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Summary: Leaf economic spectrum (LES) relationships have been studied across many different plant lineages and at different organizational scales. However, the temporal stability of the LES relationships is largely unknown. We used the wild blueberry system with high genotypic diversity to test whether trait–trait relationships across genotypes demonstrate the same LES relationships found in the global database (GLOPNET) and whether they are stable across years.We studied leaf structure, photosynthesis, and leaf nutrients for 16 genotypes of two wild blueberry species semi‐naturally grown in a common farm in Maine, USA, across 4 yr.We found substantial variation in leaf structure, physiology, and nutrient traits within and among genotypes, as well as across years in wild blueberries. The LES trait–trait relationships (covariance structure) across genotypes were not always found in all years. The trait syndrome of wild blueberries was shifted by changing environmental conditions over the years. Additionally, traits in 1 yr cannot be used to predict those of another year.Our findings show that LES generally holds among genotypes but is temporally unstable, stressing the significant influence of trait plasticity in response to fluctuating environmental conditions across years, and the importance of temporal dimensions in shaping functional traits and species coexistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A lack of in utero imaging data hampers our understanding of the connections in the human fetal brain. Generalizing observations from postmortem subjects and premature newborns is inaccurate due to technical and biological differences. Purpose: To evaluate changes in fetal brain structural connectivity between 23 and 35 weeks postconceptional age using a spatiotemporal atlas of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Study Type: Retrospective. Population: Publicly available diffusion atlases, based on 60 healthy women (age 18–45 years) with normal prenatal care, from 23 and 35 weeks of gestation. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 Tesla/DTI acquired with diffusion‐weighted echo planar imaging (EPI). Assessment: We performed whole‐brain fiber tractography from DTI images. The cortical plate of each diffusion atlas was segmented and parcellated into 78 regions derived from the Edinburgh Neonatal Atlas (ENA33). Connectivity matrices were computed, representing normalized fiber connections between nodes. We examined the relationship between global efficiency (GE), local efficiency (LE), small‐worldness (SW), nodal efficiency (NE), and betweenness centrality (BC) with gestational age (GA) and with laterality. Statistical Tests: Linear regression was used to analyze changes in GE, LE, NE, and BC throughout gestation, and to assess changes in laterality. The t‐tests were used to assess SW. P‐values were corrected using Holm‐Bonferroni method. A corrected P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Network analysis revealed a significant weekly increase in GE (5.83%/week, 95% CI 4.32–7.37), LE (5.43%/week, 95% CI 3.63–7.25), and presence of SW across GA. No significant hemisphere differences were found in GE (P = 0.971) or LE (P = 0.458). Increasing GA was significantly associated with increasing NE in 41 nodes, increasing BC in 3 nodes, and decreasing BC in 2 nodes. Data Conclusion: Extensive network development and refinement occur in the second and third trimesters, marked by a rapid increase in global integration and local segregation. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the capital and operating costs of RGB OLED notebook panels patterned by conventional FMM to an alternative photolithographic approach. The results are used to analyze the benefits and challenges of each technology and how those may influence the rapidly growing OLED IT panel market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater mussels provide invaluable ecological services but are threatened by habitat alteration, poor water quality, invasive species, climate change, and contaminants, including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Contaminants of emerging concerns are well documented in aquatic environments, including the Great Lakes Basin, but limited information is available on how environmentally relevant mixtures affect freshwater mussel biology throughout their varied life stages. Our main goal was to assess mussels' reproductive output in response to exposure to agricultural and urban CEC mixtures during glochidial development through juvenile transformation and excystment focusing on how exposure duration and treatment affect: (1) the number of glochidia prematurely released by brooding females, (2) glochidial transformation through host‐fish excystment, and (3) the number of fully metamorphosed juveniles able to continue the lifecycle. Mussels and host fish were exposed to either a control water (CW), control ethanol (CE), agriculture CEC mixture (AM), or urban CEC mixture (UM) for 40 and 100 days. We found no effect from treatment or exposure duration on the number of glochidia prematurely released. Fewer partially and fully metamorphosed AM juveniles were observed during the 100‐day exposure, compared with the 40‐day. During the 40‐day exposure, CW produced more fully metamorphosed individuals compared with CE and UM, but during the 100‐day exposure AM produced more fully metamorphosed individuals compared with the CW. There was reduction in fully metamorphosed juveniles compared with partially metamorphosed for CE and UM during the 40‐day exposure, as well as in the CW during the 100‐day exposure. These results will be important for understanding how mussel populations are affected by CEC exposure. The experiments also yielded many insights for laboratory toxicology exposure studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1112–1125. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mesoscale model is used to systematically investigate how the incoming flow incidence angle affects the development of atmospheric von Kármán vortex streets for non‐axisymmetric islands. The analysis is focused on an event observed on the leeward side of Guadalupe Island. By keeping the synoptic conditions the same, several simulations are performed for rotated orientations of the island topography, which correspond to a change in the angle of attack (AoA) relative to the upstream flow. The asymmetry of the vortex shedding and the role of the leading and trailing edge are in line with what was observed in laboratory von Kármán vortex streets past a flat plate. The eddies become larger with increasing AoA while the shedding frequency decreases, and the asymmetry between cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies weakens. Cyclonic vortices are more developed and stronger under typical conditions when they are shed from the trailing edge. We also demonstrate that the wake asymmetry is fundamentally between trailing‐edge and leading‐edge eddies rather than between cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. Plain Language Summary: Low‐level marine clouds in satellite images often reveal vortex streets formed by two rows of counter‐rotating vortices on the leeward side of isolated mountainous islands. This phenomenon is called the "atmospheric von Kármán vortex street" (AVKVS) and has been investigated by satellite observations, laboratory experiments, and numerical modeling. Past studies highlighted an asymmetry between clockwise and counterclockwise rotating vortices, which was attributed to elongated island shapes and the effect of the Coriolis force. However, the origin of the AVKVS asymmetry is not yet fully understood. We use a mesoscale model to evaluate the effect of the incoming flow incidence angle (or angle of attack, i.e., AoA) on vortex street morphology for an elongated island. We first realistically simulate a vortex street observed downstream of Guadalupe Island and then, by keeping the same meteorological conditions, we simulate the phenomenon with artificially rotated island orientations to modify the AoA. The results show that the dimension of the vortices increases but their asymmetry weakens with increasing AoA. We also demonstrate that the wake asymmetry is fundamentally between trailing‐edge and leading‐edge