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The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of six phthalate acid esters (PAE) and associated health risks in butter and cheese samples, using the magnetic solid‐phase extraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MSPE‐GC/MS) technique. In this study, the limit of detection (LODs), limit of quantifications (LOQs) and the recovery percentages were 0.26–1.02, 0.78–3.06 μg/kg and 98.6–102%. The results showed that in all samples, the mean total PAEs was 9.76 ± 2.39 μg/kg (in the range of 6.33–14.49 μg/kg) and the average of Bis (2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was 2.9 ± 0.88 μg/kg (in the range of 1.84–4.24 μg/kg), which is lower than the standard level (EFSA set PAE standard levels between 0 and 50 μg/kg in food and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set 6 μg/L for DEHP in drinking water). Moreover, the average total PAEs in all butter samples were 11.52 ± 2.03 μg/kg (in the range of 7.82–14.49 μg/kg) and the average of DEHP was 3.53 ± 0.73 μg/kg (in the range of 2.05–4.24 μg/kg) and the average total PAEs in all cheese samples were 8.00 ± 1.02 μg/kg (in the range of 6.33–9.91 μg/kg) and the average of DEHP was 2.26 ± 0.43 μg/kg (in the range of 1.84–3.04 μg/kg). The rank order of the estimated THQ (target hazard quotient) values based on the 95% percentile (in all samples) was DEHP > DBP (dibutyl phthalate) > BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate) > DEP (diethyl phthalate). The ILCR (Incremental Life Cancer Risk) assessment found that phthalates (DEHP) in dairy product samples are not of concern to humans. Finally, since the amount of these pollutants was less than the existing standards, it can be concluded that it does not pose any danger to Iranian consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria are emerging causes of food spoilage and foodborne diseases. Raw meat of animal species may consider a reservoir of P. aeruginosa strains. Objectives: The present survey was done to assess the prevalence, antibiotic resistance properties and distribution of virulence factors among the P. aeruginosa strains isolated from raw meat and carcass surface swab samples of animal species. Methods: Five hundred and fifty raw meat and carcass surface swab samples were collected from cattle and sheep species referred to as slaughterhouses. P. aeruginosa bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined by disk diffusion. The distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes was determined using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Forty‐seven of 550 (8.54%) examined samples were contaminated with P. aeruginosa. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa in raw meat and carcass surface swab samples were 6.57 and 12%, respectively. P. aeruginosa isolates showed the maximum resistance rate toward penicillin (87.23%), ampicillin (85.10%), tetracycline (85.10%), gentamicin (65.95%) and trimethoprim (57.44%). The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes were BlaCTX‐M (53.19%), blaDHA (42.55%) and blaTEM (27.65%). The most commonly detected virulence factors was ExoS (42.55%), algD (31.91%), lasA (31.91%), plcH (31.91%) and exoU (25.53%). Conclusions: Meat and carcass surface swab samples may be sources of resistant and virulent P. aeruginosa, which pose a hygienic threat in their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of P. aeruginosa in meat and carcass surface samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, to improve the quality and shelf life of hamburgers, sesame meal protein hydrolysates (SPH) were produced using two enzymes of alcalase and flavourzyme and then four hamburger treatments: T1: control (10% soybean), T2: 1% SPH + soybean 9%, T3: 2% SPH + soybean 8%, and T4: 3% SPH + soybean 7% were prepared. Physicochemical properties were analyzed at the beginning of the storage period; microbial and chemical quality was evaluated at intervals of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 days. The results of SPH showed that alcalase enzyme can produce a SPH with a higher antioxidant properties (DPPH, FRAP, and beta-carotene-linoleic acid) (P < 0.05); therefore, this SPH was used for hamburger properties. According to the results, with the addition of SPH, moisture, fat, texture firmness decreased, protein, and brightness increased (P < 0.05), and all treatments had the allowable range. SPH replacement with soybean slowed down the increasing trend of oxidation and microbial spoilage (P < 0.05). In general, better results were observed in T3 and T4, which had a permissible range chemical and microbial index until the end of the storage period, as well as these treatments inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Only T3 was approved by the evaluators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mayonnaise is a semi‐solid oil‐in‐water emulsion that in addition to eggs other stabilizers and thickeners are used as emulsifiers for better stability. Although eggs are an important ingredient in the production of mayonnaise, the health problems associated with the use of eggs is increasing due to their high cholesterol content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of clover sprout protein hydrolysates (CSPH) to replace eggs for the production mayonnaise. First, CSPH was produced using alcalase and flavourzyme enzyme, and in order to find the best enzyme, the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and protein recovery (PR) were determined. Then four mayonnaise treatments included, T1: control (egg 9%), T2: egg 6%+ CSPH 3%, T3: egg 3%+ CSPH 6%, T4: egg 0%+ CSPH 9% was prepared and the stability, viscosity, physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of mayonnaise was investigated. The samples containing CSPH showed that CSPH had high essential amino acids, CSPH from alcalase enzyme had higher amounts of protein, DH, PR, and increasing hydrolysis time had a positive effect on these parameters (p <.05); therefore, CSPH from alcalase enzyme was used for the production mayonnaise. The stability, viscosity, firmness, adhesion of texture, and