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Background: It is hypothesized that levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are higher in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (type-2 DM) than controls (systemically healthy individuals without CP. The aim was to assess the levels of AGEs in the GCF of CP patients with and without type-2 DM.Methods: Participants were divided into three groups as follows. Group-1: Patients with type-2 DM and CP; group-2: Non-diabetic individuals with CP; group-3: Non-diabetic individuals without periodontal diseases. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Full-mouth plaque-index (PI), bleeding-on-probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and marginal-bone-loss (MBL) were assessed. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were recorded. The GCF was collected and levels of AGEs were assessed using standard techniques. Group comparisons were performed and P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Ninety-four individuals (32, 31, and 31 individuals in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were included. Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher in group-1 than groups 2 (P <0.05) and 3 (P <0.05). The mean age of individuals in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 55.2, 51.5, and 50.7 years, respectively. The mean duration of type-2 DM among individuals in group-1 was 8.2 years (7 to 10 years). Levels of AGEs were detected in all the patients. The mean GCF levels of AGEs were significantly higher among patients in group-1 (521.9 pg/mL [428.5 to 569.3 pg/mL]) (P <0.01) than groups 2 (234.84 pg/mL [216.8 to 318.9 pg/mL]) and 3 (87.2 pg/mL [75.2 to 97.8 pg/mL]). The mean GCF levels of AGEs were significantly higher among patients in group-2 (P <0.01) than group-3 (P <0.01).Conclusion: The GCF levels of AGEs are higher in CP patients with type-2 DM compared to systemically healthy individuals with and without periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Assessment of cotinine levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) may serve as a valuable biomarker of peri‐implant diseases in nicotine‐product users. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare cotinine levels in the PISF among cigarette smokers, waterpipe users, electronic‐cigarette users, and nonsmokers. Materials and Methods: Cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, electronic‐cigarette users, and nonsmokers were included. A questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, duration of smoking and vaping, family history of smoking, duration of smoking/vaping, and daily frequency of smoking/vaping. Implant‐related data including implant dimensions and duration of implants in function were also recorded. In all groups, peri‐implant probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), and plaque index (PI) were assessed. Using standard techniques, PISF was collected and levels of cotinine in the PISF were measured. Sample‐size estimation was performed, and statistical comparisons were done using one‐way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc adjustment tests. P values below.05 were categorized as statistically significant. Results: One hundred two male individuals (35 cigarette smokers, 33 waterpipe smokers, 34 electronic‐cigarette users, and 35 nonsmokers) were included. Scores of peri‐implant PI (P < .05) and PD (P < .05) were significantly higher among cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, and electronic‐cigarette users compared with nonsmokers. Peri‐implant BoP was more often manifested in nonsmokers compared with cigarette smokers (P < .05), waterpipe smokers (P < .05), and electronic‐cigarette users (P < .05). The volume of collected PISF was significantly higher among cigarette (P < .05) and waterpipe smokers (P < .05) and electronic‐cigarette users (P < .05) than nonsmokers. Cotinine levels were significantly higher in the PISF of cigarette (P < .05) and waterpipe smokers (P < .05) and electronic‐cigarette users (P < .05) than nonsmokers. Conclusions: Habitual use of nicotinic products enhances the expression of cotinine in the PISF. Cotinine levels in the PISF of cigarette and waterpipe smokers and electronic‐cigarette users are comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Efficacy of mechanical debridement (MD) with adjunctive probiotic therapy (PT) in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis (PiM) in cigarette‐smoking and never‐smoking subjects remains uninvestigated. Purpose: The aim was to assess the efficacy of MD with adjunctive PT in the treatment of PiM in cigarette‐smoking and never‐smoking individuals. Materials and Methods: Patients with (group I) and without PiM (group II) were included. Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Treatment‐wise, patients in groups I and II were subdivided into: (a) Patients that underwent MD with adjunct PT (using Lactobacillus reuteri); and (b) MD alone. In all groups, probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured at baseline and compared after 3‐ and 6‐months. Baseline peri‐implant crestal bone levels were also measured. Sample‐size estimation was performed, and statistical comparisons were done using one‐way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post‐hoc adjustment tests. P values under.05 were deemed significant. Results: Eighty individuals (group I: 40 cigarette‐smokers and group II: 40 never‐smokers) with PiM participated in this study. At all‐time intervals, no significant difference in PD, PI, and BOP were observed in all patients in group I. At 3‐months' follow‐up, the differences in BOP (P < .05), and PI (P < .05) were significantly higher in group II that underwent MD + PT than MD alone. At 6‐months' follow‐up, there was no difference in the changes in BOP and PI among subjects that underwent MD with and without adjunct PT. Conclusion: On a short‐term basis, MD with adjunct PT is more effectual in the treatment of PiM than MD alone in never‐smokers. Cigarette‐smoking compromises peri‐implant soft tissue healing following MD with or without adjunct PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) pose diagnostic challenges, and selecting appropriate imaging modalities is crucial for accurate assessment. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy and efficacy of ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in identifying TMDs.A comprehensive meta‐analysis was conducted, including studies that compared US and MRI for TMJ disorder assessments. Fixed‐effects models were utilized to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the chi‐squared test and I2 statistic. Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies included.Six studies were included, involving a total of 281 participants. The meta‐analysis demonstrated that MRI was statistically somewhat better than US in identifying TMJ disorders. The summary OR was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.46–0.90), and the summary RR was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68–0.95). Heterogeneity among the studies was low (χ2 = 2.73, df = 5, p = .74; I2 = 0%). Demographic variables revealed variations in sample size, gender ratio and mean age across the studies.This meta‐analysis provides evidence that MRI may be more effective than US in diagnosing TMDs. However, the study is limited by the small number of included studies and variations in demographic variables and study designs. Future research with larger samples and standardised protocols is essential to confirm and strengthen these findings. Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of MRI and US for TMJ disorders will aid clinicians in making informed decisions for effective TMJ disorder assessments and patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]