eddies rather than between cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. Key Points: The mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) is used to study the characteristics of atmospheric von Kármán vortex streets (AVKVS) behind an elongated islandWe have convincingly demonstrated that the wake asymmetry of an AVKVS decreases with increasing angle of attackThe wake asymmetry is fundamentally between trailing‐edge and leading‐edge eddies rather than between cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients have low activity. Activity intensity or duration could be a measure of clinical status or improvement. We aimed to determine whether standard or novel actigraphy measures could detect increases in activity after adding therapy. This was a prospective, single‐center observational study evaluating activity after adding therapy in Group 1 PAH; we also report a validation cohort. For our study, two different accelerometers were used, a wrist (ActiGraph) and chest (MC10) device. Patients were analyzed in two groups, Treatment Intensification (TI, adding therapy) or Stable. Both groups had baseline monitoring periods of 7 days; the TI group had follow‐up at 3 months, while Stables had follow‐up within 4 weeks to assess stability. Activity time and steps were reported from both devices' proprietary algorithms. In ActiGraph only, steps in 1‐min intervals throughout the day were ranked (not necessarily contiguous). Average values for each week were calculated and compared using nonparametric testing. Thirty patients had paired data (11 Stable and 19 TI). There was no between‐group difference at baseline; we did not observe therapy‐associated changes on average daily steps or activity time/intensity. The top 5 min of steps (capacity) increased after adding therapy; there was no difference in the stable group. This key finding was validated in a previously reported randomized trial studying a behavioral intervention to increase exercise. Total daily activity metrics are influenced by both disease and non‐disease factors, making therapy‐associated change difficult to detect. Peak minute steps were a treatment‐responsive marker in both a pharmacologic and training intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: To perform a volumetric evaluation of the brain in fetuses with right or left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and to compare brain growth trajectories to normal fetuses. Methods: We identified fetal MRIs performed between 2015 and 2020 in fetuses with a diagnosis of CDH. Gestational age (GA) range was 19‐40 weeks. Control subjects consisted of normally developing fetuses between 19 and 40 weeks recruited for a separate prospective study. All images were acquired at 3 Tesla and were processed with retrospective motion correction and slice‐to‐volume reconstruction to generate super‐resolution 3‐dimensional volumes. These volumes were registered to a common atlas space and segmented in 29 anatomic parcellations. Results: A total of 174 fetal MRIs in 149 fetuses were analyzed (99 controls [mean GA: 29.2 ± 5.2 weeks], 34 fetuses left‐sided CDH [mean GA: 28.4 ± 5.3 weeks], and 16 fetuses right‐sided CDH [mean GA: 27 ± 5.4 weeks]). In fetuses with left‐sided CDH, brain parenchymal volume was –8.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] [–13.1, –2.5]; p =.005) lower than normal controls. Differences ranged from –11.4% (95% CI [–18, –4.3]; p <.001) in the corpus callosum to –4.6% (95% CI [–8.9, –0.1]; p =.044) in the hippocampus. In fetuses with right‐sided CDH, brain parenchymal volume was –10.1% (95% CI [–16.8, –2.7]; p =.008) lower than controls. Differences ranged from –14.1% (95% CI [–21, –6.5]; p <.001) in the ventricular zone to –5.6% (95% CI [–9.3, –1.8]; p =.025) in the brainstem. Conclusion: Left and right CDH are associated with lower fetal brain volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary hypertension is a common sequelae of left heart failure and may present as isolated postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (Ipc‐PH) or combined pre‐ and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (Cpc‐PH). Clinical features associated with progression from Ipc‐PH to Cpc‐PH have not yet been described. We extracted clinical data from patients who underwent right heart catheterizations (RHC) on two separate occasions. Ipc‐PH was defined as mean pulmonary pressure >20 mmHg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >15 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) < 3 WU. Progression to Cpc‐PH required an increase in PVR to ≥3 WU. We performed a retrospective cohort study with repeated assessments comparing subjects that progressed to Cpc‐PH to subjects that remained with Ipc‐PH. Of 153 patients with Ipc‐PH at baseline who underwent a repeat RHC after a median of 0.7 years (IQR 0.2, 2.1), 33% (50/153) had developed Cpc‐PH. In univariate analysis comparing the two groups at baseline, body mass index (BMI) and right atrial pressure were lower, while the prevalence of moderate or worse mitral regurgitation (MR) was higher among those who progressed. In age‐ and sex‐adjusted multivariable analysis, only BMI (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90–0.99, p = 0.017, C = 0.655) and moderate or worse MR (OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.37–6.60, p = 0.006, C = 0.654) predicted progression, but with poor discriminatory power. This study suggests that clinical features alone cannot distinguish patients at risk for development of Cpc‐PH and support the need for molecular and genetic studies to identify biomarkers of progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite morphological similarity of lemmas and paleas in rice, lemma gene expression is similar to that of glumes, while palea gene expression is similar to that of lodicules and reproductive organs (Zong et al., [17]). Keywords: developmental genetics; evolution of floral development; floral homology; monocots; Poaceae; sepals; tepals EN developmental genetics evolution of floral development floral homology monocots Poaceae sepals tepals 1 4 4 05/03/23 20230401 NES 230401 Plant form is astonishingly diverse. If, for instance, ChINs for bract and sepal identity were defined, they could be compared to genes involved in lemma development to determine whether lemmas rely on the leaf ChIN, sepal ChIN, or a combination of both. [Extracted from the article]

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can manifest many rashes. However, thrombotic retiform purpura rarely occurs during COVID‐19 illness. Aggressive anti‐COVID‐19 therapy with a high‐dose steroid regimen led to rapid recovery. This immunothrombotic phenomenon likely represents a poor type 1 interferon response and complement activation on the endothelial surface in response to acute infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial and fungal pathogens in recirculating aquaculture and egg incubation systems can cause elevated mortality and decreased production. Peracetic acid (PAA) is a relatively low‐cost, safe, and effective disinfectant; however, its toxicity to early life stages of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has not been assessed. The 24‐h LC50 value of PAA was determined for three early life stages of Atlantic salmon: eyed eggs, fry (~0.17 g), and fingerlings (~16.3 g). LC50 values were calculated using the Trimmed Spearman‐Karber (TSK) method and Toxicity Relationship Analysis Program (TRAP). TRAP LC50 values for eyed eggs treated for 5 and 10 min were 781.5 and 485.0 mg/L PAA, respectively, while TSK LC50 values for eyed eggs treated for 5 and 10 min were 771.1 and 462.1 mg/L PAA, respectively. TRAP LC50 values for fry and fingerlings were 4.0 and 5.3 mg/L PAA, respectively, while TSK LC50 values for fry and fingerling were 4.1 and 5.3 mg/L PAA, respectively. