity. Conclusions Obesity and severe obesity are evident as early as age 3-5 years, with race/ethnic trends similar to older children. This study underscores the need for continued recognition and contextualization of early childhood obesity in order to develop effective strategies for early weight management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Stapled transanal rectal resection ( STARR) is used for patients with obstructive defaecation syndrome ( ODS) not responding to conservative management. Reports indicate mixed results and there are no studies publishing the long-term outcome. Method Following full investigation, 37 patients with ODS underwent a STARR procedure by one of the authors ( SP) between 2005 and 2010. Results The median (range) patient age was 53.0 (28-79) years and all were female. Median (range) follow up was 13 (0-57) months, and nine (24.3%) patients were followed for longer than 24 months. Eighteen patients had undergone at least one (and often multiple) previous gynaecological procedures, including hysterectomy ( n = 14), colposuspension ( n = 3), vaginal rectocele repair ( n = 4) and pelvic floor repair ( n = 5). Four patients had had at least one previous rectal operation [stapled anopexy ( n = 3) and Delorme's procedure ( n = 2)]. One patient did not attend for postoperative follow up. Of the remaining 36 patients, 18 had resolution of obstructive symptoms. Of the 18 with residual symptoms, 17 eventually reported the same level of symptoms as before the STARR procedure. There was a significant correlation between the presence of residual symptoms and long-term ODS recurrence ( P < 0.0005). For those with residual symptoms, the mean (95% CI) time to symptom recurrence was 3 (2.86-11.81) months. Twenty (56%) patients were satisfied with the outcome from the STARR procedure. Conclusion Residual symptoms are a strong indicator of long-term failure. STARR was effective for symptom resolution in 50% of patients. Those who had undergone pelvic floor or rectal prolapse surgery were significantly more likely to experience recurrent symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal Nurse Specialist (CNS) clinics for postoperative follow up of colorectal cancer aim to maintain clinical efficacy while reducing costs. We prospectively studied the efficacy and financial implications of such a clinic This was a prospective study of all patients attending CNS clinics over 3 years. A lower-risk protocol for patients with Dukes A was used over 3 years and a higher-risk protocol for patients with Dukes B, C or D was used over 5 years. Department of Health Pricing Charts were used to cost the follow-up protocols, and adjustment was performed to calculate the cost of each quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained. One hundred and ninety-three patients entered into this nurse-led follow-up protocol implemented by the CNS clinic between 2005 and 2007. The Dukes stages and proportions of patients in each stage were as follows: stage A, 13%; stage B, 8%; stage C, 36.3%; and stage D, 9.3%. Ninety-seven per cent underwent curative treatment and 2.6% had palliative treatment. Twenty-one per cent of patients developed recurrent disease. Overall actuarial 5-year survival was 80% and recurrences had a 30% 5-year actuarial survival. The total cost per patient for 3 years of follow up was £1506 and £1179 for lower-risk rectal and nonrectal cancers, respectively. The adjusted cost for each QALY gained for lower-risk tumours was £1914. The total cost per patient with higher-risk tumours was £1814 and £1487 for rectal and nonrectal tumours, respectively. The adjusted cost for each QALY gained was £2180 for higher-risk tumours. This clinic demonstrated cost-effective detection of recurrent disease. Computed tomography (CT) was the most sensitive alert test. As all recurrences were detected within 4 years, we suggest that this is the indicated time to follow up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations in the gene encoding subunit B of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDHB) are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and are associated with hereditary paraganglioma (PGL) and pheochromocytoma. The phenotype of patients with SDHB point mutations has been previously described. However, the phenotype and penetrance of gross SDHB deletions have not been well characterized as they are rarely described. The objective was to describe the phenotype and estimate the penetrance of an exon 1 large SDHB deletion in one kindred. A retrospective and prospective study of 41 relatives across five generations was carried out. The main outcome measures were genetic testing, clinical presentations, plasma catecholamines and their O-methylated metabolites. Of the 41 mutation carriers identified, 11 were diagnosed with PGL, 12 were found to be healthy carriers after evaluation, and 18 were reportedly healthy based on family history accounts. The penetrance of PGL related to the exon 1 large SDHB deletion in this family was estimated to be 35% by age 40. Variable expressivity of the phenotype associated with a large exon 1 SDHB deletion was observed, including low penetrance, diverse primary PGL tumor locations, and malignant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implanon is a new implantable, progestin-only contraceptive