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Introduction: There is a dearth of research on cognitive aging and dementia in Asian Americans, particularly in Vietnamese Americans, the fourth largest Asian subgroup in the United States. Methods: The Vietnamese Insights into Cognitive Aging Program (VIP) investigates early life adversity and war‐related trauma and their associations with cognitive health in a community‐based sample of older Vietnamese Americans in Northern California (i.e., Sacramento and Santa Clara counties). Baseline measurements include a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, including measures of global cognition along with executive function, semantic memory, and episodic memory. Data also include measures of functioning, early life adversity and trauma exposure, and psychosocial and traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. Cognitive assessments will be repeated twice over the course of the data collection period, approximately 12‐ and 24‐ months post‐baseline. Blood samples collected during Wave 2 will be assayed for biochemical risk factors. Results: Baseline assessments were conducted from January 2022 to November 2023, with N = 548 Vietnamese Americans; mean age ± SD was 73 ± 5.31 years and 55% of participants were women. There were significant differences in social factors by site, with Santa Clara participants having higher education (some college or higher: Sacramento, ≈25%; Santa Clara: ≈48%) and marginally higher incomes compared to Sacramento participants. A higher percentage of Santa Clara participants reported speaking English well or very well (24%) compared to Sacramento participants (13%), although the majority of the entire sample (81%) reported speaking some to no English (response options: not at all; some/a little bit; well/very well). Discussion: This longitudinal study providea a unique opportunity to more fully delineate psychosocial factors that contribute to dementia disparities in diverse and under‐engaged populations. Future work will examine cognition, the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, and other health outcomes, while controlling for site differences in all analyses. Highlights: Vietnamese Insights into Cognitive Aging Program (VIP) is a new study.VIP has detailed early life and health data on 548 older Vietnamese Americans.History of war and trauma may contribute to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD)–related burden.VIP may provide insight into ADRD burden in other understudied groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Limited research on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) screening for metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) among US Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) children necessitates investigation in this heterogeneous population. Objective: Examine ALT elevation among Asian/PI children with overweight or obesity. Methods: Elevated ALT prevalence (clinical threshold) and association with body mass index ≥85th percentile were compared among 18 402 Asian/PI and 25 376 non‐Hispanic White (NHW) children aged 9–17 years using logistic regression. Results: ALT elevation was more prevalent among Asian/PI (vs. NHW) males with overweight (4.0% vs. 2.7%), moderate (7.8% vs. 5.3%) and severe obesity (16.6% vs. 11.5%), and females with moderate (5.1% vs. 3.0%) and severe obesity (10.2% vs. 5.2%). Adjusted odds of elevated ALT were 1.6‐fold and ~2‐fold higher for Asian/PI (vs. NHW) males and females (with obesity), respectively. Filipino, Chinese and Southeast Asian males had 1.7–2.1‐fold higher odds, but Native Hawaiian/PI (NHPI) and South Asian males did not significantly differ (vs. NHW). Filipina and Chinese females with obesity had >2‐fold higher odds, Southeast and South Asian females did not differ and NHPI findings were mixed (vs. NHW). Conclusion: High elevated ALT prevalence among Asian/PI children with overweight and obesity emphasizes the need for MASLD risk assessment and examination of ethnic subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing advocacy for gender equality, gender prejudice and discrimination persist. The origins of these biases develop in early childhood, but it is less clear whether (1) children's gender attitudes predict discrimination and (2) gender attitudes and discrimination vary by ethnicity and US region. We examine these questions with an ethnically (Asian, Black, Latinx and White) and geographically (Northeast, Pacific Northwest, West, Southeast and Hawaii) diverse sample of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children (N = 605) who completed measures of gender attitudes and discrimination in a preregistered study. Children, across groups, demonstrated more positive attitudes towards their gender ingroup. Children who showed more pro‐ingroup attitudes also showed more pro‐ingroup behavioural discrimination. Girls showed stronger ingroup favouritism than boys, but ethnic and regional groups generally did not vary in levels of bias. These findings contribute to our understanding of how gender intergroup biases develop and highlight the generalizability of these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stomach cancer incidence presents significant racial/ethnic disparities among racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States, particularly among Asian and Hispanic immigrant populations. However, population‐based evaluation of disparities by nativity has been scarce because of the lack of nativity‐specific population denominators, especially for disaggregated Asian subgroups. Population‐based stomach cancer incidence and tumor characteristics by detailed race/ethnicity and nativity were examined. Methods: Annual age‐adjusted incidence rates were calculated by race/ethnicity, sex, and nativity and tumor characteristics, such as stage and anatomic subsite, were evaluated using the 2011–2015 California Cancer Registry data. For Hispanic and Asian populations, nativity‐specific population counts were estimated using the US Census and the American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample data. Results: During 2011–2015 in California, 14,198 patients were diagnosed with stomach cancer. Annual age‐adjusted incidence rates were higher among foreign‐born individuals than their US‐born counterparts. The difference was modest among Hispanics (∼1.3‐fold) but larger (∼2‐ to 3‐fold) among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Americans. The highest incidence was observed for foreign‐born Korean and Japanese Americans (33 and 33 per 100,000 for men; 15 and 12 per 100,000 for women, respectively). The proportion of localized stage disease was highest among foreign‐born Korean Americans (44%); a similar proportion was observed among US‐born Korean Americans, although numbers were limited. For other Asians and Hispanics, the localized stage proportion was generally lower among foreign‐born than US‐born individuals and lowest among foreign‐born Japanese Americans (23%). Conclusions: Nativity‐specific investigation with disaggregated racial/ethnic groups identified substantial stomach cancer disparities among foreign‐born immigrant populations. Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in stomach cancer exist in the United States, with the largest disparities found for foreign‐born Korean and Japanese Americans. Comparisons of incidence rates and stage distribution underscore the importance of implementing targeted prevention and screening strategies for high‐risk racial/ethnic subgroups and immigrant populations in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine the associations between acculturation and dental floss, regular dental visits and unmet dental care needs among Asian Americans, as well as the moderating effects of these associations. Methods: This study analysed national representative samples from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018. A total of 2763 Asian Americans aged 20 and older were included in this analysis. The primary predictor, acculturation score, was determined by three questions: (i) language spoken at home (higher score for English), (ii) country of birth (higher score for United States) and (iii) length of time in the United States. Dental floss use, dental visits and unmet dental care needs were included as outcomes in this study. