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The Erqis tectonic belt, situated at the junction of the Chinese Altai‐East Junggar, originated through the subduction of the Ob‐Zaisan Ocean, playing a pivotal role in unraveling the tectonic evolution of the southern Altaids. Tectonic and provenance analyses discern three distinct arcs: the Chinese Altai in the north exhibits a protracted history from the late Cambrian to early Permian with a slender accretionary complex (AC) termed the Supute AC; the Kuerti intra‐oceanic arc in the middle emerged during the Silurian to Devonian coevally with a minor AC known as the Tesibahan AC; and the Dulate arc in the south predominantly evolved from the Middle Devonian to Permian, giving rise to the Fuyun AC that independently developed on its northern margin at least until ∼273 Ma. Our findings indicate the existence of multiple arcs within the Ob‐Zaisan Ocean, forming an archipelago paleogeography in the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. Provenance studies lead us to propose that cryptic sutures demarcating the Chinese Altai, Kuerti, and Dulate lie approximately along the Kuerti and Tesibahan faults, respectively, and that the oceanic branches between these arcs subducted northward beneath the Chinese Altai and Kuerti arcs and southward beneath the Dulate arc. Additionally, our work demonstrates the closure of the Ob‐Zaisan Ocean most probably postdates ∼273 Ma. Combining our data with previous research, we present a novel tectonic evolution model, elucidating several arc amalgamations with multiple subduction polarities between Chinese Altai and East Junggar throughout the late Cambrian to Permian. Key Points: The Erqis tectonic belt predominantly comprises accretionary complex and slices of arcsThe cryptic suture between Chinese Altai and East Junggar extends along the Tesibahan‐Mayine'bo faults rather than the Erqis faultThe Ob‐Zaisan Ocean had subducted southward beneath the East Junggar and closed later than the Permian [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Megaturbidites are commonly used to reconstruct the seismic history (palaeoseismology) of areas where large earthquakes occur. However, the depositional mechanisms and sedimentary characteristics of these deposits are not yet fully understood. This study unravels the sequence of sediment deposition that occurred in Lake Lucerne (Vitznau Basin) following the 1601 ce earthquake in central Switzerland. During this event, slope failures were triggered, generating mass flows and turbidity currents that led to the formation of mass‐transport deposits and a megaturbidite. These deposits are sampled in 28 sediment cores, which are examined with X‐ray computed tomography scans (medical and μCT), grain‐size analysis and natural remanent magnetisation. This suite of analyses allows a detailed reconstruction of turbidite stacking and amalgamation in the centre of the basin, followed by settling of finer sediments influenced by a lake seiche. Initial deposition of mass‐transport deposits is followed by sandy turbidites reaching the depocentre. Some of these turbidite sands can be linked to their source areas, and evidence is found of some turbidites being overridden by mass flows in the peripheral parts of the megaturbidite deposit. Hereafter, sedimentation becomes controlled by seiche‐induced currents, which rework fine sediments upon deposition, leading to subtle grain‐size variations at the base of the seiche‐influenced sub‐unit and a ponded geometry of the megaturbidite. As the seiche movement dampens, a relatively muddy, homogeneous sub‐unit is deposited that drapes the basin plain. Overall, this study provides the first highly detailed sedimentological analysis of megaturbidite deposition in a lake, demonstrating the distinct sedimentological imprint of lake seiching and turbidite amalgamation/stacking. This will improve the recognition and interpretation of earthquake‐induced megaturbidites in other lake records or isolated basins, and demonstrates the value of using (μ)CT scans in combination with traditional sedimentological parameters to reconstruct the depositional processes of megaturbidites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let L$L$ be a nilpotent algebra of class two over a compact discrete valuation ring A$A$ of characteristic zero or of sufficiently large positive characteristic. Let q$q$ be the residue cardinality of A$A$. The ideal zeta function of L$L$ is a Dirichlet series enumerating finite‐index ideals of L$L$. We prove that there is a rational function in q$q$, qm$q^m$, q−s$q^{-s}$, and q−ms$q^{-ms}$ giving the ideal zeta function of the amalgamation of m$m$ copies of L$L$ over the derived subring, for every m⩾1$m \geqslant 1$, up to an explicit factor. More generally, we prove this for the zeta functions of nilpotent quiver representations of class two defined by Lee and Voll, and in particular for Dirichlet series counting graded submodules of a graded A$A$‐module. If the algebra L$L$, or the quiver representation, is defined over Z$\mathbb {Z}$, then we obtain a uniform rationality result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The propagation of bias and its data have sensitive and critical security enterprises, which emphasizing the significance of perfecting state‐of‐the‐art intrusion discovery systems. These days malware pitfalls have turned precipitously vigorous, intricate and independently on this bias and its data. The artificial intelligence approaches have turned into the focus for cybersecurity as these are noticed acting as more applicable for dealing with contemporary malware events. Particularly, the neural networks having its robust conception prosecution which capability can challenge an expansive range of cyber pitfalls. This article portrays the advancement and testing of a neural network for bracket procedures. Also, the point election could be regarded as a combinatorial optimization issue. It also includes a new point selection fashion known as the Mayfly metaheuristic algorithm, which incorporates an S‐shaped transfer function for converting it into a double variant of the Mayfly Algorithm. While distinct seeker results were acquired out of different areas of the hunt space employing the Mayfly Algorithm, a lesser result could be assured. also, there are two bracket networks like piled BiLSTM and CNN LSTM that are regarded for the UNSW‐NB15 dataset, which automatically learn features out of the undressed data for landing the vicious train structure patterns and law sequence patterns. This largely lessens the price of artificial features engineering. The proffered bracket networks are examined employing the criteria like accuracy, precision, recall, F1‐score, and AUC score under binary and multi classes. It is observed that the proffered bracket networks achieve 91.87 of accuracy, 92.769 of precision, 90.47 of recall, and 91.6 of F1‐ score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most multifaceted hydrologic phenomena, affecting several factors such as soil moisture, surface runoff, and significant water shortages. Therefore, monitoring and assessing drought occurrences based on a single drought index are inadequate. The current study develops a multiscalar weighted amalgamated drought index (MWADI) to amalgamate multiple drought indices. The MWADI is mainly based on the normalized average dependence posterior probabilities (ADPPs). These ADPPs are obtained from Bayesian networks (BNs)-based Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. Results have shown that the MWADI correlates more with the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation temperature index (SPTI). As proposed, the MWADI synthesizes drought characteristics of different multiscalar drought indices to reduce the uncertainty of individual drought indices and provide a comprehensive drought assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manipulation of gender in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales is utterly opaque. While "The Knight's Tale" potentially entices readers to think that Chaucer defines a woman regarding her relationship to man, "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" suggests that the poet views a woman as an independent figure whose identity has nothing to do with man. This apparently controversial portrait of gender causes some critics to read Chaucer as a pro‐woman individual; simultaneously, it inspires other critics to view the poet as anti‐feminist. Such debate may cause readers to misjudge Chaucer's multifaceted approach towards gender as well as other hypersensitive topics, thus adding to the atmosphere of complexity and lack of clarity that dominates The Tales. Accordingly, this paper revisits Chaucer's gender‐oriented philosophy in The Tales sieving what is conjectured by the poem's critics from what is said by the poet himself regarding gender. The paper concludes that Chaucer has never had the choice to overtly be or not to be the friend of woman but has always adopted a fence‐sitting strategy concerning the question of gender due to his sociopolitical status. The paper confirms that Chaucer's viewpoint of women is neither feminist nor anti‐feminist but a realistic amalgamation that mirrors the opaque gender culture of England in the fourteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cornelius Cardew's Bun No. 2 (1964) provides a unique opportunity to reconcile the composer's indeterminate graphic score Treatise (1963–7) with a more determinately scored orchestral work which uses orthodox staff notation. It represents an amalgamation of Cardew's approach to two notational systems that, owing to their concurrence of use in his oeuvre, can inform our understanding of how graphic scores can be used in determinate compositional processes and vice versa. This article explores why Cardew decided to embark upon this experiment, using contextual information relating to Autumn '60 (1960) and the influence of other composers, such as Morton Feldman (1926–1987). This is situated in Cardew's notion of 'camouflage', a socio‐musical construct relating to the situation and presentation of his widely varied compositional output in the changing musical environment of the late 1950s and early 1960s. The analysis itself covers a small portion of Bun No. 2, drawing extensively upon Cardew's Treatise Handbook (1971), identifying and extrapolating