pH increased with increasing CSPH, while the brightness, acidity, and sensory score of the samples decreased (p <.05). In general, T3 had an acceptable quality in terms of the studied characteristics, but sensory score in T4 could not be confirmed. Hence, by replacing eggs with CSPH up to 6%, mayonnaise with appropriate physicochemical and sensory properties can be produced. Therefore, the formulation egg 3%+ CSPH 6% is an appropriate choice to produce mayonnaise for consumers who are on a restricted diet to eat foods containing eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of composite chitosan‐chia seed coating (CH‐CG) with Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) essential oil (BE) in two forms including free and nanocapsulated on the shelf life of quail fillets during the 16‐day refrigeration (4 ± 1℃) period was investigated. For this purpose, first, BE was extracted by Clevenger apparatus. Then, nanoliposomes BE were produced, and the properties of BE and nanoliposomes BE were investigated. In order to investigate the shelf life of quail, 6 treatments were produced including 1: control (C), 2: CH‐CG, CH‐CG+BE at 800 ppm, 3: CH‐CG+BE at 1600 ppm, 4: CH‐CG+nano BE at 800 ppm, 5: CH‐CG+nano BE at 1600 ppm, and periodically chemical parameters (peroxide value, free fatty acid, total volatile basic nitrogen, texture firmness, and chewing ability) and microbial (total viable bacteria (TVC) and psychrotrophic bacteria), and the effect of different treatments on control in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus inoculated populations in quail was also investigated. The BE had high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The particle size and microencapsulation efficiency of BE nanoliposome were 98.3 nm and 75.95%, respectively. The results of chemical and microbial analysis showed that in general, the coating with essential oil slowed down the increasing trend of oxidation and microbial indices compared to the control treatment and nanocapsulation of essential oil has increased its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (p <.05). At the end of storage period, in all tests, treatments of 3, 4, and 5 had the allowed microbial and chemical range and they also inhibited the growth of these bacteria (p <.05). Overall, considering the higher sensory score of treatment 4 and economic efficiency, it seems that this treatment can be used as a natural preservative in the meat industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of free and microencapsulation of Tragopogon Collins extract (TPE) on the properties of probiotic yogurt was investigated. For this purpose, first, TPE was extracted by ultrasound method. The amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in TPE were 890.04 mg/g gallic acid and 512.76 mg/g extract (respectively), and it had high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Then, the extract was encapsulated by maltodextrin–whey protein concentrate. The results related to the particle size, zeta‐potential, and microencapsulation efficiency of the TPE microencapsulation were 93.87 nm, 18.99 MV, and 64.35% respectively. In order to investigate the effect of nano‐ and free TPE on the properties of yogurt during a 15‐day storage period of 5 treatments including control, nano‐ and free TPE at 750 and 1,000 ppm were provided and the physicochemical properties, probiotic bacteria viability, and sensory properties were investigated. The results showed that adding TPE to yogurt affects the physicochemical properties, probiotic bacterial viability, and sensory properties were investigated. The results showed that adding TPE to yogurt affects the physicochemical properties. TPE samples had lower pH, less syneresis, and more acidity, viscosity, and antioxidant properties compared to the control sample (p <.05). Furthermore, in these samples, the viability of probiotic bacteria during storage was higher than the control treatment and the sensory properties were acceptable. In most cases, better results were observed in nano‐TPE treatment. Therefore, by industrial production of probiotic yogurt containing nano‐TPE as a functional food, a new choice will be provided for consumers of dairy products that would have more desirable nutritional value and sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of grape seed protein hydrolysate (GPH) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of stirred yogurt was evaluated. At first, the antioxidant properties and degree of hydrolysis (DH) of GPH were determined using the microbial protease enzymes (alcalase and flavourzyme), the results showed that alcalase enzyme can produce GPH with higher DH and antioxidant properties (p <.05). Also, increasing the hydrolysis time had a positive effect on these properties (p <.05). The DH, free radical scavenging DPPH, and ferric reducing power for GPH by alcalase at 30 min was 21.51%, 88.68%, and 0.33 μmol ferrous/ g, respectively. Therefore, this treatment was used for further experiments. In the next part, the mentioned GPH was added to the stirred yogurt with three concentrations (0.5, 1.5, and 1.5%) and physicochemical properties and viability of Lactobacillus casei and sensory properties were measured during 15 days of storage. The results showed that the GPH treatment had higher pH, viscosity, and texture firmness and less acidity and syneresis compared with the control sample (p <.05). Also, in these samples, the decreasing trend of L. casei viability was slower than the control treatment during the storage period (p <.05). In most parameters, better results were observed with increasing the concentration GPH and all the treatments were acceptable in terms of sensory properties. Therefore, by producing yogurt containing GPH, a new functional food can be provided for consumers of dairy products, which in addition to the desired taste, good nutritional properties can be also achieved from its consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of encapsulation method on antioxidant properties of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.) extract. The extracts of the Hyssop were obtained by ultrasound assisted