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were used to analyse the samples. Results: Acculturation was significantly associated with dental health behaviours: Individuals with higher levels of acculturation were more likely than less acculturated individuals to use dental floss (81.0% vs. 63.9%, respectively) and visit the dentist regularly (76.7% vs. 66.9% respectively). Insurance status moderated the association between acculturation and dental visits: Acculturation was significantly associated with dental visits in the past year among insured individuals (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.29–2.23), but not among uninsured individuals. Unmet dental care needs were present in 11.1% of participants. While costs and insurance were the top two determinants of access to care, individuals with and without insurance differed with regard to their third major reason for unmet dental care needs: Being 'too busy' and not wanting to spend money on dental care. Conclusions: Among the Asian population in the United States, those with high acculturation scores were more likely to engage in dental flossing and visit the dentist regularly compared to those Asians with lower acculturation scores. To encourage dental flossing and regular dental visits among Asians with lower acculturation scores, cultural adaptation and language accessibility suggests being considered. Future research is necessary to confirm the moderating effect of insurance status on the association between acculturation and regular dental visits. Additionally, our findings emphasize the impact of costs and insurance on access to dental care among Asians in the United States, highlighting the importance of future public health programmes in addressing these barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study investigated the relationships between demographic variables, cash benefits, vocational rehabilitation (VR) services, and employment outcomes of Asian Americans VR clients. Methods: The data were extracted from the most recent Rehabilitation Service Administration database (RSA‐911). Among 17,278 case services records, 5784 clients met the inclusion criteria. Chi‐square automatic interaction detector and logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate the employment outcomes. Results: The results indicated that Asian American clients who have completed a bachelor's degree or more do not receive disability‐related benefits, and those who received more VR services were more likely to achieve competitive integrated employment (CIE). In addition, VR counseling and job placement services were significant predictors of employment outcomes. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into the factors influencing CIE among Asian American VR clients with disabilities. The results further underscore the importance of VR professionals possessing cultural competence to effectively serve a diverse clientele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although research on racial‐ethnic socialization with Asian American families examines academic and psychological outcomes, less is known about whether messages from mothers and fathers are related to their adolescent's Asian American sociopolitical values and family cohesion. Methods: Cross‐sectional survey data were collected from 308 Asian American adolescents, ages 14−18, in the United States in 2021 (Mage = 16.83; standard deviation = 1.15). Results: Using latent profile analysis, we found that there were three socialization profiles for mothers (integration socialization, moderate separation socialization, and high separation socialization) and two for fathers (integration socialization and high separation socialization). The integration socialization reported more maintenance of heritage culture and becoming American messages, with the lowest reports of awareness of discrimination and avoidance of outgroups. The high separation profile had the highest amount of maintenance of heritage culture messages, awareness of discrimination, and avoidance of outgroups but lowest amount of becoming American messages. Looking at profiles for youths' perceptions of mothers, the moderate separation profile had slightly lower scores on maintenance of heritage culture messages, moderate scores on avoidance of outgroups, and higher reports of becoming American and awareness of discrimination compared to the high separation profile. Adolescents with mothers in the integration profile had the greatest mother‐child cohesion and highest level of sociopolitical values. With fathers, Asian American adolescents reported greater father−child cohesion in the integration profile, but there were no differences between socialization profiles and youth's Asian American sociopolitical values. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of parental messages on both identity outcomes (i.e., sociopolitical values) and family processes (i.e., family cohesion). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This prospective study examined the direct and interactive effects of depressive symptoms and cultural family processes (i.e., intergenerational cultural conflict, academic parental control, cultural socialization parenting) on Asian American youths' suicidal ideation from adolescence to young adulthood. Methods: We utilized three‐wave data of 408 Korean American and 378 Filipino American youths (M = 15.00 years, SD = 1.91 at Wave 1). For each ethnicity, we tested (1) whether depressive symptoms and cultural family processes predicted past‐year suicidal ideation; and (2) whether cultural family processes moderated the depressive symptom–suicidal ideation link. Results: Across ethnicities, depressive symptoms significantly predicted suicidal ideation after controlling for cultural family processes. For Filipino youths, intergenerational cultural conflict significantly predicted suicidal ideation after controlling depressive symptoms and exacerbated the depressive symptom–suicidal ideation link. For Filipino youths, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with suicidal ideation only at lower levels of cultural socialization parenting. For Korean youths, academic parental control exacerbated the depressive symptom–suicidal ideation link. Conclusion: Findings suggest that while depressive symptoms have a robust effect on Asian American youths' suicidal ideation, this effect may be moderated by cultural family processes. Different findings for Korean and Filipino youths highlight the importance of disaggregating analyses by ethnicity to guide prevention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout U.S. history, Asian Americans engaged in various forms of collective action to challenge systems of oppression. Despite this, few studies challenge the stereotype that Asian Americans are apolitical and uninterested in collective action and focus on psychological correlates of Asian Americans' collective action. Collective action may be motivated by critical reflection on racism and inequality, which may induce shifts in racial identity ideological values that lead Asian Americans to align with minoritized groups. The current study examines whether Asian American racial identity ideological values—specifically, Asian American Unity, Interracial Solidarity, and Transnational Critical Consciousness—help explain why critical reflection is linked to collective action among Asian Americans. Multiple mediation analyses suggested that, among Asian American college students in the Southwest United States (N = 272), beliefs about Interracial Solidarity and Asian American Unity mediated the relationship between critical reflection (i.e., Critical Reflection on Racism and Perceived Inequality) and collective action (i.e., Support for Black Lives Matter and Sociopolitical Participation). Transnational Critical Consciousness did not mediate the relationship between critical reflection and collective action. This study highlights how Asian American unity and interracial solidarity beliefs underlie Asian Americans' critical reflection and collective action. Highlights: Despite stereotypes, Asian Americans have a long history of collective action for social justice.Asian American racial identity ideological values link critical reflection to collective action.Asian American unity and interracial solidarity are important drivers of collective action.Transnational critical consciousness is unrelated to Black Lives Matter (BLM) support and sociopolitical participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian Americans are lauded as the model minority who are intelligent and industrious. Simultaneously, they are deemed as perpetual foreigners. The current research examines how racial microaggressions expressed by a White American source toward an Asian American target affect perceptions of the perpetrator and target. White Americans and Asian Americans read about an interaction between two college students, where the racial microaggression made was either an ambiguous expression