tendencies of musical‐graphical translation and focussing on the use of major and minor triads and their deformation using geometric concepts of 'perfection' and 'imperfection'. Finally, the article considers the implications of this work both for Cardew and for the aesthetics and wider study of graphic score readings, briefly offering a reflection upon the concept of isomorphism in Ludwig Wittgenstein's picture theory (building upon Cline 2020) in relation to the rhetorical notion of ekphrasis (Bruhn 2000) as a means of explaining the uneasy position that this piece occupied for Cardew, read through the lens of camouflage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant volcanic eruptions have the potential to overturn civilizations. Yet, the driving mechanism and timescale over which batholithic magma reservoirs transition from non‐eruptible crystal mush to mobile melt‐dominated stages and our capacity to detect a pending super‐eruption remain obscure. Here we show, using Sr isotope zonation in plagioclase crystals from three Andean large‐magnitude eruptions (Atana, Toconao, and Tara ignimbrites), that eruptible magma forms by amalgamation of isotopically diverse crystal populations and silicic melt without large‐scale reheating. In each case, crystals record large isotopic diversity in crystal cores, converging toward a common value in crystal rims that coincides with the composition of the rhyolitic carrier melt. Using diffusion chronometry, we show that the assembled magma resided pre‐eruptively in the crust for timescales of no more than decades to centuries for Atana and Tara, but up to several millennia for Toconao. These timescales and isotopic observations are consistent with the accumulation and destabilization of melt‐rich layers in crystal mush. While the prospect of capturing such melt lenses with most geophysical monitoring techniques is pessimistic, gravity modeling indicates that such structures are potentially resolvable. Our findings provoke a new assessment of the origin and hazards associated with large magnitude explosive eruptions. Plain Language Summary: Super‐eruptions are the largest manifestation of explosive volcanism on Earth. If such an event would occur today, it could deeply impact human civilization on a global scale. Yet, signals that may emerge prior to such eruptions are difficult to constrain. To gain greater understanding of the mechanisms and timescales over which giant, eruptible, reservoirs form, and to evaluate our capacity of capturing the evolution toward large eruptions, we studied plagioclase crystals, a mineral that is an excellent recorder of magmatic processes. For three large eruptions in the Central Andes, we analyzed strontium isotopes in traverses from crystal cores to rims to provide a temporal record of melt composition. Our results show that, in each case, the eruptible magma amalgamated from distinct pre‐existing magma pockets that merged prior to eruption. This merged state of the magma did not exist for longer than a few hundred to thousands of years based on the preservation of the crystal strontium‐isotope traverses at high temperatures. These results are consistent with the destabilization of melt‐rich layers on timescales comparable to human lifespans. Although most geophysical imaging methods are unlikely to capture this process, our calculations indicate that gravity monitoring of super‐volcanoes can potentially resolve such structures. Key Points: Sr‐isotopes in plagioclase record the emergence of eruptible magma through amalgamation of pre‐existing mush in the Central AndesThe amalgamated magma did not reside at depth for longer than centuries to millennia based on diffusion chronometryForward modeling indicates that high‐precision gravity monitoring has large potential to resolve eruptible magma amalgamation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Final closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean signifies the ultimate amalgamation of the North China, Tarim, Mongolia, Songliao, Xilinhot and other Central Asian blocks, and therefore, is critical in reconstructing the configuration of the Pangea supercontinent during the late Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic. However, the final closure time remains contentious. Here, we present a systematic palaeomagnetic study on the Upper Permian sedimentary sequences of the Xilinhot Block, located to the north of the Solonker Suture Zone. Rock magnetic results indicate stable pseudo‐domain magnetite is the dominant magnetic carrier. The characteristic components isolated between ~350 and 590°C display the existence of dual polarities. Combined with previous results, the merged site‐mean directions yield a negative reversal test and inconclusive fold tests. By comparing with coeval and posterior data, and correlating with stitching plutons that intruded the sampling sections, we argue for a remagnetization origin for the newly obtained data, which is most likely acquired during the thermal event when the stitching granitic plutons intruded at 242.0 ± 3.7 Ma. Then we synthesized available palaeomagnetic data from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and adjacent blocks, and propose a Late Permian to Early Triassic final closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean. Our reconstruction of Pangea in the Early Triassic negates the existence of a cut‐through seaway between the Mongol‐Okhotsk and Palaeo‐Asian Oceans. The Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean was an extension of Panthalassa, in trumpet‐shaped and faced to the east, rather than an individual oceanic basin separating Siberia from the Cinamuria Block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructing the tectonic architecture of the southern Altaids is of great importance to piece together the continental growth history of the Central Asian continent. In this paper, we address the subduction‐accretion process of the Paleo‐Tianshan Ocean, one branch of the South Tianshan Ocean, in the southern Altaids, through a detailed geological and geochemical investigation of the Wulanmoren Accretionary Complex (WAC). The WAC is composed of ophiolitic mélanges, ocean plate stratigraphy mélanges, and turbiditic coherent units. In this study, we present key geological, petrological, and geochemical evidence indicating back‐arc and ocean island affinity of the igneous rocks of the WAC. Zircon U‐Pb dates of these rocks ages range between 380.2 ± 1.3 and 302.0 ± 5.3 Ma. The sedimentary matrix units of the mélanges were deposited in the Early Devonian (∼405 Ma) to the Late Triassic (∼222 Ma), rather than Silurian strata as previously thought. However, the ages of some detrital zircons in the sedimentary matrix are Precambrian, pointing to a complex evolution involving multiple ocean island terrains and island arcs of different ages that accreted from the mid‐Paleozoic to the Early Mesozoic. Plain Language Summary: Well‐exposed rock outcrops of the Wulanmoren Accretionary Complex (WAC) offer an ideal opportunity to solve the enigma of the evolutionary history of the Paleo‐Tianshan Ocean (PTO) of Central Asia. We report field observations, geochemistry, and geochronology of the WAC in the southern Altaids, pointing to multiple tectonic settings of ages spanning from the Early Devonian (∼405 Ma) to the Late Triassic (∼222 Ma). These reconstructions suggest closure time of the PTO occurred post‐Triassic. Based on detrital zircons provenance analysis, we propose a multi‐island ocean model to explain the tectonic evolution of the PTO in the time period studied. Key Points: The Wulanmoren Accretionary Complex was composed of ophiolitic mélanges, ocean plate stratigraphy mélanges, and coherent unitsThe Late Paleozoic MORB‐like and OIB‐type basalts, and ∼222 Ma coherent units indicate closure of the Paleo‐Tianshan Ocean occurred post‐TriassicThe southern Paleo‐Asian Ocean was an archipelago with several subduction systems which is similar to the modern southwest Pacific [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold catalysis is an extremely enthusiastic field of investigation in the catalysis area. The development of alternative, highly inventive, precompetitive techniques based on gold catalysis has paved the way for executing a broad spectrum of chemical transformations from uncomplicated starting materials. The total synthesis of natural products is a complex and more complicated task. An amalgamation of natural product synthesis through gold‐catalysis has been a thought‐provoking job. The protocol has solved several problems related to the synthesis of numerous complicated natural products. Thus, this review has outlined some of the most notable benchmarks from the last seven years (2015–2021) on gold catalysis and their application in the total synthesis of numerous natural products. The strategy acquired by the authors to accomplish the total synthesis will be elaborately discussed by emphasizing the role of the gold‐catalyzed reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of better yielding nonedible feedstocks and process improvements with locally prepared chemicals is the way forward for improving biodiesel economic viability. Synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) biodiesel from Croton macrostachyus hochst. ex delile (C. M.) seed oil is investigated through the transesterification method including oil extraction and CaO-chicken eggshell waste as a heterogeneous catalyst and ethanol, which has not yet been investigated earlier. The effects of catalyst load from 2% to 6% (w/w) of the weight of oil, ethanol to oil ratio from 9 : 1 to 12 : 1(v/v), reaction temperature from 60 to 80 ℃ , and reaction time variation from 0.45 to 2 hr have been explored. The yield has been investigated, with the oil content of the C. M. seed being 46.85% realized through the solvent extraction route. The central composite design (CCD) using a design expert is employed to investigate the effects of different process parameters for biodiesel synthesis and to find the optimum conditions for maximizing the yield. The conversion to biodiesel via the calcium oxide-heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification route has achieved 91% yield under the optimum conditions. The optimum result predicted by the model is found to be 91.036% at a catalyst loading of 5.802 wt.%, reaction temperature of 76.117 ℃ , a reaction time of 1.969 hr, and ethanol to oil molar ratio of 11.55 with a desirability value of 1.000. The FTIR spectrum confirms the composition and functional groups of synthesized biodiesel under optimum reaction conditions. Physicochemical properties of synthesized C. M. biodiesel are determined, and the results when compared with the biodiesel standard specifications are within the range prescribed. The result showed that C. M. could be a very viable feedstock for the biodiesel industry, which could be exploited as an alternative fuel source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the London Consortium, which perished due to counter accusations and had, with technological devices, the students can access chapter applications, emails, and budgets, arranged from the last to the earliest. It describes the Consortium as an amalgamation of everything that was counter-something. It also states that the Consortium aimed to give an effort that ran counter to established academic norms.