which was approved in the United States in July 2006. Implanon is comprised of a single ethylene vinylacetate copolymer rod that is 4 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. It is inserted subdermally in the groove between the biceps and triceps of the nondominant arm. A literature review was conducted and side effects are discussed. Implanon offers promise as a high-efficacy, long-term contraceptive and can enhance the contraceptive options offered by the women's health care providers. Clinical trial data indicate that the device is both safe and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) was initially described in children but can occur in all age groups. Cyclic vomiting syndrome is increasingly recognized in adults. However, the lack of awareness of CVS in adults has led to small numbers of diagnosed patients and a paucity of published data on the causes, diagnosis and management of CVS in adults. This article is a state-of-knowledge overview on CVS in adults and is intended to provide a framework for management and further investigations into CVS in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pacak K, Ilias I, Adams KT, Eisenhofer G (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece). Biochemical diagnosis, localization and management of pheochromocytoma: focus on multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 in relation to other hereditary syndromes and sporadic forms of the tumour (Minisymposium).J Intern Med2005;257:60–68.Approximately 50% of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2A or 2B develop pheochromocytoma. These tumours are almost exclusively benign and localized in the adrenal glands. About one-third are bilateral at initial diagnosis. Amongst patients with pheochromocytoma, those with MEN 2A have subtler symptoms compared to those with sporadic disease. Since pheochromocytomas in patients with MEN 2 often secrete catecholamines episodically (but metabolize them continuously to metanephrines), the first choice for biochemical diagnosis is the measurement of free metanephrines in plasma, with urinary fractionated metanephrines being the second choice. In patients with pheochromocytomas that produce exclusively normetanephrine, MEN 2 can be excluded. In patients with biochemically proven MEN 2-related pheochromocytoma, anatomical imaging of the adrenals (with either computerized tomography or magnetic resonance) should be obtained next. Functional imaging with specific ligands (e.g. scintigraphy with [123I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine or, if available, positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodopamine, [18F]-dihydroxyphenylalanine, [11C]-adrenaline or [11C]-hydroxyephedrine) may then be particularly useful in patients with distorted anatomy from previous surgery, in cases of equivocal biochemical data despite high clinical suspicion for a tumour, to rule out multifocal disease, or where there is suspicion of metastatic disease (e.g. tumours larger than 5 cm). Laparoscopic surgery is the treatment of choice and subtotal (cortical-sparing) adrenalectomy is the procedure of choice in bilateral pheochromocytomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) control programmes in areas endemic for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense rely on a strategy of active mass screening with the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT)/T. b. gambiense. We evaluated the performance, stability and reproducibility of the CATT/T. b. gambiense on blood-impregnated filter papers (CATT-FP) in Kajo-Keji County, South-Sudan, where some areas are inaccessible to mobile teams. The CATT-FP was performed with a group of 100 people with a positive CATT on whole blood including 17 confirmed HAT patients and the results were compared with the CATT on plasma (CATT-P). The CATT-FP was repeated on impregnated filter papers stored at ambient and refrigerated temperature for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days. Another 82 patients with HAT, including 78 with a positive parasitology, were tested with the CATT-FP and duplicate filter paper samples were sent to a reference laboratory to assess reproducibility. The CATT-FP was positive in 90 of 99 patients with HAT (sensitivity: 91%). It was less sensitive than the CATT-P (mean dilution difference: -2.5). There was no significant loss of sensitivity after storage for up to 14 days both at ambient and cool temperature. Reproducibility of the CATT-FP was found to be excellent (kappa: 0.84). The CATT-FP can therefore be recommended as a screening test for HAT in areas where the use of CATT-P is not possible. Further studies on larger population samples in different endemic foci are still needed before the CATT-FP can be recommended for universal use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the implementation of a prototype ATM adaptation layer (AAL) within the kernels of two machines running Sun Operating System 4.1.1. The implementation is achieved by using the STREAMS paradigm and an Ethernet link between the two machines as a surrogate optical fibre link. The flexibility of the STREAMS facility for building layered protocols, and the real-time performance limitations of the STREAMS scheduling system are identified. STREAMS is shown to be no less susceptible to naïe buffer