of the model minority myth (MMM; all studies), an ambiguous perpetual foreigner stereotype (all studies), an unambiguous MMM (all studies), or no racial bias (Studies 2 and 3). Findings indicate that both Whites and Asian Americans respond differently—when exposed to the aforementioned conditions—regarding perceived racism of the White perpetrator and appropriateness of response by the Asian American target; however, they respond similarly regarding perceived legitimacy of collective action by the target. Nevertheless, Whites and Asian Americans deemed the ambiguous microaggression against the target as a model minority not racist relative to unambiguous MMM. Our findings show that ambiguous forms of bias toward Asian Americans go "under the radar" of both Whites and Asian Americans as being racist and contribute to the maintenance of the racial status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships, their processes, and outcomes are shaped by sociocultural norms and practices. The specialty of counseling psychology emphasizes the importance of a holistic understanding of the social context of lived experience as it affects health and well‐being. We used a queer paradigm and an intersectional approach to inquire about the romantic relationship experiences of 15 bisexual‐identifying Asian American men (BIAAM) who were at least 23 years old. In‐depth interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory approach. A recursive process of coding resulted in findings that focused on the influence of gender and bisexual stigma on romantic relationship experiences. Relationship experiences were constructed in the context of White hegemonic masculinity norms requiring the performance of dominance and emotional restriction. Experiences of bisexual stigma included fears of rejection from gay and Asian communities that shaped the choice of partners and disclosure and concealment decisions. BIAAM create and maintain their romantic relationships in a social context that challenges them to straddle socially constructed binaries and hierarchies for performing gender, sexuality, and race. We discuss the implications of the findings for culturally competent and effective intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore changes in family‐based nature activities (FBNA) across five developmental stages and investigate whether frequency and type of FBNA across the early life course is associated with greater family relationship quality in emerging adulthood. Method: Retrospective survey data was collected from 451 undergraduate students who primarily identified as Asian American (44.9%) and Latinx (42.7%). Results: Multilevel models showed that participants who showed greater stability in FBNA across the early life course reported more positive family relationship quality in emerging adulthood. Higher income participants' FBNA declined more rapidly as they aged, whereas lower income participants showed greater stability across five developmental stages. Greater participation in social, physical, nature, and travel types of outdoor family activities were associated with more positive family relationship quality in emerging adulthood, whereas sports and entertainment were not significantly associated. Conclusion: Findings support the FBNA framework, suggesting that continued participation in outdoor family rituals across the early life course is associated with positive family relationship outcomes in adulthood. Implications: Results are discussed in relation to the importance of studying outdoor family leisure rituals in the field of human development and family studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental mental health socialization is a process by which parents shape how youth develop and maintain beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors regarding mental health and help‐seeking behaviors. Although culture shapes parental mental health socialization, few studies have examined specific parental socialization practices regarding mental health and help‐seeking, especially as a culturally anchored process. Using a qualitative approach, this study explores youth‐reported parental socialization of mental health within Chinese American families by examining focus group data from 69 Chinese American high school and college students. Findings revealed that youth received parental messages that conveyed culturally anchored conceptualizations of mental health that included stigmatized views of mental illness and perceptions of mental distress as not a legitimate problem. Parents responded to youth distress in culturally consonant ways: by encouraging culturally specific coping methods, dismissing or minimizing distress, or responding with silence. Youth engaged in the active interpretation of parental messages through cultural brokering, bridging the gap between their parents' messages and mainstream notions of mental health and help‐seeking. Overall, our findings point to the significant role of culture in parental mental health socialization in Chinese American families and the need to integrate culturally specific understandings of mental health into future interventions for Asian American youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian American patients were also more likely to speak a language other than English as their primary language compared to non-Asian American patients (64.0% vs 14.3%, p<.01). Keywords: Chronic rhinosinusitis; endoscopic sinus surgery; Asian American; health disparities; surgical hesitancy; treatment decision-making EN Chronic rhinosinusitis endoscopic sinus surgery Asian American health disparities surgical hesitancy treatment decision-making 1558 1561 4 12/02/22 20221201 NES 221201 INTRODUCTION Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is usually indicated in the setting of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) refractory to medical management.[1] Many studies have shown that ESS significantly improves the quality of life of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis when compared to medical management alone.[1] However, ESS is considered an elective surgery, and little is known about the factors that contribute to patients deciding or declining to undergo ESS if they are surgical candidates. Third, CRS patients seen at a community otolaryngology clinic may have different treatment decision-making behavior compared to CRS patients seen at a tertiary or quaternary healthcare center. [Extracted from the article]

In public schools, Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) students are overidentified with autism (AU) but are underrepresented in other special education categories. Such patterns may be result, in part, from overaggregation of data from students representing diverse AAPI ethnic groups. Yet, professionals' implicit biases, limited cultural responsivity in evaluation and research, and structural and systemic racism also likely contribute to the pervasive AU disproportionality in school‐based identification. To improve accuracy of AU identification and appropriateness of school services and programming, the current paper aims to enhance school psychologists' (SPs') awareness and knowledge about AAPI cultures and to improve their efforts in conducting culturally responsive evaluation with AAPI students suspected of AU. An overview of historical and current anti‐AAPI issues and AAPI cultural perceptions of AU are provided. Then, through the lens of sociocultural theory and using a framework of cultural humility, specific suggestions for culturally responsive autism assessment approaches are offered for SPs working with AAPI students and their families. Highlights: School psychologists can enhance culturally responsive services to Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) students by:Increasing their awareness about the pervasiveness of historical anti‐AAPI racism within current systemic issues that are faced by the AAPI community.Broadening their views about AAPI cultural perceptions of education and autism.Approaching their critical role of autism assessment with cultural awareness, cultural humility, and cultural sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate how the addition of concurrent chemotherapy to radiation therapy (RT) affects outcomes for Asian American patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: Using the California Cancer Registry – a population‐based, state‐sponsored database – Asian American patients with newly‐diagnosed, locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosed between 1998 and 2010 were identified. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze overall survival and cancer‐specific survival. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to investigate the association with chemotherapy. Propensity score methods were used to control for measure confounders. Results: A total of 812 Asian Americans were included; 91 (11.2%) underwent RT alone, and 721 (88.8%) underwent RT with chemotherapy. The overall survival at 5 years was 65% with RT alone versus 72% with RT plus chemotherapy (p = 0.31). The corresponding rates of cancer‐specific survival were 70% and 78% (p = 0.35). Cox regression analysis confirmed a trend toward reduced mortality (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.62–1.25, p = 0.37) in patients receiving RT and chemotherapy. Conclusion: Consistent with other studies that have been published, the addition of chemotherapy to RT was associated with improved clinical outcomes. Although this improvement did not reach statistical significance, the use of concurrent chemoradiation seems reasonable for Asian Americans with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The experiences of youth with intersecting LGBTQ+ and Asian American (AA) identities have been largely unexplored. This study explored these experiences of LGBTQ+ AA California youth with mental health, school climate, and school victimization. METHODS: Drawing from the 2016‐2017 California Healthy Kids Survey (N = 326,124), this study utilized secondary data analyses to examine mental health, school climate, and school victimization among students of specific AA ethnicities (eg, Cambodian, Hmong, Vietnamese) and LGBTQ+ identities. The participants in this study included 7th, 9th, and 11th graders from California public schools, with subsamples of lesbian or gay students (N = 13,291), bisexual students (N = 30,127), and transgender students (N = 7916). RESULTS: The results indicated that Asian Indian, Cambodian, Hmong, Japanese, Korean, Laotian, and Other Asian LGBTQ+ students experienced more negative school climate and victimization compared to their Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, and white LGBTQ+ peers. For instance, 41.1% of Cambodian transgender students reported they were beaten up compared to 27.1% of white transgender students. Mental health differences between LGBTQ+ AA and LGBTQ+ white students were also found. CONCLUSIONS: This study's findings can inform school administrators and teachers how to best support LGBTQ+ AA populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian counselor educators in predominantly White institutions face challenges that are not shared by their White colleagues or by other faculty of color. This article outlines the barriers for Asian counselor educators and establishes a call to action for researchers to act in ways that support Asian faculty retention and success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asian Americans are among the fastest growing subpopulations in the United States. However, evidence about maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and preterm birth among Asian Americans is lacking. Methods: This population‐based study used nationwide birth certificate data from the US National Vital Statistics System 2014 to 2018. All Asian American mothers who had a singleton live birth were included. According to Asian‐specific cutoffs, maternal prepregnancy BMI was classified into underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5‐22.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 23.0‐27.4 kg/m2), class I obesity (BMI 27.5‐32.4 kg/m2), class II obesity (BMI 32.5‐37.4 kg/m2), and class III obesity (BMI ≥37.5 kg/m2). Preterm birth was defined as gestational age less than 37 weeks. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of preterm birth. Results: We included 1 081 341 Asian American mother‐infant pairs. The rate of preterm birth was 6.51% (n = 70 434). The rate of maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity was 46.80% (n = 506 042). Compared with mothers with normal weight, the adjusted OR of preterm delivery was 1.04 (95% CI, 1.01‐1.07) for underweight mothers, 1.18 (95% CI, 1.16‐1.20) for overweight mothers, 1.41 (95% CI, 1.37‐1.44) for mothers with class I obesity, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.63‐1.76) for mothers with class II obesity, and 1.78 (95% CI, 1.66‐1.90) for mothers with class III obesity. Similar patterns of associations were observed in Asian American mothers across different country origins. Conclusions: Among Asian American mothers, maternal prepregnancy overweight or obesity, defined by Asian‐specific, lower BMI cutoffs, was significantly associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. The risk of preterm birth increased with increasing obesity severity. These findings highlight the importance of using Asian‐specific BMI cutoffs in assessing risk of preterm birth among Asian American mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This integrative literature review aims to fill the gap in our understanding of the cultural and gendered predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration by Asian American men. A comprehensive search using PsycINFO returned N = 24 peer‐reviewed journal articles that examine Asian American men's IPV perpetration and patriarchal gender role norms and that met inclusion criteria. Patriarchal gender role norms consistently predicted IPV perpetration. However, the associations between acculturation/enculturation and IPV perpetration were less clear. Greater enculturation (Asian cultural identification) was associated with more patriarchal gender role norms while greater acculturation (mainstream US cultural identification) was associated with more masculine gender role strain. Additionally, violence in the family of origin consistently predicted later IPV perpetration as an adult. Results suggest that integrating multiple dimensions of human diversity (e.g., culture, gender, and power) in intersectional models may best explain Asian American men's IPV perpetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social determinants of health (SDOH) play a significant role in the development of cardiovascular risk factors. We investigated SDOH associations with cardiovascular risk factors among Asian American subgroups., Methods and Results: We utilized the National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative survey of US adults, years 2013 to 2018. SDOH variables were categorized into economic stability, neighborhood and social cohesion, food security, education, and health care utilization. SDOH score was created by categorizing 27 SDOH variables as 0 (favorable) or 1 (unfavorable). Self-reported cardiovascular risk factors included diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, insufficient physical activity, suboptimal sleep, and nicotine exposure. Among 6395 Asian adults aged ≥18 years, 22.1% self-identified as Filipino, 21.6% as Asian Indian, 21.0% as Chinese, and 35.3% as other Asian. From multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, each SD increment of SDOH score was associated with higher odds of diabetes among Chinese (odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% CI, 1.04-2.03) and Filipino (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.02-1.51) adults; high blood pressure among Filipino adults (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.60); insufficient physical activity among Asian Indian (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.22-1.65), Chinese (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.33-1.88), and Filipino (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.06-1.46) adults; suboptimal sleep among Asian Indian adults (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42); and nicotine exposure among Chinese (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.15-2.11) and Filipino (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.14-1.97) adults., Conclusions: Unfavorable SDOH are associated with higher odds of cardiovascular risk factors in Asian American subgroups. Culturally specific interventions addressing SDOH may help improve cardiovascular health among Asian Americans.