We present the whole‐rock and mineral chemical data of the Khasi meta‐mafic/basic‐trondhjemite intrusives (KMI) and meta‐tonalite‐trondhjemite (MTT) that coevally emplaced the Proterozoic Shillong Group (SG) of Shillong Plateau, northeast (NE) India and discuss their petrogenetic‐tectonic origin. The calc‐alkaline to tholeiite KMI are compositionally transitional between hornblende‐gabbro; hornblende‐diorite and minor‐hornblendite. They show Ta–Nb troughs and strong decoupling large‐ion lithophile/high field strength elements (HFSE) signature consistent with subduction zone‐related basic magmas. The calcic to calc‐alkaline, low‐Al2O3, and I‐type metaluminous Fe‐hedenbergite‐trondhjemite (KMT) exhibits similar trace and rare earth elements (REE) distribution to the KMI. The MTT on the other hand are depleted in trace elements and REE, and correspond with the I‐type granitoids, and are comparable to Proterozoic to Phanerozoic tonalite‐trondhjemite‐granodiorites. Gentle negative sloping of REE in KMI ([La/Lu]CN = 4.04 to 6.35) with moderate LREE, suggests partial melting or, fractional crystallization from a transitional source between garnet and spinel lherzolite. Although almost a flat pattern ([La/Lu]CN = 3.70 to 4.05) for MTT entails a high degree of partial melting from sources similar to Archaean Mafic Composite or Archaean Tholeiite. Trace elemental modellings ([Sr/Y] vs. Y and [La/Yb]N vs. YbN) for MTT infer low pressure (<15 kbar) and high degree partial melting of >50% in equilibrium with 10% garnet +90% amphibole residue. A relatively flat REE pattern with some elevated HREE of MTT compared to KMI suggests for depleted source. Bimodal plutonism and the prevalence of meta‐dacite‐rhyolite in SG invokes for tonalite‐trondhjemite‐dacite setting of a continental arc or, active continental margin tectonic setting. Emplacement of KMI initiated in a temporary relax‐extensional phase and MTT in a compressional regime. This is possibly caused by an over‐thickened crust later subjected to orogenic collapse, exhumation‐metamorphism, and decompressional melting. This event might have taken place between 1.0 to 0.5 Ga during the Pan‐African Orogenic crustal growth, linked to the amalgamation of Gondwana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let M=W∪TV$M=\mathcal {W}\cup _\mathcal {T} \mathcal {V}$ be an amalgamation of two compact 3‐manifolds along a torus, where W$\mathcal {W}$ is the exterior of a knot in a homology sphere. Let N$N$ be the manifold obtained by replacing W$\mathcal {W}$ with a solid torus such that the boundary of a Seifert surface in W$\mathcal {W}$ is a meridian of the solid torus. This means that there is a degree‐one map f:M→N$f\colon M\rightarrow N$, pinching W$\mathcal {W}$ into a solid torus while fixing V$\mathcal {V}$. We prove that g(M)⩾g(N)$g(M)\geqslant g(N)$, where g(M)$g(M)$ denotes the Heegaard genus. An immediate corollary is that the tunnel number of a satellite knot is at least as large as the tunnel number of its pattern knot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Heilongjiang Complex records the evolution history of the Mudanjiang Ocean, which is of great significance to constrain the amalgamation process of the Jiamusi and Songnen‐Zhangguangcai Range massifs. We carried out petrological, chronological, geochemical, mineral chemical and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) fabric analyses on the Heilongjiang Complex in the Yilan area. The latest zircon U–Pb dating results show that the protolith ages of the amphibolite are 261.3 ± 3.0 Ma and 261.8 ± 3.3 Ma, while that of the granodioritic mylonite is 207.8 ± 2.2 Ma. The amphibolites and granodioritic mylonite are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, and Sr) and light rare earth elements, with depletion in high‐field‐ strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf), indicating that the formation of the protoliths of the amphibolites and granodioritic mylonite is related to the subduction of the Mudanjiang oceanic plate under the Songnen‐Zhangguangcai Range Massif. The amphibolites and granodioritic mylonite both experienced two periods of metamorphic and deformation events. The metamorphic degree of the early period of metamorphism is low amphibolite facies, which records a clockwise P–T path from early increased temperature and pressure to a late isothermal depressurization. The P–T path reveals that this period of metamorphism is associated with the collision between two massifs. The later period of metamorphism reaches low greenschist facies, accompanied by deformation, which may be related to the rapid exhumation of the Heilongjiang Complex. This study provides a new perspective for exploring the collision and collage process of the Jiamusi and Songnen‐Zhangguangcai Range massifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we performed single‐particle studies to reveal three‐dimensional spatial orientational changes in the AuNR cores coated with mesoporous silica shell (AuNRs@mSiO2) following mercury (Hg) amalgamation. Defocused orientation imaging technique was used to determine the tilting angle of single AuNR cores after Au–Hg amalgam formation. Single amalgamated AuNR cores inside the silica shell were randomly tilted between 0° and 20° with respect to the glass slide on which they were deposited; no orientational changes were observed for AuNRs@mSiO2 following Hg amalgamation. This study will help in better understanding the effect of silica shell on the morphological and orientation alterations of single AuNRs@mSiO2 induced by Hg amalgamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local government amalgamations, mostly aimed at improving financial sustainability, remain a strongly contested public policy option. Proponents of amalgamation tend to emphasise the advantages of scale and plan around population size targets. By contrast, some scholars note the importance of understanding the needs and tastes of residents for local public services and stress the dangers of amalgamation dominated by population size considerations alone. In this paper, we conduct a robust empirical investigation of a recent amalgamation program dominated by population size considerations. Our results suggest that local government boundaries constructed principally to secure scale benefits have largely failed to deliver on the pecuniary promise of its public policy proponents. We conclude by offering some central public policy recommendations aimed at ensuring that future amalgamation programs might be more successful. Local government amalgamations remain a strongly contested policy option. In this paper, we conduct a robust empirical investigation of a recent amalgamation program dominated by population size considerations. Our results suggest that local government boundaries constructed principally to secure scale benefits have largely failed to deliver on the pecuniary promises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present several examples of hereditary classes of finite structures satisfying the joint embedding property and the weak amalgamation property, but failing the cofinal amalgamation property. These include a continuum‐sized family of classes of finite undirected graphs, as well as an example due to Pouzet with countably categorical generic limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a detailed petrological, structural and geochronological study of the mylonitic Ryoke metamorphic rocks within the granitic mylonite (Kashio mylonite) and Sanbagawa metamorphic rocks along the Median Tectonic Line (MTL), Japan. Located in the Oshika area of the Chubu District, the Kashio mylonite is one of the few geologic units that can be used to determine detailed pressure–temperature–time–deformation (P–T–t–D) paths during mylonitization because it occurs as many small tectonic blocks of mylonitic metasediment. Detailed petrological analysis coupled with conventional thermobarometry and P–T pseudosection modelling give estimated peak P–T conditions (M1a) of 650–790°C at 4.6–5.6 kbar for the Ryoke metamorphic rocks. The gneissose Ryoke granitoids were emplaced subhorizontally at around 685–710°C and 4.6–5.8 kbar, after peak metamorphism. The Kashio shear zone developed immediately after the last igneous activity at ca. 71 Ma, and two stages of mylonitization (stages D1 and D2) can be identified from microstructural observations. The retrograde P–T conditions (M1b) recorded in the Kashio mylonite exhibit a systematic change in temperature from 710°C to 450°C at 5.2–2.6 kbar with decreasing distance from the MTL. By contrast, highly deformed mylonites with zoned garnets demonstrate a striking increase in pressure from 4.0 to 8.3 kbar with decreasing temperature from 590°C to 450°C after low‐P/T‐type metamorphism. Such a temperature range indicating isothermal compression is consistent with deformation temperatures of stage D1 determined from quartz microstructures and quartz c‐axis fabric opening‐angle deformation thermometer. Moreover, the timing of the two mylonitization episodes during retrograde metamorphism are estimated to be 69–67 and 66–64 Ma, respectively, with a high cooling rate of ~34°C/Ma using the revised time–temperature relationship of the host Ryoke granitoids. The rapid change in tectonic setting with strain localization occurred during the brief period between 69 and 64 Ma. Our field and petrological observations imply that a