utilization than earlier paradigms. It is necessary to minimize message passing and copying of data to achieve high throughput. This study has clarified several key issues in the functional design of AALs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Adult mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae Giles and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), were exposed for 3 min to replicate samples of polyester netting cut from replicate bednets treated with pyrethroid insecticide formulations at the recommended concentration (alphacypermethrin SC at 40 mg ai/m2 ; cyfluthrin EW at 50 mg ai/m2 ; deltamethrin WT at 25 mg ai/m2 ), or treated with only a quarter of those dosages. After 4 months domestic use of the bednets in Malawi, chemical assays showed that pyrethroid deposits on the netting were somewhat less than the target concentrations. Comparing the pyrethroid bioassay results with Anopheles at both treatment concentrations, deltamethrin gave significantly higher mortality (99.7–100%) than the other compounds (alphacypermethrin 94–96%, cyfluthrin 80–89%). Culex bioassay mortality was lower (alphacypermethrin 56–74%; cyfluthrin 63–65%; deltamethrin 50–81%) and results with the three pyrethroid insecticides at their recommended doses did not differ significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using bovine plasma albumin as an antigen anaphylactic sensitivity was found to be highly heritable, h²=0·92 (0·54 to 1·0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polymorphisms in the α2c adrenergic receptor (ADRA2C) and the β1 adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) genes have been suggested to act synergistically in heart failure (HF) risk. We tested their association (and synergism) with β-blocker (BB) response in HF.Methods: Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was determined by echocardiography at baseline and after 5-6 months of metoprolol CR/XL therapy in 54 patients with systolic HF. ADRB1 Arg389Gly and ADRA2C 322-325 Insertion/Deletion (Ins/Del) polymorphisms were determined by pyrosequencing. Linear regression modeling of end of study EF was done with patient age, race, genotypes, HF etiology, spironolactone, digoxin, and furosemide use and final metoprolol CR/XL dose considered in the model. EF response by genotype was compared by t-tests and ANOVA.Results: Significant predictors of the end study EF were baseline EF, Del-carrier status, Arg389Arg genotype and age. The combination of both genotypes (Arg389Arg & Del-carrier) (Gp1) showed the greatest EF change. Adjusting for baseline EF and age, the end study EF of Gp1 was significantly different from the 3 other groups (overall p=0.0012) (table).Conclusions: Polymorphisms in the ADRB1 and ADRA2C genes synergistically influence the left ventricular reverse remodeling response to β-blockers in HF.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 79, P31–P31; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.12.113 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Technology, such as telehealth, is increasingly used to support home dialysis patients. The challenges patients and carers face when home dialysis nursing visits are provided via telehealth have yet to be explored., Objectives: To explore patients' and carers' perspectives as they transition to telehealth-assisted home visits and identify the factors influencing their engagement in this modality., Design: A mixed-methods approach, guideed by the behaviour change wheel using the capability, opportunity, motivation-behaviour model to explore individual's perceptions of telehealth., Partcipants: Home dialysis patients and their carers., Measuruements: Suveys and qualitative interviews., Methods: A mixed-methods approach was undertaken, combining surveys and qualitative interviews. It was guided by the Behaviour Change Wheel using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation- Behaviour model to explore individuals' perceptions of telehealth., Results: Thirty-four surveys and 21 interviews were completed. Of 34 survey participants, 24 (70%) preferred face-to-face home visits and 23 (68%) had previously engaged in telehealth. The main perceived barrier identified in the surveys was knowledge of telehealth, but participants believed there were opportunities for them to use telehealth. Interview results revealed that the convenience and flexibility of telehealth were perceived as the main advantages of telehealth. However, challenges such as the ability to conduct virtual assessments and to communicate effectively between clinicians and patients were identified. Patients from non-English speaking backgrounds and those with disabilities were particularly vulnerable because of the many barriers they faced. These challenges may further entrench the negative view regarding technology, as discussed by interview participants., Conclusion: This study suggested that a blended model combining telehealth and face-to-face services would allow patient choice and is important to facilitate equity of care, particularly for those patients who were unwilling or had difficulty adopting technology., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Renal Care published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Dialysis & Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association.)