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values for eyed eggs treated for 5 and 10 min were 500 and 300 mg/L PAA, respectively. These LC50 and NOEC values provide guidance for developing safe PAA treatment protocols Atlantic salmon eggs, fry, and/or fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living together in culturally plural societies poses numerous challenges for members of ethnocultural groups and for the larger society. An important goal of these societies is to achieve positive intercultural relations among all their peoples. Successful management of these relations depends on many factors including a research‐based understanding of the historical, political, economic, religious and psychological features of the groups that are in contact. The core question is 'how we shall we all live together?' In the project reported in this paper (Mutual Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies; MIRIPS), we seek to provide such research by reviewing three core psychological hypotheses of intercultural relations (multiculturalism, contact and integration) in 21 culturally plural societies. The main goal of the project is to evaluate these hypotheses across societies within the MIRIPS project in order to identify if there are some basic psychological principles that underlie intercultural relations panculturally. If there are, the eventual goal is to employ the findings to propose some policies and programmes that may improve the quality of intercultural relationship globally. An internal meta‐analysis using the MIRIPS project data showed that the empirical findings from these societies generally support the validity of the three hypotheses. Implications for the development of policies and programmes to enhance the quality of intercultural relations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In real‐time, the images captured are not always appreciable for visual perception. The quality of the image relies on the illumination condition. Contrast enhancement is required to improve the visual quality of the image. In this article, the image enhancement techniques that are adaptable for real‐time images are studied. Further, an investigation is done on implementing the image processing algorithms in very large‐scale integration (VLSI) hardware. As the image data are comparatively larger, the computational complexity and the memory requirement are more. From the study, the need for efficient computation of such image processing algorithms is realized. The efficient computation of image processing algorithms on hardware platforms, in particular on field programmable gate array (FPGA), is reviewed. As an experiment, the gamma‐transformation technique used for image enhancement is realized. Initially, the prototype is modeled using MATLAB, and then it is implemented using an FPGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Little is known about the prevalence and clinical profiles of patients with COPD‐PH. We report the clinical characteristics, hemodynamic profiles, and prognosis in a large population of patients with COPD referred for right heart catheterization (RHC). We extracted data from all patients referred for RHC between 1997 and 2017 in Vanderbilt's deidentified medical record. PH was defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mmHg. Pre‐ and postcapillary PH were defined according to contemporary guidelines. COPD was identified using a validated rules‐based algorithm requiring international classification of diseases codes relevant to COPD. We identified 6065 patients referred for RHC, of whom 1509 (24.9%) had COPD and 1213 had COPD and PH. Patients with COPD‐PH had a higher prevalence of diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure compared with COPD without PH. Approximately 55% of patients with COPD‐PH had elevated left ventricle (LV) filling pressure. Pulmonary function testing data from individuals with COPD‐PH revealed subtype differences, with precapillary COPD‐PH having lower diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) values than the other COPD‐PH subtypes. Patients with COPD‐PH had significantly increased mortality compared with COPD alone (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28–2.26) with the highest mortality among the combined pre‐ and postcapillary COPD‐PH subgroup (HR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.64–3.47). PH is common among patients with COPD referred for RHC. The etiology of PH in patients with COPD is often mixed due to multimorbidity and is associated with high mortality, which may have implications for risk factor management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population averaged diffusion atlases can be utilized to characterize complex microstructural changes with less bias than data from individual subjects. In this study, a fetal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) atlas was used to investigate tract‐based changes in anisotropy and diffusivity in vivo from 23 to 38 weeks of gestational age (GA). Healthy pregnant volunteers with typically developing fetuses were imaged at 3 T. Acquisition included structural images processed with a super‐resolution algorithm and DTI images processed with a motion‐tracked slice‐to‐volume registration algorithm. The DTI from individual subjects were used to generate 16 templates, each specific to a week of GA; this was accomplished by means of a tensor‐to‐tensor diffeomorphic deformable registration method integrated with kernel regression in age. Deterministic tractography was performed to outline the forceps major, forceps minor, bilateral corticospinal tracts (CST), bilateral inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus (IFOF), bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and bilateral uncinate fasciculus (UF). The mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) was recorded for all tracts. For a subset of tracts (forceps major, CST, and IFOF) we manually divided the tractograms into anatomy conforming segments to evaluate within‐tract changes. We found tract‐specific, nonlinear, age related changes in FA and MD. Early in gestation, these trends appear to be dominated by cytoarchitectonic changes in the transient white matter fetal zones while later in gestation, trends conforming to the progression of myelination were observed. We also observed significant (local) heterogeneity in within‐tract developmental trajectories for the CST, IFOF, and forceps major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study previously reported that intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) reduced incident depressive symptoms and improved health-related quality of life (HRQOL) over nearly 10 years of intervention compared with a control group (the diabetes support and education group [DSE]) in participants with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. The present study compared incident depressive symptoms and changes in HRQOL in these groups for an additional 6 years following termination of the ILI in September 2012.Methods: A total of 1,945 ILI participants and 1,900 DSE participants completed at least one of four planned postintervention assessments at which weight, mood (via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9), antidepressant medication use, and HRQOL (via the Medical Outcomes Scale, Short Form-36) were measured.Results: ILI participants and DSE participants lost 3.1 (0.3) and 3.8 (0.3) kg [represented as mean (SE); p = 0.10], respectively, during the 6-year postintervention follow-up. No significant differences were observed between groups during this time in incident mild or greater symptoms of depression, antidepressant medication use, or in changes on the physical component summary or mental component summary scores of the Short Form-36. In both groups, mental component summary scores were higher than physical component summary scores.Conclusions: Prior participation in the ILI, compared with the DSE group, did not appear to improve subsequent mood or HRQOL during 6 years of postintervention follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with abnormal brain development in utero. We applied innovative fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to determine whether reduced fetal cerebral substrate delivery impacts the brain globally, or in a region‐specific pattern. Our novel design included two control groups, one with and the other without a family history of CHD, to explore the contribution of shared genes and/or fetal environment to brain development. Methods: From 2014 to 2018, we enrolled 179 pregnant women into 4 groups: "HLHS/TGA" fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) or transposition of the great arteries (TGA), diagnoses with lowest fetal cerebral substrate delivery; "CHD‐other," with other CHD diagnoses; "CHD‐related," healthy with a CHD family history; and "optimal control," healthy without a family history. Two MRIs were obtained between 18 and 40 weeks gestation. Random effect regression models assessed group differences in brain volumes and relationships to hemodynamic variables. Results: HLHS/TGA (n = 24), CHD‐other (50), and CHD‐related (34) groups each had generally smaller brain volumes than the optimal controls (71). Compared with CHD‐related, the HLHS/TGA group had smaller subplate (−13.3% [standard error = 4.3%], p < 0.01) and intermediate (−13.7% [4.3%], p < 0.01) zones, with a similar trend in ventricular zone (−7.1% [1.9%], p = 0.07). These volumetric reductions were associated with lower cerebral substrate delivery. Interpretation: Fetuses with CHD, especially those with lowest cerebral substrate delivery, show a region‐specific pattern of small brain volumes and impaired brain growth before 32 weeks gestation. The brains of fetuses with CHD were more similar to those of CHD‐related than optimal controls, suggesting genetic or environmental factors also contribute. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:143–157 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third trimester of pregnancy is a period of rapid development of fiber bundles in the fetal white matter. Using a recently developed motion‐tracked slice‐to‐volume registration (MT‐SVR) method, we aimed to quantify tract‐specific developmental changes in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and volume in third trimester healthy fetuses. To this end, we reconstructed diffusion tensor images from motion corrected fetal diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data. With an approved protocol, fetal MRI exams were performed on healthy pregnant women at 3 Tesla and included multiple (2–8) diffusion scans of the fetal head (1–2 b = 0 s/mm2 images and 12 diffusion‐sensitized images at b = 500 s/mm2). Diffusion data from 32 fetuses (13 females) with median gestational age (GA) of 33 weeks 4 days were processed with MT‐SVR and deterministic tractography seeded by regions of interest corresponding to 12 major fiber tracts. Multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of GA with volume, FA, and ADC for each tract. For all tracts, the volume and FA increased, and the ADC decreased with GA. Associations reached statistical significance for: FA and ADC of the forceps major; volume and ADC for the forceps minor; FA, ADC, and volume for the cingulum; ADC, FA, and volume for the uncinate fasciculi; ADC of the inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculi, ADC of the inferior longitudinal fasciculi; and FA and ADC for the corticospinal tracts. These quantitative results demonstrate the complex pattern and rates of tract‐specific, GA‐related microstructural changes of the developing white matter in human fetal brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes how the FPD supply chain complanies can apply their proprietary technologies to high growth segments, alternative applications, and new business models. It uses examples of x‐ray sensors, LC antennas, and fan out panel level packaging to demonstrate business diversification strategies as the FPD industry undergoes unprecedented techonology and market changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Administrative data are increasingly used in research and evaluation yet lack standardized guidelines for constructing measures using these data. Body weight measures from administrative data serve critical functions of monitoring patient health, evaluating interventions, and informing research. This study aimed to describe the algorithms used by researchers to construct and use weight measures.Methods: A structured, systematic literature review of studies that constructed body weight measures from the Veterans Health Administration was conducted. Key information regarding time frames and time windows of data collection, measure calculations, data cleaning, treatment of missing and outlier weight values, and validation processes was collected.Results: We identified 39 studies out of 492 nonduplicated records for inclusion. Studies parameterized weight outcomes as change in weight from baseline to follow-up (62%), weight trajectory over time (21%), proportion of participants meeting weight threshold (46%), or multiple methods (28%). Most (90%) reported total time in follow-up and number of time points. Fewer reported time windows (54%), outlier values (51%), missing values (34%), or validation strategies (15%).Conclusions: A high variability in the operationalization of weight measures was found. Improving methods to construct clinical measures will support transparency and replicability in approaches, guide interpretation of findings, and facilitate comparisons across studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The rationale for choosing a final group‐based trajectory modeling (GBTM) specification and evaluations of patient adherence patterns within groups are often omitted in the GBTM medication adherence literature. We aimed to (1) reveal the complexity of GBTM and (2) assess model discrimination of patient medication adherence patterns. Methods: Medicare administrative claims were used to measure statin medication adherence as a continuous value in the 6 months before an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) hospitalization. Different GBTM specifications beyond default settings were constructed and compared with the Bayesian information criterion. Spaghetti plots were used to compare individual adherence patterns with group averages. Results: Overall, 113,296 prevalent statin users met eligibility criteria. Four adherence groups were identified: persistently adherent, moderately adherent, progressively nonadherent, and persistently nonadherent. Spaghetti plots showed the persistently adherent and persistently nonadherent groups had relatively homogeneous adherence patterns that matched predicted trajectories well. Spaghetti plots also showed that, while adherence patterns in the progressively nonadherent group were not as homogeneous, most patients in this group appeared to be discontinuing statin therapy pre‐AMI. Conclusions: Subjective decisions are necessary to identify a final trajectory model. Greater transparency and disclosure of these decisions in the medication adherence literature are needed. Individual patient adherence patterns from spaghetti plots provided additional diagnostic information about trajectory models beyond standard model‐fit assessments to determine if group‐average adherence estimates represent homogeneous patterns of medication adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread construction of levees has reduced river–floodplain connectivity and altered associated fluvial processes in many river systems. Despite the recognition that levees can alter floodplain connectivity, few studies have examined the role of levees in reducing floodplain areas at large watershed scales. This paper explores the application of a hydrogeomorphic floodplain inundation model in the Wabash Basin, located in the Midwestern United States, to assess changes in floodplain area in levee‐protected areas. We evaluate 10‐ and 30‐m topographic resolutions and spatially examine the influence of levees on floodplain area in relation to river network attributes. Generally, floodplains in levee‐protected areas were influenced by topographic resolution, stream order, and elevation details of levees found in topography datasets. We show, when compared to Federal Emergency Management Agency maps, our approach underpredicts floodplain area when using 10‐m resolution topography data but only slightly overpredicts when using 30‐m resolution data. After removing details of levees from topography data, we found changes in floodplain area varied spatially, but basin‐aggregate results changed little compared to topography datasets that contain levees, though larger floodplain areas were produced in some regions where levees were removed. This work contributes to a growing research emphasis on using hydrogeomorphic floodplain models to understand floodplain disconnectivity. Research Impact Statement: A simple model for determining floodplain boundaries was used to estimate the loss of floodplain area caused by levees in a large basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first attempt to measure reactive and proactive aggression in 1,203 youths aged between 11 and 20 from Hong Kong, mainland China, Spain, and Uruguay using the reactive‐proactive aggression questionnaire (RPQ). The two‐factor RPQ construct was found to exhibit an excellent model fit for all subsamples, and the measurement and structural invariance across the four regions was also revealed. After controlling for age, the youth in Uruguay exhibited the highest levels of general, reactive, and proactive aggression, followed by Spain, Hong Kong, and mainland China. Reactive, proactive, and general aggression increased with age in the total sample, but the effects differed among regions. Boys were found to exhibit higher levels of general, reactive, and proactive aggression than girls only in Uruguayan sample. These findings confirmed the cross‐cultural generalizability of the two‐factor RPQ model, and suggested culture, age, and gender to be significant determinants of youth aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes do not reach target levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c < 7%). We investigated the prevalence of HbA1c‐target achievement and opportunities afforded by lifestyle and pharmacological treatment to increase target achievement. We performed cross‐sectional analyses of baseline data from the Diabetes and Lifestyle Cohort Twente‐1 (DIALECT‐1). Patients were divided according to (1) HbA1c <53 and ≥53 mmol/mol (<7%) and (2) non‐insulin treatment and tertiles of daily insulin use. We found that 161 (36%) patients achieved the target HbA1c level. Patients with HbA1c ≥53 mmol/mol had a longer duration of diabetes (13 [8‐20] vs 9 [4‐14] years; P < .001) and more frequently were insulin‐users (76% vs 41%, P < .001). Patients in the highest tertile of insulin use had a higher body mass index than those in the lowest tertile (35.8 ± 5.5 vs 29.8 ± 5.5 kg/m2; P < .001). Achievement of target HbA1c is low in this type 2 diabetes population. High resistance to pharmacological treatment, paralleled with high body mass index, illustrates that increasing insulin sensitivity through lifestyle intervention is the best opportunity to improve HbA1c target achievement in this real‐life population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was the first to evaluate the effectiveness of three different group interventions to reduce children's reactive aggression based on the social information processing (SIP) model. In the first stage of screening, 3,734 children of Grades 4–6 completed the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) to assess their reactive and proactive aggression. Respondents with a total score of z ≥ 1 on the RPQ were shortlisted for the second stage of screening by qualitative interview. Interviews with 475 children were conducted to select those who showed reactive aggression featuring a hostile attributional bias. Finally, 126 children (97 males and 29 females) aged 8 to 14 (M = 9.71, SD = 1.23) were selected and randomly assigned to one of the three groups: a child group, a parent group, and a parent–child group. A significant Time × Intervention effect was found for general and reactive aggression. The parent–child group and child group showed a significant drop in general aggression and reactive aggression from posttest to 6‐month follow‐up, after controlling for baseline scores, sex, and age. However, the parent group showed no treatment effect: reactive aggression scores were significantly higher than those in the child group at 6‐month follow‐up. This study has provided strong evidence that children with reactive aggression need direct and specific treatment to reconstruct the steps of the SIP involving the selection and interpretation of cues. The intervention could help to prevent severe violent crimes at the later stage of a reactive aggressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hydrogeomorphic approaches for floodplain modelling are valuable tools for water resource and flood hazard management and mapping, especially as the global availability and accuracy of terrain data increases. Digital terrain models implicitly contain information about floodplain landscape morphology that was produced by hydrologic processes over long time periods, as well as recent anthropogenic modifications to floodplain features and processes. The increased availability of terrain data and distributed hydrologic datasets provide an opportunity to develop hydrogeomorphic floodplain delineation models that can quickly be applied at large spatial scales. This research investigates the performance of a hydrogeomorphic floodplain model in two large urbanized and gauged river basins in the United States, the Susquehanna and the Wabash basins. The models were calibrated by a hydrologic data scaling technique, implemented through regression analyses of USGS peak flow data to estimate floodplain flow levels across multiple spatial scales. Floodplain model performance was assessed through comparison with 100‐year Federal Emergency Management Agency flood hazard maps. Results show that the hydrogeomorphic floodplain maps are generally consistent with standard flood maps, even when significantly and systematically varying scaling parameters within physically feasible ranges, with major differences that are likely due to infrastructure (levees, bridges, etc.) in highly urbanized areas and other locations where the geomorphic signature of fluvial processes has been altered. This study demonstrates the value of geomorphic information for large‐scale floodplain mapping and the potential use of hydrogeomorphic models for evaluating human‐made impacts to floodplain ecosystems and patterns of disconnectivity in urbanized catchments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Given the unique biogeochemical, physical, and hydrologic services provided by floodplain wetlands, proper management of river systems should include an understanding of how floodplain modifications influence wetland ecosystems. The construction of levees can reduce river–floodplain connectivity, yet it is unclear how levees affect wetlands within floodplains, let alone the cumulative impacts within an entire watershed. This paper explores spatial relationships between levee and floodplain wetland systems in the Wabash Basin, United States. We used a hydrogeomorphic floodplain delineation technique to map floodplain extents and identify wetlands that may be hydrologically connected to river networks. We then spatially examined the relationship between levee presence, wetland area, and other river network attributes within discrete subbasins. Our results show that cumulative wetland area is relatively constant in subbasins that contain levees, regardless of maximum stream order within the subbasin. In subbasins that do not contain levees, cumulative wetland area increases with maximum stream order. However, we found that wetland distributions around levees can be complex, and further studies on the influence of levees on wetland habitat may need to consider finer resolution spatial scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light transmission through multiple sheets of undyed cellulose triacetate fabric immersed in binary solutions of carbon disulfide and n‐heptane has been measured using ordinary absorption spectroscopy. The optical transmission of light in the visible spectral range is found to be very high at wavelengths corresponding to a match between the index of refraction of cellulose triacetate and that of the surrounding solution. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as the Christiansen colour filter effect. Indices of refraction of cellulose triacetate from 400 to 700 nm were derived from these data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) is a genus of more than 100 carnivorous plant species. A handful of comprehensive studies have examined the reproductive ecology of these species, mostly in Europe and none in the USA. During 2013–2016 different aspects of the reproductive ecology of P. ionantha, P. lutea and P. planifolia were studied at multiple locations in the Florida Panhandle, USA. All three species are of conservation concern within the study region and some aspects of their reproductive ecology may be contributing to their rarity. For all species, we conducted breeding system studies investigating xenogamy vs. autogamy, self‐incompatibility vs. self‐compatibility, pollen:ovule ratios, flower phenology and longevity, and pollinator visitation, as well as fruit and seed set differences among populations. All three Pinguicula species were determined to be xenogamous and self‐compatible, although the pollen:ovule ratios were extremely low. In addition, these species have floral nastic movements and flower longevity that ranges from 2 to 3 weeks depending on the species. Hymenoptera was identified as the primary group of pollinators visiting all species, although observed visitation events were low. All three Pinguicula species had extremely high levels of fruit set and seed set. Worldwide, Pinguicula species share similar breeding system and reproductive patterns. The rare status of P. ionantha, P. lutea and P. planifolia is more likely due to their ecological requirements, demographics and/or patterns of genetic diversity, than reproduction. This work is among the first and most comprehensive associated with the reproductive ecology of North American Pinguicula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Segmentation of human brain structures is crucial for the volumetric quantification of brain disease. Advances in algorithmic approaches have led to automated techniques that save time compared to interactive methods. Recently, the utility and accuracy of template library fusion algorithms, such as Local MAP PSTAPLE (PSTAPLE), have been demonstrated but there is little guidance regarding its reproducibility compared to single template-based algorithms such as FreeSurfer and FSL-FIRST.Methods: Eight repeated magnetic resonance imagings of 20 subjects were segmented using FreeSurfer, FSL-FIRST, and PSTAPLE. We reported the reproducibility of segmentation-derived volume measurements for brain structures and calculated sample size estimates for detecting hypothetical rates of tissue atrophy given the observed variances.Results: PSTAPLE had the most reproducible volume measurements for hippocampus, putamen, thalamus, caudate, pallidum, amygdala, Accumbens area, and cortical regions. FreeSurfer was most reproducible for brainstem. PSTAPLE was the most accurate algorithm in terms of several metrics include Dice's coefficient. The sample size estimates showed that a study utilizing PSTAPLE would require tens to hundreds less subjects than the other algorithms for detecting atrophy rates typically observed in brain disease.Conclusions: PSTAPLE is a useful tool for automatic human brain segmentation due to its precision and accuracy, which enable the detection of the size of the effect typically reported for neurological disorders with a substantially reduced sample size, in comparison to the other tools we assessed. This enables randomized controlled trials to be executed with reduced cost and duration, in turn, facilitating the assessment of new therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive models aim to explain complex human behavior in terms of hypothesized mechanisms of the mind. These mechanisms can be formalized in terms of mathematical structures containing parameters that are theoretically meaningful. For example, in the case of perceptual decision making, model parameters might correspond to theoretical constructs like response bias, evidence quality, response caution, and the like. Formal cognitive models go beyond verbal models in that cognitive mechanisms are instantiated in terms of mathematics and they go beyond statistical models in that cognitive model parameters are psychologically interpretable. We explore three key elements used to formally evaluate cognitive models: parameter estimation, model prediction, and model selection. We compare and contrast traditional approaches with Bayesian statistical approaches to performing each of these three elements. Traditional approaches rely on an array of seemingly ad hoc techniques, whereas Bayesian statistical approaches rely on a single, principled, internally consistent system. We illustrate the Bayesian statistical approach to evaluating cognitive models using a running example of the Linear Ballistic Accumulator model of decision making (Brown SD, Heathcote A. The simplest complete model of choice response time: linear ballistic accumulation. Cogn Psychol 2008, 57:153–178). WIREs Cogn Sci 2018, 9:e1458. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1458 This article is categorized under: Neuroscience > Computation Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Psychology > Theory and Methods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small ungauged basins of the highly urbanized area of the city of Rome are often the subject of critical flood conditions for the significant human-made transformations. In this work the EBA4SUB framework, implementing the hydrogeomorphic width function instantaneous unit hydrograph rainfall runoff model, and using digital elevation model, land use and synthetic precipitation as main input information, is applied for evaluating extreme hydrologic forcing conditions at the basic scale. The goal is to understand the rationale behind the observed increasing frequency of local urban inundations that are also observed in the uplands. Results present the impact of urbanization expressed by both the run-off coefficient, the artificial drainage, impacted by paved surfaces and a dramatic number of river-road intersections (i.e. culverts), and the upstream to downstream non-natural scaling behaviour of hydrologic parameters and in particular the peak discharge per unit drainage area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objective: To assess the incidence of and risk factors associated with severe adverse events in elderly patients who used angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Design: Retrospective cohort study. Data Sources: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse (Medicare service claims database), American Community Survey of the U.S. Census Bureau, and Multum Lexicon Drug database. Patients: A total of 101,588 eligible Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries 66 years or older, who were hospitalized for AMI between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2009, and used ACEIs or ARBs within 30 days after discharge. Measurements and Main Results: Primary outcomes were hospitalizations for acute renal failure (ARF) and hyperkalemia. The secondary outcome was discontinuation or suspension of ACEI/ARB therapy after a visit to a health care provider. The primary risk factors of interest were age, sex, race/ethnicity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cumulative incidence curves and multivariable Fine‐Gray proportional hazards models with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used with death as a competing risk in both intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and as‐treated (AT) analyses. In the study cohort, 2.8% experienced ARF, 0.5% experienced hyperkalemia, and 63.7% discontinued ACEI/ARB therapy within 1 year after hospital discharge. Approximately half of the incidence of ARF and hyperkalemia occurred within 6 months after hospital discharge, but the cumulative incidence increased after 6 months. Patients older than 85 years had a higher rate of ARF (ITT hazard ratio [HR] 1.15, 95% CI 1.04–1.28) and hyperkalemia (ITT HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05–1.68) compared with those aged 65–74 years. Patients with baseline CKD had higher rates of ARF (ITT HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.42–1.82), hyperkalemia (ITT HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.11–1.77), and ACEI/ARB therapy discontinuation or suspension (ITT HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.09). Conclusion: We found a low incidence of ARF and hyperkalemia in elderly patients treated with ACEIs or ARBs after AMI hospitalization. However, a high rate of treatment discontinuation might prevent a higher rate of occurrence of these events. Long‐term careful monitoring of severe adverse events and timely discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs among elderly patients with advancing age and CKD after an AMI is warranted in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background IL-5 causes