thick D1 mylonite zone was formed by rapid subsidence (≥10 km) with cooling of the hangingwall rocks from the middle crust to the subduction interface. It is considered that the underplating of exhumed high‐P/T‐type metamorphic rocks led to further cooling between hangingwall and footwall rocks and the formation of a narrow D2 mylonite zone, which served as an old plate boundary. Thus, low and high‐P/T‐type metamorphic belts had already been amalgamated as paired metamorphic belts beneath the brittle–ductile transition of the subduction zone before exhumation. The rapid cooling of hangingwall rocks at the subduction interface is proposed to play an essential role in the thermal overprinting of exhumed high‐P/T‐type metamorphic rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Vehicular ad‐hoc network (VANET) is the unstructured evolving conception of a wireless network; clustering in these networks is perplexing due to continuously varying topology and recurrent disconnection in networks. The cluster head (CH) stability plays a noticeable role in robustness and scalability in the network. The author designs a model that includes cluster generation and maintenance. The cluster formation is conceived on the notion that the changes that are brought about due to the vehicle's speed are inevitable. A directed hypergraph approach is used to comprehend this problem, and then, based on the spectral clustering through tensor trace maximization, an optimal number of the cluster is formed. The centers of these clusters are used to place the auxiliary facilities that aid cluster maintenance. In the maintenance phase, the author has envisioned a CH selection method based on a summed amalgamation of three metrics: link lifetime, cooperative connectivity level, and relative cooperative speed superimposed on the vehicular hypergraph network to design the metric for choosing a stable CH. The proposed scheme is tested on the old Delhi area that includes a market area with urban inclusion. Also, the area is highly crowded as being the marketplace. The region also has a tourist attraction as being part of the heritage of Delhi. The traffic density and the variety are high in peak hours—a complete analysis of the different vehicular mobility and routing analysis. The analysis done through microscopic and macroscopic parameters has projected significant improvement in the CH stability and a promising solution for dynamic networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Dengue remains a public health threat. Clarifying the characteristics of future threats and prioritising intervention towards the highest risk potential can help to control and prevent dengue outbreaks. However, obtaining a consensus from panels of experts is certainly challenging due to the relative subjectivity of experience. Therefore, this article incorporates the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) within a nominal group technique (NGT) as a multicriteria decision-making tool for (1) describing the characteristics of socioecological attributes (SEAs) with a high risk of causing dengue outbreak and (2) ranking those SEAs as priorities for intervention. Material and Methods. Experts were recruited using a purposive sampling technique. Informed consent was obtained before the start of the study. The NGT process began with an introductory presentation of dengue SEA by the moderator, followed by "silent generation." Next, each participant provided information in a round-robin fashion. Ideas were collected by the moderator and displayed publicly. All experts were given ample time and space to contribute and justify their ideas without interruption during the discussion step to yield agreeable SEA characteristics. Ultimately, FDM was incorporated in the voting step to ensure rigorous analysis. The study was approved by an ethical committee before its commencement. Results. A total of 10 field experts participated in the study, with a median experience of 7.5 years working on a dengue team. The common characteristics of SEA prone to cause dengue outbreaks were the presence of human-made containers, in high quantities, left unattended, and covered from direct sunlight. Apart from that, all eight SEAs passed the triangulation of fuzzy numbers and defuzzification processes. The average fuzzy numbers ranged between 0.500 and 0.780, and the threshold value (d) ranged from 0.055 to 0.196. Of the potential risk factors identified, experts ranked illegal dumping sites as the most important, followed by old and unused items and construction sites. Conclusion. The NGT process successfully helped to obtain a consensus among the expert panels in describing SEA characteristics. Nevertheless, the integration of FDM offered a robust analysis that validated their ranking in dengue risk prioritisation. Therefore, we strongly recommend the application of FDM to be incorporated in any public health decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the unique design of a circular‐shaped compact hybrid fractal antenna (CCHFA) with defected ground plane for industrial, scientific, and medical band applications. The designed antenna is built on an easily available 1.6 mm thick, FR4 epoxy substrate of size 37.5 × 37.5 mm2. It utilizes a hybrid approach that involves the amalgamation of two distinct circular fractal patterns. A 50 Ω feed line of width 2.8 mm is connected with the designed patch. In this design, the ground plane dimension 'Lg' is optimized specifically with an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. To realize the effectiveness of the proposed design, the performance is practically evaluated through experimental testing. The proposed antenna in its final version, practically offers a bandwidth of 87.2 MHz (3.52%) and gain of 8.1 dB at the claimed resonance. Radiation patterns provided by the proposed CCHFA are arbitrary omnidirectional/bidirectional and exhibit sufficient stability. The simulated and experimental results demonstrate the applicability of ABC algorithm in the devices designed for biomedical purposes. Furthermore, an exhaustive parametric evaluation has also been conducted to examine the effect of variations in few geometrical parameters on the performance of the designed antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The vision of Industry 4.0 is characterized by the amalgamation of cyber‐physical systems and industrial Internet of Things. Such a complex ecosystem urges for the requirement of novel security protocol and mechanisms for access control so as to allow the smart devices to authorize external entities and granting them access rights without depending on centralized authentication entities. The work proposed in this article aims to utilize a community‐based hierarchical approach to define the procedure for obtaining access rights in the Industry 4.0 ecosystem. The proposed scheme considers a hierarchy of authorizing devices that work in collaboration for providing access control of the smart end devices to the users. The adoption of hierarchical structure ensures that the access rights are eventually given to only those users that have passed multiple levels of successful authorization. The proposed scheme also combats any infringement of users identity since the authorizing entities involved in the proposed system work in close collaboration for user authentication. The proposed user authentication scheme has been validated using burrows‐abadi‐needham (BAN)‐logic and is proved to be secure against a variety of security attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Africanized honey bee (AHB) is a New World amalgamation of several subspecies of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), a diverse taxon historically grouped into four major biogeographic lineages: A (African), M (Western European), C (Eastern European), and O (Middle Eastern). In 1956, accidental release of experimentally bred "Africanized" hybrids from a research apiary in Sao Paulo, Brazil initiated a hybrid species expansion that now extends from northern Argentina to northern California (U.S.A.). Here, we assess nuclear admixture and mitochondrial ancestry in 60 bees from four countries (Panamá; Costa Rica, Mexico; U.S.A) across this expansive range to assess ancestry of AHB several decades following initial introduction and test the prediction that African ancestry decreases with increasing latitude. We find that AHB nuclear genomes from Central America and Mexico have predominately African genomes (76%–89%) with smaller contributions from Western and Eastern European lineages. Similarly, nearly all honey bees from Central America and Mexico possess mitochondrial ancestry from the African lineage with few individuals having European mitochondria. In contrast, AHB from San Diego (CA) shows markedly lower African ancestry (38%) with substantial genomic contributions from all four major honey bee lineages and mitochondrial ancestry from all four clades as well. Genetic diversity measures from all New World populations equal or exceed those of ancestral populations. Interestingly, the feral honey bee population of San Diego emerges as a reservoir of diverse admixture and high genetic diversity, making it a potentially rich source of genetic material for honey bee breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amalgamation of Auckland's local authorities in 2010 was remarkable for New Zealand. It created a city‐region to address perceived failures arising from trying to coordinate and align leadership and strategic planning while maintaining political accountability within a fractured local government system. The factors leading up to the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance in 2009 and its findings that led to amalgamation are examined and the Commission's report and its implementation are addressed. Finally, an assessment is made of the operation of the newly created Auckland Council during its first 9 years. Crucial to the amalgamation process was a change of national government, which had a very different political philosophy of the role of (local) government than its predecessor. Despite a difficult start, the Council achieved two of its three initial criteria: creating leadership for Auckland and providing strategic direction for New Zealand's biggest city. The amalgamation in local government in Auckland, New Zealand in 2010 saw a very different political