techniques, and the amount of phenolic compounds was 117.43 ± 9.22 (mg of gallic acid per 100 g of extract). The antioxidant activity of extracts in concentrations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm was measured using DPPH free radical scavenging method and compared with 100 ppm of TBHQ synthetic antioxidants. The results showed that by increasing in concentration of the extract, the antioxidant activity of the extract increased. The Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum and Orchis mascula were chosen as coating material. Encapsulation was performed by emulsion production method. The antioxidant effects of nanocapsules in oil during 40 days of storage at 60°C were measured, which increased the oxidation of oil over time. The lowest amount of oil oxidation during storage compared to control samples was observed in samples containing nano encapsulated Hyssop extract due to reducing in release rate of the extract during storage and more protection of the extract. The results of this study suggest that encapsulation is an effective way to increase the antioxidant activity of the extract and could be increased the shelf life of edible oils with natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of rosemary extract in two free and encapsulated forms to increase the shelf life of beef meat during a 28‐day refrigerated storage period was investigated. For this purpose, rosemary was extracted using different extraction methods including ultrasound, solvent, and supercritical fluid extraction. The amount of phenolic compounds, antioxidant properties (free radical scavenging capacity of DPPH radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power), and antimicrobial activity of rosemary extract against pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. According to the results, the highest amount of phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity was observed in rosemary extracted by ultrasound method that used for next study (p <.05). In order to encapsulation of the rosemary extract, basil seed gum and soybean protein isolate separately and in combination form (1:1 w:w ratio) were used as carriers. Based on the particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency tests, the best carriers were soybean protein isolate that used as a carrier for encapsulation. Then, to investigate the effect of rosemary extract to increase the shelf life of beef meat, 5 treatments including control, rosemary extract with concentrations of 800 ppm and 1,600 ppm, and nano‐capsulation form of it with 800 ppm and 1,600 ppm concentrations were selected and they were periodically evaluated for chemical and microbial analysis (peroxide value, Thiobarbituric acid, color index, pH, and total viable count). The results showed that rosemary extract has an antimicrobial and antioxidant properties which could increasingly delay microbial spoilage and lipid oxidation of beef meat fillets, nano‐capsulation form of rosemary could increase these qualities. The best results were observed in nano‐capsulation of rosemary extract with 1,600 ppm (p <.05) as well as increased the shelf life of fillets till 21st day. Therefore, it seems that encapsulated rosemary extract could be used as a natural preservative in beef meat and meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, monolayer drying of kiwi slices was simulated by a laboratory-scale hot-air dryer. The drying process was carried out at three different temperatures of 50, 60, and 70°C. After the end of drying process, initially, the experimental drying data were fitted to the 11 well-known drying models. The results indicated that Two-term model gave better performance compared with other models to monitor the moisture ratio (with average R2 value equal .998). Also, this study used artificial neural network ( ANN) in order to feasibly predict dried kiwi slices moisture ratio ( y), based on the time and temperature drying inputs ( x1, x2). In order to do this research, two main activation functions called logsig and tanh, widely used in engineering calculations, were applied. The results revealed that, logsig activation function base on 13 neurons in first and second hidden layers were selected as the best configuration to predict the moisture ratio. This network was able to predict moisture ratio with R2 value .997. Furthermore, kiwi slice favorite is evaluated by sensory evaluation. In this test, sense qualities as color, aroma, flavor, appearance, and chew ability (tissue brittleness) are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of chitosan coating incorporated with eucalyptus essential oil and α-tocopherol on the quality of silver carp fillet during chilled storage (4 + 1°C) were examined over a period of 16 days. The control samples (without any coating), chitosan coating (CH), chitosan coating incorporated with eucalyptus essential oil (CH+EEO) and chitosan coating incorporated with eucalyptus essential oil and α-tocopherol (CH+EEO+α) were analyzed by chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics. Results showed that, total viable counts, total psychrotrophic counts and total volatile basic nitrogen of CH+EEO and CH+EEO+α were significantly lower than control and CH ( P ≤ 0.05). Addition of α-tocopherol to EEO retarded lipid oxidation. According to the sensory analysis results, CH+EEO+α was acceptable even at the end of the 16-day storage. The results indicated that chitosan coating was improved extending of meat shelf life. Using eucalyptus essential oil and α-tocopherol increased its efficiency significantly. Practical Apllications Fresh fish are usually more perishable than most other muscle foods. Many attempts have been made to prevent the spoilage of fresh fish. To avoid the use of synthetic food additives, numerous studies are currently focused on using natural products to improve the quality of sea food products. The results of the present study report the efficacy of chitosan edible coating enriched with eucalyptus essential oil and α-tocopherol as a new natural preservative for developing the shelf life of silver carp fillets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]