suspended eosinophils to polarize with filamentous (F)-actin and granules at one pole and the nucleus in a specialized uropod, the 'nucleopod,' which is capped with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 ( PSGL-1). IL-5 enhances eosinophil adhesion and migration on periostin, an extracellular matrix protein upregulated in asthma by type 2 immunity mediators. Objective Determine how the polarized morphology evolves to foster migration of IL-5-stimulated eosinophils on a surface coated with periostin. Methods Blood eosinophils adhering to adsorbed periostin were imaged at different time points by fluorescent microscopy, and migration of eosinophils on periostin was assayed. Results After 10 minutes in the presence of IL-5, adherent eosinophils were polarized with PSGL-1 at the nucleopod tip and F-actin distributed diffusely at the opposite end. After 30-60 minutes, the nucleopod had dissipated such that PSGL-1 was localized in a crescent or ring away from the cell periphery, and F-actin was found in podosome-like structures. The periostin layer, detected with monoclonal antibody Stiny-1, shown here to recognize the FAS1 4 module, was cleared in wide areas around adherent eosinophils. Clearance was attenuated by metalloproteinase inhibitors or antibodies to disintegrin metalloproteinase 8 ( ADAM8), a major eosinophil metalloproteinase previously implicated in asthma pathogenesis. ADAM8 was not found in podosome-like structures, which are associated with proteolytic activity in other cell types. Instead, immunoblotting demonstrated proteoforms of ADAM8 that lack the cytoplasmic tail in the supernatant. Anti- ADAM8 inhibited migration of IL-5-stimulated eosinophils on periostin. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Migrating IL-5-activated eosinophils on periostin exhibit loss of nucleopodal features and appearance of prominent podosomes along with clearance of the Stiny-1 periostin epitope. Migration and epitope clearance are both attenuated by inhibitors of ADAM8. We propose, therefore, that eosinophils remodel and migrate on periostin-rich extracellular matrix in the asthmatic airway in an ADAM8-dependent manner, making ADAM8 a possible therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient management and prevention of species invasions requires accurate prediction of where species of concern can arrive and persist. Species distribution models provide one way to identify potentially suitable habitat by developing the relationship between climate variables and species occurrence data. However, these models when applied to freshwater invasions are complicated by two factors. The first is that the range expansions that typically occur as part of the invasion process violate standard species distribution model assumptions of data stationarity. Second, predicting potential range of freshwater aquatic species is complicated by the reliance on terrestrial climate measurements to develop occurrence relationships for species that occur in aquatic environments. To overcome these obstacles, we combined a recently developed algorithm for species distribution modeling—range bagging—with newly available aquatic habitat-specific information from the North American Great Lakes region to predict suitable habitat for three potential invasive species: golden mussel, killer shrimp, and northern snakehead. Range bagging may more accurately predict relative suitability than other methods because it focuses on the limits of the species environmental tolerances rather than central tendency or “typical” cases. Overlaying the species distribution model output with aquatic habitat-specific data then allowed for more specific predictions of areas with high suitability. Our results indicate there is suitable habitat for northern snakehead in the Great Lakes, particularly shallow coastal habitats in the lower four Great Lakes where literature suggests they will favor areas of wetland and submerged aquatic vegetation. These coastal areas also offer the highest suitability for golden mussel, but our models suggest they are marginal habitats. Globally, the Great Lakes provide the closest match to the currently invaded range of killer shrimp, but they appear to pose an intermediate risk to the region. Range bagging provided reliable predictions when assessed either by a standard test set or by tests for spatial transferability, with golden mussel being the most difficult to accurately predict. Our approach illustrates the strength of combining multiple sources of data, while reiterating the need for increased measurement of freshwater habitat at high spatial resolutions to improve the ability to predict potential invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the increasing complexity of FPD applications and related manufacturing technologies. It offers a roadmap of key developments over the next six years and uses detailed analysis of QD OLED, LTPO, and inkjet printing to provide a framework for FPD supply chain companies to manage their businesses as the industry rapidly evolves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apoptotic cell death is critical for the early development of the nervous system, but once the nervous system is established, the apoptotic pathway becomes highly restricted in mature neurons. However, the mechanisms underlying this increased resistance to apoptosis in these mature neurons are not completely understood. We have previously found that members of the miR-29 family of micro RNAs (mi RNAs) are induced with neuronal maturation and that overexpression of miR-29 was sufficient to restrict apoptosis in neurons. To determine whether endogenous miR-29 alone was responsible for the inhibition of cytochrome c release in mature neurons, we examined the status of the apoptotic pathway in sympathetic neurons deficient for all three miR-29 family members. Unexpectedly, we found that the apoptotic pathway remained largely restricted in miR-29-deficient mature neurons. We therefore probed for additional mechanisms by which mature neurons resist apoptosis. We identify miR-24 as another mi RNA that is upregulated in the maturing cerebellum and sympathetic neurons that can act redundantly with miR-29 by targeting a similar repertoire of prodeath BH3-only genes. Overall, our results reveal that mature neurons engage multiple redundant brakes to restrict the apoptotic pathway and ensure their long-term survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem-based management of the Laurentian Great Lakes, which spans both the United States and Canada, is hampered by the lack of consistent binational watersheds for the entire Basin. Using comparable data sources and consistent methods, we developed spatially equivalent watershed boundaries for the binational extent of the Basin to create the Great Lakes Hydrography Dataset ( GLHD). The GLHD consists of 5,589 watersheds for the entire Basin, covering a total area of approximately 547,967 km2, or about twice the 247,003 km2 surface water area of the Great Lakes. The GLHD improves upon existing watershed efforts by delineating watersheds for the entire Basin using consistent methods; enhancing the precision of watershed delineation using recently developed flow direction grids that have been hydrologically enforced and vetted by provincial and federal water resource agencies; and increasing the accuracy of watershed boundaries by enforcing embayments, delineating watersheds on islands, and delineating watersheds for all tributaries draining to connecting channels. In addition, the GLHD is packaged in a publically available geodatabase that includes synthetic stream networks, reach catchments, watershed boundaries, a broad set of attribute data for each tributary, and metadata documenting methodology. The GLHD provides a common set of watersheds and associated hydrography data for the Basin that will enhance binational efforts to protect and restore the Great Lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Current diagnosis of fetal posterior fossa anomalies by sonography and conventional MRI is limited by fetal position, motion, and by two-dimensional (2D), rather than three-dimensional (3D), representation. In this study, we aimed to validate the use of a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, 3D super-resolution motion-corrected MRI, to image the fetal