philosophy towards the role, scope, and scale of the country's local government. Despite a difficult start, the Council has managed to achieve two of its three initial criteria: creating leadership for Auckland and providing strategic direction for New Zealand's biggest city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Integration by conventional polymerization of different organic monomers with carbon nitride (CN) is a scalding topic and a simple one‐pot process. To change the electronic structure, chemical composition, and photocatalytic activity of CN, we report the deficient quinone ring monomer here. Thermal copolymerization of urea with 2,6‐diaminoantandantquinone (DQ) monomer is an efficient synthesis of a sequence of modified CN photocatalysts. Results show that the optical absorption capacity is improved by modulating the quinone ring in the CN framework, improving its charge transfer and separation of photogenerated electron and holes. The modified CN shows a notable improvement in the photocatalytic activity of overall water splitting, such as hydrogen evolution rate (HER) and oxygen evolution rate (OER). The co‐polymerized CN‐DQ5.0 displays a remarkable activity of 520.8 μmol/h of H2 evolution and 6.8 μmol/h of O2 evolution, which is around 8 times and 4.5 times greater than CN. The universal copolymerization by a small, optimized amount of monomer DQ explores a remarkable improvement in the photocatalytic activity. Novelty Statement: We manifested the process of molecular doping with carbon nitride (CN) semiconductor for utilization of solar heat radiation into chemical energy under sunlight perspective.Here, we suggest a novel nanoscopic organic‐conjugated heterocyclic monomer 2,6‐diaminoantandantquinone (DQ) monomer as a demonstrator within CN that boost the photocatalytic properties.An identifiable undulation occurred in the surface area, electronic structure, calculated band gap, and chemical composition analysis of CN and also improved its electronic generation process under visible light radiance.The superior photocatalyst stimulated a tremendous photocatalytic activity of water reduction and water oxidation as enhanced catalytic performances compared of pristine sample, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amuria formed in the late Paleozoic through amalgamation of the Mongolia and Songliao‐Jiamusi blocks in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The exact timing of the assembly is critical towards unraveling the Phanerozoic evolution of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean (PAO) and assembly of the Asian blocks in Pangea. Here, we report the first Permo‐Carboniferous paleomagnetic data from the Songliao‐Jiamusi block, aiming to constrain its relative paleoposition with respect to Mongolia. A stable characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) was isolated from 313–292 Ma volcanic‐sedimentary sequences of the Dashizhai Formation. The ChRM yields a primary record of the geomagnetic field with positive fold, reversal and paleosecular variation tests. Along with published paleomagnetic data and geological constraints, we proposed a new reconstruction for the CAOB at 300 Ma. Our model posits that the Songliao‐Jiamusi and Mongolia blocks were welded into the unified Amuria block situated along the northern side of the PAO (∼34°N). On the southern side of the PAO, the Xilinhot and North China blocks were situated at equatorial paleolatitudes and were not amalgamated with Amuria until 250 Ma. This finding provides new insights into Asian paleogeography and the reconstruction of the Pangea supercontinent. Plain Language Summary: There was an ancient triangular block named Amuria in northeast Asia during the late Paleozoic. The Amuria block was formed through amalgamation of several micro‐blocks sometime between the Early Devonian to Early Triassic, yet the exact time is still unclear. One critical element in the assembly is the age of closure for the Nenjiang Ocean which separated the Mongolia block from the Songliao‐Jiamusi block. Our investigation targets paleomagnetic studies for Late Carboniferous to Late Permian rocks of the Songliao‐Jiamusi block. Our study shows that the Mongolia and Songliao‐Jiamusi blocks were situated at a consistent paleolatitude of ∼34°N in ∼300 Ma. Combined with geological evidence, we conclude that the Nenjiang Ocean basin was closed, resulting in the formation of the unified Amuria block, by the Permo‐Carboniferous boundary. Key Points: We report the first Permo‐Carboniferous paleomagnetic data from the Songliao‐Jiamusi blockThe unified Amuria block was situated at the north side of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean (∼34°N) at 300 MaThe North China and Xilinhot blocks were equatorially positioned on the southern side of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean at 300 Ma [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient dryland terminal fluvial systems are often recognized within the rock record for having a progressive downstream decrease in the size and amalgamation of channel elements and systematic downstream increase in sheet and overbank elements, alongside the downstream decrease in grain size that is displayed by most fluvial systems. The spatial distribution and downstream trends displayed by the fluvial sediments of the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of south‐western USA, have been examined quantitatively. The results indicate many trends that are similar to those of a dryland terminal fluvial system, including; a lack of confinement of the fluvial system, a downstream decrease in channel and sheet element amalgamation and width‐to‐thickness ratios, a downstream decrease in grain size, albeit very small, and an increase in the percentage of overbank elements downstream. However, the study highlights several downstream relationships that are atypical. While some of these relationships may be the result of external factors inherent in this study, others, including the thicknesses of channel‐fill and sheet elements that display no significant relationships to distance downstream, and channel‐fill elements that display no significant variation in average grain size with distance downstream, may be a consequence of fluvial interaction with a competing and coeval aeolian system. This work demonstrates the inherent complexity in arid dryland fluvial systems and the downstream architectural and compositional relationships that they depict. Consequently, models for fluvial style may provide only a first‐order approximation for downstream trends in dryland systems, because the controlling factors upon these systems are inherently difficult to unravel, and the sedimentary detail is strongly dependent upon external setting and internal complexity. Consequently, a generalized model may not always be applicable to these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, recent advancements in battery materials' research post‐Li‐ion era, from both the perspective of experimental investigations and theoretical analysis, are focused on. A plethora of materials family, which has been proven to be impactful for Al‐, K‐, and Zn‐ion batteries, leverages the advanced synthesis and characterization along with the first‐principles electronic structure calculations. However, the adequate amalgamation between experimental findings and theoretical study of materials' properties needs to be well addressed. This paves the way to the present article, where the recent progress in Al, K, and Zn battery materials, with a common string of connections between experiment and theory, is critically reviewed. The advanced characteristics relevant to Al‐, Zn‐, and K‐ion battery technology, along with theoretical tools like molecular dynamics simulation, transition pathway, and voltage profiles, are discussed. It also sheds light on the treatment of solid−liquid interfaces and how one can achieve an optimum electrochemical performance for the next‐generation battery advancement. An extensive status quo of the Al‐, Zn‐, and K‐ion battery research would certainly be instrumental for the energy‐storage community, where one can perceive broader viewpoints in battery technology from fundamental understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the notions of weakly and locally positive Robinson theories. We give a characterization of weakly positive Robinson theories by the amalgamation property, and a syntactic characterization of locally positive Robinson theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let α be an arbitrary infinite ordinal, and 2

The Kunyushan granitic complex in the Jiaodong Peninsula, East China, is located in the northeast part of the Sulu UHP metamorphic belt. It is the transition belt of the North China Craton and Sulu UHP metamorphic belt. Field relationship and dating results revealed five intrusive phases of the Kunyushan granitic complex were modified into gneissic fine‐grained garnet‐bearing monzogranite (G1), gneissic medium‐ to fine‐grained monzogranite (G2), medium‐ to coarse‐grained monzogranite (G3), medium‐grained monzogranite (G4), and porphyritic coarse‐ to medium‐grained monzogranite (G5). All these phases have similar rock assemblages of peraluminous, calc‐alkaline, I‐type monzogranites. The monzogranites had primitive mantle‐normalized patterns enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and lithophile elements (Sr, Ba, and Rb), but depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and high‐field‐strength elements (Nb, P, and Ti). LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating shows that the crystallization age of the Kunyushan granitic complex extends at least from 157.7–142.0 Ma. The weighted average ages of G1‐G5 were 145.6 ± 1.9 Ma, 145.8 ± 0.5 Ma, 147.2 ± 0.7 Ma, 154.2 ± 0.6 Ma, and 155.0 ± 0.7 Ma, respectively. G5 to G1, from the middle to the edge shows a trend of gradually becoming younger. Zircon grains from different phases have similar 176Hf/177Hf values from 0.281917 to 0.282298, and εHf(t) values from −27.6 to −14.0, with a weighted average of −22.6 ± 0.5, typical of crustal‐derived origin. The corresponding two‐stage model ages TCDM are from 2,910 to 2,066 Ma, with a weighted average of 2,603 ± 31 Ma. Hf–Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes and inherited zircons suggest that the parental magma of the Kunyushan granitic complex was