Background: Asian Americans are understudied in the literature on alcohol, due to data limitations and the perception that they are at low risk for alcohol misuse. Yet, certain subpopulations—such as college students—may be at higher risk. The current study examined longitudinal change in alcohol use and motivations for drinking among Asian American students. We tested for differences by nativity status, ethnic origin, and gender and examined whether motivations covaried with alcohol use. Methods: Asian American first‐year college students (N = 199, 45.7% female, 37.7% foreign‐born) attending a US university were identified through stratified random sampling using registrar information. For 7 consecutive semesters, students completed online surveys about their behaviors and beliefs. Results: Multilevel models demonstrated that alcohol use and alcohol‐related motivations increased over time. US‐born students consistently consumed more alcoholic drinks, reached higher peak drinking levels, and drank more frequently than foreign‐born students; however, motivations did not differ by nativity status. Chinese American students consumed less alcohol, drank less, and were more motivated to avoid alcohol‐related consequences than students of other/multiple heritage ethnic origins. Each motivation subscale was associated with alcohol use at the between‐person level. Likewise, within‐person variability in motivations was linked to variability in drinking across semesters. Controlling for other motivations, drinking for fun emerged as the strongest correlate of alcohol use variability. Conclusions: Alcohol misuse was highest among US‐born students and those with higher motivations for drinking. Furthermore, alcohol use varied in tandem with motivations, suggesting that motivations may be a useful intervention target among this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the religious assimilation of different Asian American second‐generation religious groups by examining their rates of religious retention and levels of religiosity relative to the first generation and the general American population. In general, Asian Americans exhibit a pattern of generational religious decline: the second generation tend to have lower levels of both religious retention and religiosity compared to the immigrant generation. The second generation do not necessarily conform to the religious patterns of the general population. Rather, they follow different trajectories of retention and religiosity depending on the religion. We identify four different pathways of religious change among the second generation, and discuss how racial and religious differences mediate assimilation into American religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects about 25% of the general population worldwide. Although epidemiology of NAFLD is well studied in the United States, there is paucity of data for the Asian Americans. Our aim was to assess the prevalence and risk factors for NAFLD among Asian Americans. Methods: We utilized NHANES data for 2011‐2016. We defined NAFLD using recently derived US‐FLI. Relative risks (RRs) and population attributable fractions (PAFs) of metabolic components on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and advanced fibrosis were calculated for Asian Americans, and these rates were compared to non‐Hispanic whites. Results: NAFLD prevalence was 18.3% among Asian Americans and 28.4% among non‐Hispanic whites. Asian Americans with NAFLD had lower BMI and waist circumference than non‐Hispanic whites with NAFLD and were less likely to have metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer and incident ASCVD (P < 0.05). Hyperlipidaemia had the highest attributable fraction (76.6%) for risk of ASCVD among Asian Americans with NAFLD, followed by diabetes (24.0%), current smoking (9.2%), and obesity (3.7%). Advanced fibrosis in Asian American with NAFLD was independently associated with presence of type 2 diabetes (RR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.00‐7.27). Conclusions: Asian Americans have lower prevalence of NAFLD than non‐Hispanic whites. However, Asian Americans with NAFLD have similar risk factors for advanced fibrosis and ASCVD than non‐Hispanic Whites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the role of curiosity and ethnic identity in career decision self‐efficacy among Asian American college students. Given that curiosity can promote the process of exploring one's possible future self, opportunities, and career goals, the authors hypothesized that curiosity would be associated with career decision self‐efficacy, directly or indirectly, through a sense of ethnic identity. Results based on data from 425 Asian American incoming first‐year college students suggest that students with high curiosity tend to present a stronger sense of competence in completing career decision‐related tasks. These findings also confirmed a hypothesis that ethnic identity mediates the association between curiosity and career decision self‐efficacy. Implications for future research and career counseling with Asian American college students are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemicals in nail products have been linked to numerous health concerns. Methods: We recruited Vietnamese‐American nail salon owners and workers in California and randomized salons into an intervention or control group. Owners in the intervention group received training and then provided education to workers in their salons on best practices to reduce workplace chemical exposures. Methyl methacrylate (MMA), toluene, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) were measured using personal air monitors worn by workers during the work‐shift. Results: We enrolled 77 salons (37 intervention and 40 control) and 200 workers. There was no significant intervention effect between the two groups. However, MMA and TVOCs were higher for workers who used gel polish and acrylic nails as well as in busy salons. Conclusions: Although the intervention did not show reductions in chemical levels, identifying worker tasks and salon characteristics that predict chemical levels can inform future interventions to reduce exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biospecimens from racially diverse groups are needed to advance cancer research. The Asian American Cancer Education Study was developed to increase the number and proportion of blood biospecimen donations from Asian Americans for cancer research.Methods: The authors' targeted approach included 2 types of community engagement, in-reach (within institution to Asian American patients with cancer) and outreach (external to institution to the general Asian American community). Participants received in-language biospecimen education followed by the opportunity to donate blood biospecimens. Outreach participants donated through our community biospecimen blood drives, and in-reach participants consented to donating an extra tube of blood during their routine blood draws as a patient. Donated blood biospecimens were spun down to serum and plasma to be stored in a biorepository or were sent to the laboratory to test for cancer-related risk factors.Results: Three hundred eighty-eight Asian Americans donated 1127 blood biospecimens for cancer research. Four hundred twenty tubes of plasma and serum are currently being stored at the cancer center's biorepository, 39 tubes have been used for cancer genomic research, and 668 tubes were used to characterize cancer-related risk factors.Conclusions: Building upon the past decade of the National Cancer Institute-funded Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research, and Training's foundation of trust and service among Asian Americans, researchers were able to leverage relationships not only to introduce the idea of biospecimen contribution to the community but to also exceed expectations with regard to the quantity of blood biospecimens collected from Asian Americans. Cancer 2018;124:1614-21. © 2018 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Filipino colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates fall below Healthy People 2020 goals. In this study, the authors explore whether a lay health educator (LHE) approach can increase CRC screening among Filipino Americans ages 50 to 75 years in Hawai'i.Methods: A cluster randomized controlled trial from 2012 through 2015 compared an intervention, which consisted of LHEs delivering 2 education sessions and 2 telephone follow-up calls on CRC screening plus a CRC brochure versus an attention control, in which 2 lectures and 2 follow-up calls on nutrition and physical activity plus a CRC brochure were provided. The primary outcome was change in self-reported ever receipt of CRC screening at 6 months.Results: Among 304 participants (77% women, 86% had > 10 years of residence in the United States), the proportion of participants who reported ever having received CRC screening increased significantly in the intervention group (from 80% to 89%; P = .0003), but not in the control group (from 73% to 74%; P = .60). After covariate adjustment, there was a significant intervention effect (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.5). There was no intervention effect on up-to-date screening.Conclusions: This first randomized controlled trial for CRC screening among Hawai'i's Filipinos used an LHE intervention with mixed, but promising, results. Cancer 2018;124:1535-42. © 2018 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2000 and in 2 subsequent 5-year cycles, the National Cancer Institute funded grantees on a regional and national basis to address community needs for cancer awareness, research, and training. The Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research and Training (AANCART) is fortunate to have been funded since 2000 to focus on mitigating cancer health disparities facing Asian Americans residing primarily in California and Hawaii. This article highlights AANCART's achievements with respect to the original specific aims and unanticipated outcomes in its most recent funded cycle.Methods: Sources included reports to the National Cancer Institute and peer-reviewed articles as well as the insights of the 3 principal investigators.Results: All aims of the original application (infrastructure, outreach, research, and training) were attained or exceeded. Most distinctive was the completion and publication of 8 randomized controlled trials to address Asian American cancer health disparities and its nurture of 14 new and early stage investigators who have been productive in terms of research career trajectories.Conclusions: AANCART is contributing to mitigating Asian American cancer health disparities by catalyzing academic and community collaborations that have resulted in linguistically specific and culturally tailored educational products, scientifically rigorous interventions addressed at cancer risk factors, and nurturing new and early stage Asian American cancer investigators. Cancer 2018;124:1527-34. © 2018 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study examines the association between social constraints and depressive symptoms among Chinese American breast cancer survivors, and the mechanism underling this association. A multiprocesses model is tested to examine the mediating roles of ambivalence over emotional expression (AEE), avoidance, intrusive thoughts, and social support in the association between social constraints and depressive symptoms among Chinese American breast cancer survivors.Methods: Ninety-six Chinese American breast cancer survivors were recruited from Chinese community organizations. They were asked to complete a questionnaire package that assessed social constraints, AEE, avoidance, intrusive thoughts, social support, depressive symptoms, and demographic information. Path analysis was conducted to test the hypothesized model.Results: The overall and specific indirect effects of social constraints on depressive symptoms through AEE, avoidance, intrusive thoughts, and social support are significant. When the mediators are controlled for, the direct effect of social constraints on depressive symptoms is no longer significant.Conclusions: A multiprocesses model of social constraints and depressive symptoms is tested in a sample of Chinese American breast cancer survivors. The findings suggest that the existence of multiple pathways through which social constraints may associate with depressive symptoms among Chinese American breast cancer survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, including lower uptake rates among Hispanic Americans (HAs) and Asian Americans (AAs) relative to non-Hispanic white Americans. The objective of this study was to explore pathways associated with the use of health services and to characterize multifaceted associations with the uptake of CRC screening among HAs and AAs.Methods: Data were obtained from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2012-2013). Participants included HA (n = 3731) and AA (n = 1345) respondents ages 50 to 75 years who met CRC screening recommendations. A modified Andersen behavioral model was used to examine pathways that lead to CRC screening uptake, including predisposing characteristics (education, economic, and cultural factors), health insurance, health needs (perceived health status and several comorbidities), and health provider contextual factors (access to care, perceived quality of health services, and distrust in health care). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the models for HAs and AAs.Results: In the HA model, cultural factors (standardized regression coefficient [β] = -0.04; P = .013) and distrust in health care (β = -0.05; P = .007) directly and negatively affected CRC screening. Similarly, cultural factors (β = -0.11; P = .002) negatively affected CRC screening in the AA model, but distrust in health care was not significant (P = .103). In both models, perceived quality of health services was positively associated with CRC screening uptake and mediated the negative association between cultural factors and CRC screening. Access to care was not associated with CRC screening.Conclusions: Correlations between CRC screening and associated factors differ among HAs and AAs, suggesting a need for multilevel interventions tailored to race/ethnicity. The current findings suggest that facilitating access to care without improving perceived quality of health services may be ineffective for increasing the uptake of CRC screening among HAs and AAs. Cancer 2018;124:335-45. © 2017 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our aim is to investigate the prevalence and predictors of suicidal ideation among Korean American older adults and assess the self-rated mental health of Korean American older adults with suicidal ideation with or without depressive syndrome.Methods: The Memory and Aging Study of Koreans is a cross-sectional, epidemiologic study of a community-representative sample of Korean American older adults (N = 1116) residing in the Baltimore-Washington area. Participants were interviewed using the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9K). In addition, demographic information, self-rated mental health, and self-rated physical health status were obtained.Results: In this study, 14.7% of Korean American older adults reported suicidal ideation. Predictors of suicidal ideation included living alone, major or minor depressive syndrome (diagnosed by the PHQ-9K), shorter duration of residency in the USA, and poorer self-rated mental health status. Of those who reported suicidal ideation, 64% did not have minor or major depressive syndrome. However, their self-rated mental health was as poor as that of those with major or minor depressive syndrome but without suicidal ideation.Conclusion: Suicidal ideation without depressive syndromes was common among Korean American older adults. For this group of elders with poor self-rated mental health, future studies should look to improving early detection of suicide risks and developing feasible suicide prevention interventions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although minority‐serving institutions (MSIs) educate nearly one fifth of the nation's college students, there is to date little research on MSI's return on investment (ROI). To address this, the University of Pennsylvania and Educational Testing Service commissioned four papers focusing on the ROI for MSIs, which were presented originally in December 2015 at the National Convening on Return on Investment for Minority Serving Institutions. This report contains the four papers presented at the seminar, as well as an introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The importance of cultural meanings via motives for suicide - what is considered acceptable to motivate suicide - has been advocated as a key step in understanding and preventing development of suicidal behaviors. There have been limited systematic empirical attempts to establish different cultural motives ascribed to suicide across ethnic groups. Method We used a mixed methods approach and grounded theory methodology to guide the analysis of qualitative data querying for meanings via motives for suicide among 232 Caucasians, Asian Americans, and Latino/a Americans with a history of suicide attempts, ideation, intent, or plan. We used subsequent logistic regression analyses to examine ethnic differences in suicide motive themes. Results This inductive approach of generating theory from data yielded an empirical model of 6 cultural meanings via motives for suicide themes: intrapersonal perceptions, intrapersonal emotions, intrapersonal behavior, interpersonal, mental health/medical, and external environment. Logistic regressions showed ethnic differences in intrapersonal perceptions (low endorsement by Latino/a Americans) and external environment (high endorsement by Latino/a Americans) categories. Conclusion Results advance suicide research and practice by establishing 6 empirically based cultural motives for suicide themes that may represent a key intermediary step in the pathway toward suicidal behaviors. Clinicians can use these suicide meanings via motives to guide their assessment and determination of suicide risk. Emphasis on environmental stressors rather than negative perceptions like hopelessness should be considered with Latino/a clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This mixed-methods study explored 184 Asian American female college students' subjective femininity conceptualizations and their associations with family conflict. A direct content analysis of responses identified 5 categories of subjective femininity conceptualizations: model minority, physical attributes, traditional femininity, subordinate roles, and modern femininity. Conceptualizations of subordinate roles were positively related to intensity of family conflict. Interdependent self-construal moderated the relationship between subjective conceptualizations of subordinate roles, modern femininity, and intensity of family conflict. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Este estudio de métodos combinados exploró las conceptualizaciones subjetivas de feminidad y sus asociaciones con conflictos familiares entre 184 estudiantes universitarias asiático-americanas. Un análisis directo del contenido de las respuestas identificó 5 categorías de conceptualizaciones subjetivas de feminidad: modelo de minoría, atributos físicos, feminidad tradicional, roles subordinados y feminidad moderna. Las conceptualizaciones de roles subordinados se relacionaron de forma positiva con la intensidad de los conflictos familiares. La autoconstrucción interdependiente moderó la relación entre las conceptualizaciones subjetivas de roles subordinados, la feminidad moderna y la intensidad de los conflictos familiares. Se discuten las implicaciones clínicas de estos hallazgos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian Americans juggle the intersections of multiple social identities and societal discourses as they respond to experiences of immigration, marginalization, and patriarchy, integrate collectivist and individualistic family values, and form families and intimate relationships. In this study we examine what we have learned as we apply Socio-Emotional Relationship Therapy ( SERT) with heterosexual couples of Asian heritage. SERT begins with sociocultural attunement and the assumption that relationships should mutually support each partner. Drawing on case examples, we illustrate how we practice sociocultural attunement as couples respond to the relational processes that comprise the Circle of Care (mutual influence, vulnerability, attunement, and shared relational responsibility). We emphasize three key socioemotional themes that intersect with gender: (1) intangible loss; (2) quiet fortitude/not burdening others; and (3) duty to the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many people view Asian Americans as 'model minorities' who excel in math, science and music, they are also negatively stereotyped as nerdy and unsociable. Research has shown that Asian Americans have to outperform other races academically to receive equal consideration by colleges. This study is the first to test whether this bias is directed towards all Asian Americans or only those who fit the model minority stereotype. The present experiment investigates the effect of race and stereotypes on perceptions of students in the college admission process. College admission officers ( N = 79) were randomly assigned to view a shortened version of a college application. The participants rated the student whose application they saw according to likelihood of being accepted into college, social competence, academic competence and contribution to a college's diversity. The stereotypical Asian American student was perceived to be significantly less likely to be accepted into college and had a lower perceived social competence than the other three students. Additionally, students who participated in counter-stereotypical Asian activities were perceived as being more likely to be accepted, more socially competent and to contribute more diversity than students who participated in stereotypical Asian activities. A multiple regression revealed that social competence was the only significant predictor of likely acceptance. This study suggests that rather than all Asian American students being disadvantaged in the college admissions process, it is only those who fit common stereotypes who are affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Prior studies have indicated high rates of vascular risk factors, but little is known about stroke in Hmong. Methods and Results The institutional Get With The Guidelines (GWTG) database was used to identify patients discharged with acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage between 2010 and 2019. Hmong patients were identified using clan names and primary language. Univariate analysis was used to compare Hmong and White patients. A subarachnoid hemorrhage comparison was not conducted because of the small sample size. We identified 128 Hmong patients and 3084 White patients. Hmong patients had more prevalent hemorrhagic stroke (31% versus 15%; P <0.0016). In the acute ischemic stroke cohort, compared with White patients, Hmong patients were younger (60±13 versus 71±15 years; P <0.0001), presented to the emergency department almost 4 hours later; and had a lower thrombolysis usage rate (6% versus 14%; P =0.03496), worse lipid profile, higher hemoglobin A 1C , similar stroke severity, and less frequent discharge to rehabilitation facilities. The most common ischemic stroke mechanism for Hmong patients was small-vessel disease. In the intracerebral hemorrhage cohort, Hmong patients were younger (55±13 versus 70±15 years; P <0.0001), had higher blood pressure, and had a lower rate of independent ambulation on discharge (9% versus 30%; P =0.0041). Conclusions Hmong patients with stroke were younger and had poorer risk factor control compared with White patients. There was a significant delay in emergency department arrival and low use of acute therapies among the Hmong acute ischemic stroke cohort. Larger studies are needed to confirm these observations, but action is urgently needed to close gaps in primary care and stroke health literacy.

Objective: We examined whether two key emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, moderated the relations between discrimination (i.e., foreigner objectification and general denigration) and adjustment.Methods: Participants were U.S. Latino/a and Asian-heritage college students (N = 1,279, 67% female, 72% U.S. born) from the Multi-Site University Study of Identity and Culture (MUSIC). Students completed online self-report surveys in 2009.Results: Multi-group path analysis demonstrated that a fully constrained model fit well for both Latino/a and Asian-heritage student data. The results showed that with increasing levels of denigration (but not foreigner objectification), the combination of lower cognitive reappraisal and higher expressive suppression was related to greater depressive symptoms, anxiety, and aggression.Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of examining multiple emotion regulation strategies simultaneously-considering what strategies are available to individuals and in what combination they are used-to understand how best to deal with negative emotions resulting from experiencing discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although advance care planning ( ACP) is associated with better care at the end of life, better quality of death, and less psychological distress in survivors, ethnic disparities in ACP completion rates have been documented and may be attributable to lack of knowledge about ACP or differences in cultural values and preferences. Despite rapid increases in the size of the Asian-American population, little is known about ACP preferences of Chinese Americans. The purpose of this study is to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and preferences of older Chinese Americans toward ACP. Focus groups with Chinese older adults (n = 34) were conducted in Mandarin, Cantonese, and English, and transcripts were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Identified themes included knowledge and experience with ACP and end-of-life care options, health as a factor in timing of ACP and communication, and communication of end-of-life care preferences. Knowledge of and experience with ACP and end-of-life decision-making varied according to focus group, although few participants had an advance directive. Findings