Background: Low-quality evidence suggests that pre-operative exclusive enteral nutrition (E/EN) can improve postoperative outcomes in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). It is not standard practice in most centres., Aims: To test the hypothesis that pre-operative EN in patients undergoing ileal/ileocolonic surgery for CD is associated with improved postoperative outcome., Methods: We performed a single centre retrospective observational study comparing surgical outcomes in patients receiving pre-operative EN (≥600 kcal/day for ≥2 weeks) with those who received no nutritional optimisation. Consecutive adult patients undergoing ileal/ileocolonic resection from 2008 to 2020 were included. The primary outcome was postoperative complications <30 days. Secondary outcomes included EN tolerance, specific surgical complications, unplanned stoma formation, length of stay, length of bowel resected, readmission and biochemical/anthropometric changes., Results: 300 surgeries were included comprising 96 without nutritional optimisation and 204 optimised cases: oral EN n = 173, additional PN n = 31 (4 of whom had received nasogastric/nasojejunal EN). 142/204 (69.6%) tolerated EN. 125/204 (61.3%) initiated EN in clinic. Patients in the optimised cohort were younger at operation and diagnosis, with an increased frequency of penetrating disease and exposure to antibiotics or biologics, and were more likely to undergo laparoscopic surgery. The optimised cohort had favourable outcomes on multivariate analysis: all complications [OR 0.29; 0.15-0.57, p < 0.001], surgical complications [OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.20-0.87, p = 0.02], non-surgical complications [OR 0.24 95% CI 0.11-0.52, p < 0.001], infective complications [OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.16-0.66, p = 0.001]., Conclusions: Oral EN was reasonably well tolerated and associated with a reduction in 30-day postoperative complications. Randomised controlled trials are required to confirm these findings., (© 2022 The Authors. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

In this latest contribution to the 'When I say … ' series, Vass and Adams explore the pervasive impact of colonisation as an under-recognised and poorly addressed context of medical education., (© 2021 Association for the Study of Medical Education and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives/hypothesis: Glottic stenosis is a discrete cause of airway compromise. We aimed to determine the surgical outcomes of transverse cordotomy with anteromedial arytenoidectomy (TCAMA), performed in the setting of isolated glottic stenosis resulting from two discrete etiologies: bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP) and posterior glottic stenosis (PGS)., Study Design: Retrospective, analytic cohort study., Methods: Twenty-six patients with isolated glottic stenosis were treated with TCAMA between 2006 and 2019. A retrospective analysis determined decannulation rates and intervals, voice outcomes, swallowing outcomes, and reoperation rates postoperatively. Outcomes between the two etiologic cohorts were compared., Results: Of the 26 patients, 16/26 patients were diagnosed with PGS and 10/26 with BVFP. Eighteen patients required tracheotomies during their clinical course (11/16 PGS, and 7/10 BVFP), and 100% were ultimately decannulated. The PGS cohort required two-sided interventions more frequently than the BVFP cohort (45.5% vs. 0%, P = .066). Trach-dependent PGS patients required a longer time to achieve decannulation than BVFP patients by a factor of 2.38, although the difference was not statistically significant (102.3 days vs. 42.9 days, respectively, P = .113). Patients demonstrated a significant change in maximum phonation time but no statistically significant differences with preoperative versus postoperative voice outcomes like voice-related quality of life. All patients ultimately returned to their baseline swallow function postoperatively., Conclusion: TCAMA is an effective treatment for surgical rehabilitation of glottic stenosis caused by both BVFP and PGS. Patient-reported outcomes of postoperative vocal function remain consistent following surgical intervention. Additional, prospective studies with greater power are warranted to validate the contrasting outcomes observed when applying this discrete surgical technique across two distinct diagnostic cohorts in this retrospective study., Level of Evidence: 4. Laryngoscope, 131:2305-2311, 2021., (© 2021 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)