derived from melting of basement rocks of the North China Craton and the Yangtze Craton. The magmatism presumably took place under the background of subduction and back‐arc extension of the Palaeo‐Pacific plate. We infer that the Kunyushan granitic complex was produced by partial melting of the thickened lower crust, through delamination of the thickened lower crust during the Late Jurassic. This magmatic event may mark the beginning of the extensive Mesozoic thinning of the lithosphere in East China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Permian–Triassic plutons along the Chifeng‐Bayan Obo Fault, southeastern Inner Mongolia, help to provide important constraints on the craton–orogenic boundary of the North China Craton (NCC) and the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and the regionally coeval Mo–Cu mineralization environment. New LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb data indicate that two granites from the Baituyingzi Mo–Cu area in Chifeng city were emplaced at ca. 274 Ma and ca. 242 Ma. They have high SiO2 (73.44–77.82 wt%) and Na2O + K2O (8.49–10.28 wt%) contents and are high‐K calc‐alkaline, with very high differentiation indexes (DI = 97.1–98.3) and low Zr saturation temperatures of whole rocks (703–738°C). They are also characterized by (La/Yb)N ratios of 4.09–9.30 and enrichments in Rb and Th relative to Nb and Ta, with pronounced negative Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0.14–0.50), Ba, Sr, P, and Ti anomalies. Comparatively, the Permian granite has slightly higher zircon εHf(t) values (+1.7 to +4.6) than those of the Triassic granite (εHf(t) = −3.4 to +0.1) and is less alkaline‐rich. These results, combined with petrographic data, indicate that they are highly fractionated I‐type granites. The granites were likely derived from Mesoproterozoic juvenile crust that had experienced subduction‐related fluid metasomatism, and the resulting magmas then underwent extensive fractional crystallization. In combination with regional geology, we propose that: (a) the granites have tectonic affinity with the CAOB and serve as spatial markers for monitoring the juxtaposition of the NCC and the CAOB, and (b) the studied granites and coeval porphyry deposits likely formed in a syn‐ to post‐collisional setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timing and mechanism of the closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean are problematic and controversial. To help resolve these problems, we report geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic data from mid‐Triassic adakitic intrusions in the Eastern Tianshan, NW China. U–Pb dating shows that the adakitic intrusions formed at 243–234 Ma. These mid‐Triassic adakitic intrusions are characterized by high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, low Yb and Y, and positive εNd (t) (+3.12 − +4.71) and low (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.703956–0.704487) values. However, they have high K and low A/NK values (1.16–1.71), relatively low MgO (0.43–1.81 wt%) contents, and Mg# (44–61), low abundances of compatible elements (Cr = 4.09–16.69 ppm, Ni = 2.02–8.03 ppm), which are different from the typical slab‐melting adakites. These features indicate that they were derived from the partial melting of the relatively depleted thickened lower crust. Our new geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic data integrated with the established amalgamation of nearby arcs lead us to conclude that the adakitic intrusions were most likely generated by partial melting of the tectonically thickened (>40 km) juvenile Dananhu intra‐oceanic arc and, therefore, the Kanguer branch of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean closed since ca. 234 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lower Jurassic clastic rocks in the Qiangtang Basin, northern Tibet, are generally regarded as the early sediments of the new Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin (Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous). However, little attention has been paid to the palaeoenvironment, provenance, and tectonic setting of this unit. The QZ‐16 well, located in the east of the northern Qiangtang Basin, firstly recovered the Lower Jurassic strata (Quemo Co Formation) in the Qiangtang Basin. In this paper, the whole‐rock major‐trace elemental characteristics of 34 mudstone samples and detrital zircon geochronology of one sandstone, collected from the Quemo Co Formation of the QZ‐16 well, are reported in order to infer the palaeoenvironment, provenance, and tectonic setting. Quemo Co mudstones are dominated by SiO2 and Al2O3, while Fe2O3, CaO, K2O, and MgO are the second most abundant oxides. They are generally characterized by high REE concentrations, enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs), marked negative Eu and Ce anomalies. The REE contents of the mudstones are mainly controlled by terrigenous detrital minerals input. The Lower Jurassic mudstones have relatively high chemical index of alteration (79.1–83.6) values, indicating moderate to high degree of chemical weathering conditions of the source area. Sr/Ba and Rb/K ratios reflect that the marine transgression impact was limited and the mudstones were generally deposited in a brackish water environment. Major, trace, and REE contents indicate that the mudstones were mainly derived from intermediate igneous rocks with subordinate felsic igneous rocks. Prominent age peaks at ca. 200 ~ 400 Ma, 700 ~ 970 Ma, 1,700 ~ 1,900 Ma, and 2,100 ~ 2,700 Ma of the detrital zircon grains suggest that the Lower Jurassic clastic rocks were derived from the Central Qiangtang and Songpan–Ganzi complex. Moreover, tectonic discrimination diagrams based on major and trace elements show that the source of the Lower Jurassic sediments were most likely derived from a collision tectonic setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of microdomes can significantly increase the surface roughness, contact area, and deformability of materials, which have been adopted in many fields including microfluidics, wearable devices, and microanalysis systems. However, the shape of liquid metal (LM) droplet is defined by the density and surface energy, which has very limited room to tune. In this work, a simple, low‐cost method to effectively control the profile of LM using the masked amalgamation is presented. The LM amalgamates the masked copper surface to create the complex microdomes with various aspect ratios, sizes, profiles, and structures. The concave dome replicated from the LM mold has been demonstrated to enhance the microfluidic mixing performance. With a pattern transfer technique, the microconvex domes can be patterned on the surface of stretchable conductive composites to develop a flexible and sensitive pressure sensor. This sensor exhibits a fast response time, a wide working range, and an enhanced sensitivity for detecting small strains. As such, the fabricated microdomes exhibit a great potential to enable the fabrication of high‐performance sensors, microfluidic platforms, and micro total analysis systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we find the solution for an interesting family of coupled Schrödinger equations exemplifying simulating consequences. The fractional Schrödinger–Boussinesq (FSB) and fractional generalized Zakharov (FGZ) equations are analyzed in the present framework using fractional natural decomposition method (FNDM). The hired technique is graceful amalgamations of natural transform technique with Adomian decomposition scheme. Three different cases are considered, one with FSB equations and two cases are associated with FGZ equations with different initial conditions. To validate and illustrate the proficiency of the projected solution procedure, we analyzed the projected model in terms of fractional order. Further, we captured the nature of FNDM results for different values of fractional order in terms of the plots. The considered scheme is highly effective and structured while examining nonlinear models and which can be observed and confirmed from the obtained results. Moreover, the plots show that the hired fractional operator and algorithm can help to exemplify the more fascinating properties of the complex system associated with real‐world problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We give a method to obtain, from Voiculescu's inequality, norm estimates for sums of free variables with amalgamation in general fully symmetric spaces. We use these estimates to interpolate the Burkholder inequalities for non‐commutative martingales. The method is also applicable to other similar settings. In that spirit, we improve known results on the non‐commutative Johnson–Schechtman inequalities and recover Khinchin inequalities associated to free groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dongliushuquanzi magmatism contains two units: granitic intrusion and multiple intrusive dioritic veins. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon dating results have revealed that the magmatism developed in two distinct episodes: the first episode, which occurred in the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian, is characterized by the main granitic intrusion and the Phase I dioritic veins, Phase II dioritic veins developed during the second magmatic episode in the late Early Permian. The analysing results of major and trace elements indicate that the granitic intrusion are enriched in light rare earth elements and large‐ion lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba, K, but depleted in high‐field‐strength elements, such as Nb, Ta, P, and Ti. These geochemical signatures, in addition to their weak negative Eu anomalies, are similar to those of continental arc magmatic rocks. The main body of the granitic intrusion and the Phase I dioritic veins are characterized by negative and inhomogeneous ε Hf (t) values (include ε Hf (t) < −10 and −10 < ε Hf (t) < −5 two subgroups), they were derived from mixture of decompression melting basaltic juvenile lower crustal materials and partial melting ancient materials in middle‐upper crust. Phase II dioritic veins are characterized by positive and homogeneous zircon εHf(t) values (~ + 10), record predominantly juvenile crustal sources, formed by partial melting of basaltic juvenile lower crustal materials. The two magmatic episodes are in response to slab rollback, slab break‐off and final amalgamation of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean. The ages of inherited zircons record ~499 and ~365 Ma magmatic activity, imply that there also exist Cambrian and Devonian magmatism in the west section of the northern margin of the North China Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is generally accepted that the Kazakhstan Block is an assemblage of Precambrian microcontinents and Early Palaeozoic island arcs, the details and timing constraint of the collage process need to be precisely studied in local regions. Thus, we conducted combined studies of geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes upon the Awusiqi alkali‐feldspar granite and volcanic rocks from the Saur area in northern West Junggar. The Awusiqi volcanic rocks are mainly composed of andesites, rhyolites, and pyroclastic rocks. The alkali‐feldspar granite directly intrudes into the surrounding volcanic strata. Zircon U–Pb ages of the Awusiqi andesites, rhyolites, and alkali‐feldspar granite are 431 ± 3 Ma, 428 ± 5 Ma, and 426 ± 6 Ma, respectively. These new age data imply for the existence of Silurian magmatism in the Saur area. The alkali‐feldspar granite and rhyolites with high silica and alkali contents belong to metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and alkaline series and show seagull‐type REE patterns with strongly negative Eu anomalies. They are relatively enriched in the light rare earth elements (LREEs), K, Rb, Ba, Cs and other large‐ionic lithophile elements (LILEs), and are poor in P, Sr, and Eu, geochemically similar to those of A2‐type granites. The alkali‐feldspar granites have positive zircon εHf(t) values varying from +11.03 to +16.87 and young Hf model ages (TDM2 = 686 – 425 Ma). These features suggest that the Awusiqi alkali‐feldspar granite and rhyolites (except sample 18XJSF22C) were generated by partial melting of the juvenile lower crust with fractional crystallization, whereas sample 18XJSF22C shows mantle‐derived features. Awusiqi andesites show typical sanukitic high‐Mg andesites characteristics(Mg# = 48.08 – 65.52). The andesites are enriched in LREEs and LILEs, and are depleted in Nb, Ta, and Ti. They also have relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70543 – 0.70547), positive εNd(t) values (+2.5 – +5.7), and ancient Nd model ages (TDM1 = 1,093 – 815 Ma). These features suggest the andesites were likely derived from partial melting of a depleted mantle source previously metasomatized by slab‐derived fluids and melts. The discovery of Silurian magmatism in the Saur area has further confirmed the existence of Early Palaeozoic Tarbagtay arc basement and widespread Middle Palaeozoic A2‐type granitoids. We favor a post‐collisional setting in the Silurian in northern West Junggar, which also is the local embodiment of the Middle Palaeozoic amalgamation of the Kazakhstan Block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new zircon U-Pb geochronological, Hf isotopic and whole-rock geochemical data for the granitic plutons in the Xing'an Massif, Northeast China, to constrain the Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the Paleo-Pacific Ocean. The zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the granitoids emplaced during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. The granodiorites show an adakitic affinity with high Sr/Y ratios and low Yb (< 1.30 μg/g) contents. The monzogranites exhibit high SiO2, low MgO contents, enrichment in LILEs (Rb, K, and Th), and depletion in HSFEs (Ta, Nb, Zr, P, and Ti). Petrological and geochemical features of these monzogranites suggest that they are highly fractionated I-type granitoids. In addition, the zircon εHf(t) values and two-stage model ages (TDM2) are in the range of +2.6 to +8.1 and 669-1011 Ma, respectively, indicating that primary magma was generated by partial melting of juvenile lower-crustal materials, and there was a significant crustal growth in the Phanerozoic in the Northeast China. Combined with the coeval granitoids widely exposed in the Xing'an Massif, we conclude that the Late Jurassic magma in Northeast China was generated in an extensional setting related to the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, but the Early Cretaceous magma was related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread Linzizong volcanic successions (LVS) in the Lhasa Terrane was a magmatic response to the tectonic transition from Neo‐Tethyan oceanic subduction to the India–Asia collision, which has been the subject of many studies; however, studies on the LVS in the western Lhasa Terrane are scarce compared to those in the east, limiting our understanding of the tectonic transition. Zircon U–Pb ages of two rhyolitic samples from the Shiquanhe region in the west of the Lhasa Terrane indicate that at least part of the Zenong Group, previously thought to have formed during the Early Cretaceous, was actually erupted during the Late Palaeocene (ca. 54 Ma) and belongs to the LVS. The rhyolites are characterized by high SiO2 and Al2O3, moderate K2O and Na2O, and low MgO, CaO, and FeO contents, enrichment in Rb and Th, depletion in Sr, Ba, Eu, Nb, and Ta, and have relatively uniform whole‐rock εNd(t) (−1.90 to −0.89) and zircon εHf(t) (+0.95 to +5.03) values. These geochemical characteristics indicate that they were formed by the partial melting of juvenile continental crust with subsequent plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, and Fe–Ti oxide fractionation. Combined with the results of previous studies, our data show that the western Lhasa Terrane underwent intensive Early Cenozoic crustal growth, similar to what occurred in the east, due to underplating of mantle‐derived magma resulting from the roll‐back and eventual break‐off of the Neo‐Tethys slab after the initial continental collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palaeoproterozoic orogenesis within the Archean southeastern Rae craton is related to the initial amalgamation of Laurentia. Characterizing the accompanying tectonic processes during this time has been complicated due to polymetamorphism, which results in the obscuring of the age record of the terranes involved. To improve the knowledge of the tectonic evolution of the South Rae Craton, petrologic and structural analyses are applied in conjunction with in situ trace element chemistry, inclusion barometry, U–Pb monazite and titanite, and Lu–Hf garnet chronology. The data robustly constrain Palaeoproterozoic pressure–temperature–time paths of major deformational events along the southeastern Rae craton margin. D1 occurred between 1.94 and 1.93 Ga in the Dodge‐Snowbird domain, which included prograde burial of metasedimentary rocks, deposited at 2.2–2.0 Ga, and the development of migmatitic layering and east‐southeast trending folds (S1, F1). Peak metamorphism is recorded in metasedimentary units at c. 1.93 Ga when rocks reached conditions of 9.0–10.5 kbar and 810–830°C. Within the Dodge‐Snowbird domain, D2 imparted north‐northeast trending open folds and associated axial planar cleavage (S2, F2) between 1.93 and 1.90 Ga during east‐west compression that appears to have been synchronous with cooling and exhumation. Later D2 deformation, localized within the Wholdaia Lake shear zone (WLsz; ST1), developed in the footwall of this thrust‐sense structure at 1,873 ± 5 Ma at conditions of 9.5–11.0 kbar and 820–850°C. The hangingwall Dodge‐Snowbird domain had already cooled to below 300°C by then, indicating a significant structural and metamorphic break across the domain's western boundary. A new phase of unroofing (D3) involved pervasive amphibolite‐ to greenschist facies extensional shearing (ST2) within the WLsz, which overprinted ST1 foliations between 1.87 and 1.86 Ga. Continued greenschist facies shearing younger than 1.86 Ga likely ended by c. 1.83 Ga when lamprophyre dykes cut the structure, which was followed by cooling until c. 1.80 Ga. This work highlights the utility and application of multiple chronometers (zircon, monazite, titanite, garnet) along with structural and petrologic analysis that together can resolve precise orogenic cycles in polymetamorphic terranes that may otherwise be undetected. The time‐resolved P–T–D histories derived here enable more robust interpretations regarding the nature and evolution of 1.9 Ga tectonism along the southeast Rae craton margin, which may be used to refine models for Laurentian terrane amalgamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Late Cretaceous period, massive magmatism occurred in South China. Eastern Hunan Province is situated in the inland part of South China. Comparing with the coastal area, the inland of South China is characterized by the absence of intermediate‐acid intrusive rocks, but the occurrence of multiple mafic rocks. To date, the emplacement and triggering mechanism of magmatism of inland South China is still very puzzling. In this article, we address this question by concentrating on the basalt exposed in eastern Hunan Province. Geochronologically, three stages of zircon grains, which include xenocrysts and authigenic crystals (rare), are recognized, and the last stage of zircon grains with a concordant age of 79.93 ± 0.47 Ma (MSWD = 1.9) represents the actual crystallization age of basaltic magma. Geochemically, the basalt in eastern Hunan Province has low TiO2 and K2O contents (1.11–2.63 and 0.28–2.88 wt%) but high alkali contents (3.75–6.58 wt%) and K2O/Na2O ratios (0.05–0.56). The basalts from eastern Hunan Province are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements and obviously depleted in heavy rare earth elements with weak negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.87–1.26); they lack significant Ti, Nb, Ta, etc., depletions. These features are much different from those of coastal basalt with strong arc‐related signatures. The incompatible element ratios and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope compositions commonly imply significant EMII‐type OIB‐like source region and within‐plate basalt characteristics. The basalt may have suffered from earlier partial melting of garnet‐spinel peridotite and later rapid fractional crystallization of mafic minerals (olivine and pyroxene). Significant geochemical and petrological discrepancies between inland basalt and coastal basalt suggest a subduction‐absent within‐plate setting for