posterior fossa.Methods: From a database of pregnant women who received fetal MRIs at our institution, images of 49 normal fetal brains were reconstructed. Six measurements of the cerebellum, vermis, and pons were obtained for all cases on 2D conventional and 3D reconstructed MRI, and the agreement between the two methods was determined using concordance correlation coefficients. Concordance of axial and coronal measurements of the transcerebellar diameter was also assessed within each method.Results: Between the two methods, the concordance of measurements was high for all six structures (P < .001), and was highest for larger structures such as the transcerebellar diameter. Within each method, agreement of axial and coronal measurements of the transcerebellar diameter was superior in 3D reconstructed MRI compared to 2D conventional MRI (P < .001).Conclusions: This comparison study validates the use of 3D super-resolution motion-corrected MRI for imaging the fetal posterior fossa, as this technique results in linear measurements that have high concordance with 2D conventional MRI measurements. Lengths of the transcerebellar diameter measured within a 3D reconstruction are more concordant between imaging planes, as they correct for fetal motion and orthogonal slice acquisition. This technique will facilitate further study of fetal abnormalities of the posterior fossa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The conservation status of the 2 threatened grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos) populations in the Cabinet-Yaak Ecosystem (CYE) of northern Montana and Idaho had remained unchanged since designation in 1975; however, the current demographic status of these populations was uncertain. No rigorous data on population density and distribution or analysis of recent population genetic structure were available to measure the effectiveness of conservation efforts. We used genetic detection data from hair corral, bear rub, and opportunistic sampling in traditional and spatial capture-recapture models to generate estimates of abundance and density of grizzly bears in the CYE. We calculated mean bear residency on our sampling grid from telemetry data using Huggins and Pledger models to estimate the average number of bears present and to correct our superpopulation estimates for lack of geographic closure. Estimated grizzly bear abundance (all sex and age classes) in the CYE in 2012 was 48-50 bears, approximately half the population recovery goal. Grizzly bear density in the CYE (4.3-4.5 grizzly bears/1,000 km2) was among the lowest of interior North American populations. The sizes of the Cabinet ( n = 22-24) and Yaak ( n = 18-22) populations were similar. Spatial models produced similar estimates of abundance and density with comparable precision without requiring radio-telemetry data to address assumptions of geographic closure. The 2 populations in the CYE were demographically and reproductively isolated from each other and the Cabinet population was highly inbred. With parentage analysis, we documented natural migrants to the Cabinet and Yaak populations by bears born to parents in the Selkirk and Northern Continental Divide populations. These events supported data from other sources suggesting that the expansion of neighboring populations may eventually help sustain the CYE populations. However, the small size, isolation, and inbreeding documented by this study demonstrate the need for comprehensive management designed to support CYE population growth and increased connectivity and gene flow with other populations. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the growing trend of display system component integration into the panel and its effects on the display industry. Integration improves image quality, reduces display module weight and thickness, enables new applications and can potentially lower costs. Additionally, integration, increases display manufacturing complexity and shifts value from component suppliers to panel makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research suggests that reactive and proactive aggression may be differentially related to family contextual (e.g. parenting practices) factors. However, the existing research has focused largely on children and adolescents from Western countries, and no study has examined the parenting--aggression association using a parenting style measure sensitive to Asian culture. In this study parenting styles (i.e. warmth, control and guan/training) and proactive and reactive aggression were assessed in a large sample of school children in Hong Kong, China (N = 4,175, mean age = 11.75). We found that: (a) both low warmth (in boys only) and guan (i.e. high expectation and close supervision, in both boys and girls) were associated with elevated parent-reported proactive aggression, (b) high restrictive control (i.e. dominating and rejecting) was associated with high reactive aggression (in both boys and girls) based on parent- or child-report data, and with high proactive aggression (in boys only) based on parent-report data, and (c) guan was also positively associated with parent-reported reactive aggression. Findings provide more information about the Parenting Inventory using a large Asian sample, and extend existing research on familial correlates of different types of aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the discovery of a bright blue quasar: SDSS J022218.03-062511.1. This object was discovered spectroscopically while searching for hot white dwarfs that may be used as calibration sources for large sky surveys such as the Dark Energy Survey or the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope project. We present the calibrated spectrum, spectral line shifts and report a redshift of z = 0.521±0.0015 and a rest-frame g-band luminosity of 8.71×1011 L⊙. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential for mitochondrial metabolism, but their regulation in pulmonary hypertension ( PH) remains enigmatic. We demonstrate that alterations of the miR-210- ISCU1/2 axis cause Fe-S deficiencies in vivo and promote PH. In pulmonary vascular cells and particularly endothelium, hypoxic induction of miR-210 and repression of the miR-210 targets ISCU1/2 down-regulated Fe-S levels. In mouse and human vascular and endothelial tissue affected by PH, miR-210 was elevated accompanied by decreased ISCU1/2 and Fe-S integrity. In mice, miR-210 repressed ISCU1/2 and promoted PH. Mice deficient in miR-210, via genetic/pharmacologic means or via an endothelial-specific manner, displayed increased ISCU1/2 and were resistant to Fe-S-dependent pathophenotypes and PH. Similar to hypoxia or miR-210 overexpression, ISCU1/2 knockdown also promoted PH. Finally, cardiopulmonary exercise testing of a woman with homozygous ISCU mutations revealed exercise-induced pulmonary vascular dysfunction. Thus, driven by acquired (hypoxia) or genetic causes, the miR-210- ISCU1/2 regulatory axis is a pathogenic lynchpin causing Fe-S deficiency and PH. These findings carry broad translational implications for defining the metabolic origins of PH and potentially other metabolic diseases sharing similar underpinnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine normative ranges for fetal ocular biometrics between 19 and 38 weeks gestational age (GA) using volumetric MRI reconstruction. Method The 3D images of 114 healthy fetuses between 19 and 38 weeks GA were created using super-resolution volume reconstructions from MRI slice acquisitions. These 3D images were semi-automatically segmented to measure fetal orbit volume, binocular distance (BOD), interocular distance (IOD), and ocular diameter (OD). Results All biometry correlated with GA (Volume, Pearson's correlation coefficient (CC) = 0.9680; BOD, CC = 0.9552; OD, CC = 0.9445; and IOD, CC = 0.8429), and growth curves were plotted against linear and quadratic growth models. Regression analysis showed quadratic models to best fit BOD, IOD, and OD and a linear model to best fit volume. Conclusion Orbital volume had the greatest correlation with GA, although BOD and OD also showed strong correlation. The normative data found in this study may be helpful for the detection of congenital fetal anomalies with more consistent measurements than are currently available. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]