inland basalt but a strong subduction‐related signature for coastal basalt. The magmatic age of mafic rocks from inland South China hold a significant tendency to become younger to the west. The spatial and temporal distribution and variation of components of basalt in South China indicated a mantle plume model which is derived from the 670 km thermal boundary layer (670 TBL) between the lower and upper mantle. The trigger mechanism of this model could be attributed to the westward steep rollback subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate in the Late Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palaeoproterozoic granites accompanied with granulite‐facies gneisses can be recognized in the Kuandian area, northern Jiao‐Liao‐Ji Belt (JLJB). This study highlights two episodes of Palaeoproterozoic magmatism, identified by granites and biotite monzogranitic gneisses herein. Zircon grains from biotite monzogranitic gneiss with homogeneous oscillatory zoning yielded a U–Pb age of 2,153 ± 16 Ma, in accordance with the age of zircon cores from the monzogranitic gneiss. Zircon grains from the two granites yielded upper intercept ages of 1,892 ± 38 Ma and 1,859 ± 36 Ma respectively. Monzogranitic gneiss samples are enriched in Th, Rb, Pb, U, and REE, but depleted in Sr and P. They have high 1,000 × Ga/Al ratios versus Zr, Ce, Nb, Y contents, which are usually interpreted as the features of classical A‐type granite that originated in a lithospheric extension setting. The ~1.89–1.86 Ga granite samples have relatively high Al, Rb, Th, U and low Sr, Zr, and Hf contents. These features, combined with the observation of minor apatite grains under the microscope are similar with the I‐type granites. In situ zircon Lu–Hf isotopic analyses revealed that ~1.89–1.86 Ga granite had a similar range and TDM2 ages with the monzogranitic gneiss, but with much lower εHf(t) values. The monzogranitic gneiss may have originated from an Archean crust, while the later granite may be derived from melting of the partial melting of the monzogranitic gneiss or the Archean crust that generated the monzogranitic gneiss. The ~1.89–1.86 Ga granites, together with the coeval S‐type granites in the JLJB, represent an orogeny process that may involve a Palaeoproterozoic subduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occurrences of multistage dykes provide a critical opportunity to constrain the nature of geological setting in the Daqingshan region during the Late Neoarchean to Middle Palaeoproterozoic. In this article, we present the results of zircon U–Pb ages and whole‐rock geochemical data from mafic‐felsic dykes in the Hadamengou area in order to constrain their ages and tectonic significance. Based on their zircon U–Pb ages, these dykes can be divided into four types: 2.52 Ga metadiabase, 2.45 Ga K‐feldspar granite, 2.44 Ga granitic pegmatite, and 1.99 Ga metagabbro. Geochemically, the 2.52 Ga metadiabase rocks have low SiO2, high MgO, and Na2O/K2O ratios, with enrichment in LILE and depletion in HFSE, which suggests these rocks originated from melting of the lithosphere mantle components metasomatised by subducted slab‐derived fluids. The 2.45 Ga K‐feldspar granite and the 2.44 Ga granitic pegmatite are characterised by high SiO2 and Na2O + K2O contents, low MgO, Ni and Cr contents, and high A/CNK ratios, similar to typical features of strongly peraluminous granites. Additionally, these rocks show a variation of Eu anomalies and strong depletion of Th, U, Nb, and Ta elements, which characteristics are considered as a feature of anatectic origin. The 1.99 Ga metagabbro rocks belong to calc‐alkaline rock series, and contain low SiO2 contents, high MgO, Cr and Ni contents, negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies, and high LILE abundances without Eu anomalies. Geological features of the metagabbro dykes indicate that they are likely derived from partial melting of the subduction‐related metasomatised lithospheric mantle. Combined with the evidence of mafic‐felsic dykes in the Hadamengou and magmatism in the adjacent area, a complex tectonic evolution history during Late Neoarchean to Middle Palaeoproterozoic is presented in the Daqingshan region, which is associated with the amalgamation of micro‐blocks within the North China Craton (NCC), regional extension after cratonisation and subduction of the old ocean between the Yinshan Block and the Ordos Block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ayishan Group in the Lajishan area is sandwiched between the South Qilian Belt and the Qilian Block, which is transitionally interpreted to represent the products of the post‐collision setting or the continental marginal arc during the Early Ordovician or Silurian and is associated with the evolution of the Proto‐Tethyan Ocean. While the detailed information about the age, geochemistry, and tectonic setting of the Ayishan Group is lacking, our geological mapping and analyses demonstrates that the Ayishan Group consists of andesites, rhyolites, ignimbrites, sandstones, and conglomerates, which unconformably overlies the Cambrian–Ordovician arc‐ophiolite complex. Zircon U–Pb dating of the rhyolites demonstrated that the Ayishan Group formed between 447 and 442 Ma and is Late Ordovician. Geochemical analyses demonstrated that rhyolites have high and variable SiO2 contents of 69.6–76.5 wt% and an aluminium saturation index (A/CNK) of 0.85–1.45, belonging to calc‐alkaline to high K calc‐alkaline series. They are subdivided into two subtypes of high‐Sr/Y rhyolites (HSRs) and normal rhyolites (NRs) based on the geochemical characteristics. The HSRs show lower total rare earth elements (34.77–62.78 ppm), lower Yb (0.19–0.21 ppm) and Y (1.77–1.99 ppm) contents, and relatively higher Sr contents (159–193 ppm), compared with NRs, and with positive Eu anomalies. Both subtypes exhibit extremely high whole‐rock δ18O values of 12.63–13.21‰, but various initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and εNd(t) values, indicating a dominant origin of terrigenous sediments and the HSRs exhibit a more terrestrial composition than the NRs. Various magma sources further caused the assorted residual phase leading to the different geochemistry between the HSRs and the NRs. Combined with the previous data, these results imply that the rhyolites of the Ayishan Group were produced in the process of the amalgamation of the Qilian Block with the Qaidam Block during the Late Ordovician, which further indicated that the Proto‐Tethyan Ocean closed 450 Ma ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports zircon U–Pb geochronological, geochemical, and zircon Hf–O isotopic data for metavolcanic rocks from the Shitoukoumen and Yongji areas in central Jilin Province, northeast China, to reveal their petrogenesis and tectonic setting. The metavolcanic rocks collected from the Shitoukoumen and Yongji areas are composed of metabasaltic trachyandesite, metatrachyandesite, and metarhyolitic tuff. Zircon U–Pb dating results indicate that the metavolcanic rocks were erupted during 359–355 Ma. Metavolcanic rocks in the Shitoukoumen area can be divided into two groups according to their geochemical characteristics. Group‐I rocks (metabasaltic trachyandesite and metatrachyandesite) show geochemical features similar to those of ocean island basalt (OIB), with slightly lower zircon δ18O values (4.06 ± 0.42‰ to 5.16 ± 0.28‰) than those of mantle‐derived zircons, and depleted εHf(t) values (7.84–15.4). Group‐II rocks (metabasaltic andesite) show similar geochemical characteristics to those of normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt (N‐MORB). Group‐I rocks may have been derived from partial melting of enriched mantle involving high‐temperature altered oceanic crust, whereas Group‐II rocks originated mainly from partial melting of depleted mantle. Metarhyolitic tuffs from the Yongji area have high SiO2 and K2O contents, as well as high Ga/Al ratios, and show similar geochemical characteristics to those of A‐type rhyolites. The results of the study, together with published data, indicate that the eastern segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton was a passive continental margin setting during the early Carboniferous, and that the Paleo‐Asian Ocean remained open along the Changchun–Yanji suture belt until the early Carboniferous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located in the eastern part of the Tethyan tectonic domain, the Jinshajiang Suture Belt (JSB), northwestern Yunnan, China, is notable for its large-scale distribution of Jurassic to Triassic granitoids that are genetically related to the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and polymetallic mineralization. In this study, geochronological and geochemical analyses were conducted on three samples of these granite porphyries (GPs) using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and zircon U–Pb aging to reveal ages of 213 ± 15 , 198.4 ± 8.6 , and 195.3 ± 6.4 M a , respectively. These ages are younger than the emplacement ages of the granodiorites, at 208–239 Ma, suggesting that magmatic activities in the Yangla mining district likely continued for ~44 Ma. These GPs are rich in large-ion lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba, Th, U, K, and La but are deficient in high field strength elements such as Ta, Nb, Ce, Zr, Hf, and Ti. Significant Pb enrichment and P depletion were noted, as were varying degrees of metallogenic element enrichment in the order of Cu > Pb > Zn. The total content of rare earth elements (ΣREEs) of the GPs is in the range of 50.41–127.27 ppm and the LREE/HREE ratio is in the rage of 4.46–10.54. The GPs are rich in LREEs, with a high degree of differentiation noted between the LREEs and HREEs. The δ Eu (EuN/Eu ∗) and δ Ce (CeN/Ce ∗) values, at 0.53–0.86 and 0.79–0.98, indicate weak and slightly weak negative anomalies, respectively. The geochemical characteristics of the GPs indicate that these bodies are slightly metaluminous to peraluminous S-type granites in a calc–alkaline series that formed in a late-collisional or postcollisional tectonic setting. Three-component mixing of magmas including those of upper crust, lower crust, and mantle materials in addition to subsequent partial melting could have been responsible for the generation of these GPs in an epithermal low-pressure setting at <5 kbar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]