suggest that Chinese older adults prefer to use indirect communication strategies, such as commenting on the circumstances of others rather than directly stating their wishes, and informal contexts, such as during a family dinner rather than formal meeting, to convey their care preferences to loved ones and may employ similar tactics when communicating with clinicians. This is particularly important given the recent decision by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to provide reimbursement to physicians for engaging in advance care planning conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Asian American experiences have been largely ignored in the engineering education research literature. Asian Americans are often considered as a homogenous group, despite including over 40 different ethnic subgroups who speak over 300 languages. The immigrant trajectories, cultural experiences, and college completion rates of Asian Americans also vary. Purpose This study compares classroom engagement of Asian American subgroups whose members are undergraduate engineering majors, and next examines the relationship between classroom engagement and grade point averages across subgroups. Design/Method Survey responses from Asian Americans in undergraduate engineering programs at nine campuses in a public research university system were analyzed using quantitative methods to test for measurement invariance in terms of classroom engagement. The classroom engagement was correlated with grade point average, after controlling for prior achievement and student demographics. Results There was evidence of measurement invariance of classroom engagement across Asian American subgroups. Classroom engagement was higher for the East Indian/Pakistani subgroup than the Chinese, Filipino, and Thai subgroups. There was also evidence that classroom engagement was significantly related to grade point average. However, the low effect sizes suggest that these items may not adequately capture classroom engagement. Conclusions Disaggregating data by subgroups provides important information regarding student classroom engagement and academic outcomes. Our findings can inform policies and approaches to ensure that all racial/ethnic groups benefit from classroom activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer incidence disparities exist among specific Asian American populations. However, the existing reports exclude data from large metropoles like Chicago, Houston and New York. Moreover, incidence rates by subgroup have been underestimated due to the exclusion of Asians with unknown subgroup. Cancer incidence data for 2009 to 2011 for eight states accounting for 68% of the Asian American population were analyzed. Race for cases with unknown subgroup was imputed using stratified proportion models by sex, age, cancer site and geographic regions. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated for 17 cancer sites for the six largest Asian subgroups. Our analysis comprised 90,709 Asian and 1,327,727 non-Hispanic white cancer cases. Asian Americans had significantly lower overall cancer incidence rates than non-Hispanic whites (336.5 per 100,000 and 541.9 for men, 299.6 and 449.3 for women, respectively). Among specific Asian subgroups, Filipino men (377.4) and Japanese women (342.7) had the highest overall incidence rates while South Asian men (297.7) and Korean women (275.9) had the lowest. In comparison to non-Hispanic whites and other Asian subgroups, significantly higher risks were observed for colorectal cancer among Japanese, stomach cancer among Koreans, nasopharyngeal cancer among Chinese, thyroid cancer among Filipinos, and liver cancer among Vietnamese. South Asians had remarkably low lung cancer risk. Overall, Asian Americans have a lower cancer risk than non-Hispanic whites, except for nasopharyngeal, liver and stomach cancers. The unique portrayal of cancer incidence patterns among specific Asian subgroups in this study provides a new baseline for future cancer surveillance research and health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose By 2050, the number of international migrants is expected to double from 214 million people. Of these, Asian immigrants are projected to comprise the largest foreign-born population in the United States by the year 2065. Asian American immigrants experience numerous health disparities, but remain under-represented in health research. The purpose of this article is to examine the experiences and lessons learned in applying community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles to access and recruit a sample of Asian American research participants. Approach This article reviews unique barriers to research participation among Asian Americans, describes the principles of CBPR, and provides examples of how these principles were employed to bridge recruitment challenges within a qualitative study. Findings and Conclusions CBPR facilitated greater research participation among a group of immigrant Asian Americans. Researchers must be additionally mindful of the importance of building trusting relationships with their community partners, understanding the significance of shared experiences, considering fears around immigration status, and considering ongoing challenges in identifying and reaching hidden populations. Clinical Relevance Clinicians and researchers can employ CBPR principles to guide their work with Asian immigrant communities and other under-represented groups to facilitate access to the population, improve participant recruitment, and foster engagement and collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer death in USA. We analyzed CRC disparities in African Americans, Hispanics, Asians/ Pacific Islanders, and American Indians/Alaska Natives compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Current guidelines recommend screening for CRC beginning at age 50. Using SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database 1973–2009 and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) 1995– 2009 dataset, we performed frequency and rate analysis on colorectal cancer demographics and incidence based on race/ethnicity. We also used the SEER database to analyze stage, grade, and survival based on race/ethnicity. Utilizing SEER database, the median age of CRC diagnosis is significantly less in Hispanics (66 years), Asians/Pacific Islanders (68 years), American Indians/Alaska Natives (64 years), and African Americans (64 years) compared to non-Hispanic whites (72 years). Twelve percent of Asians/Pacific Islanders, 15.4% Hispanics, 16.5% American Indians/Alaska Natives, and 11.9% African Americans with CRC are diagnosed at age <50 years compared to only 6.7% in non-Hispanic Whites (P < 0.0001). Minority groups have more advanced stages at diagnosis compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Trend analysis showed age-adjusted incidence rates of CRC diagnosed under the age of 50 years have significantly increased in all racial and ethnic groups but are stable in African Americans. These results were confirmed through analysis of NAACCR 1995–2009 dataset covering nearly the entire USA. A significantly higher proportion of minority groups in USA with CRC are diagnosed before age 50 compared to non-Hispanic Whites, documenting that these minority groups are at higher risk for early CRC. Further studies are needed to identify the causes and risk factors responsible for young onset CRC among minority groups and to develop intervention strategies including earlier CRC screening, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although mental health disparities for Asian Americans are known, reasons for the disparities are not well understood within the counseling process. This study coded Asian American and White clients' reports of helpful counselor actions into empirically supported common factors to determine which within-session processes might reduce mental health disparities for Asian American clients. Asian American clients' reports of helpful therapist actions did not differ from those of White clients, suggesting that disparities do not originate in differences in the foundational aspects of counseling. Implications for addressing disparities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on dementia in Native Hawaiians and many Asian subgroups in the United States are limited. Inpatients with dementia have higher costs, longer stays, and higher mortality than those without dementia. This study compared rates of inpatients with a dementia diagnosis for disaggregated Asian and Pacific Islanders (Native Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino) with those of whites according to age (18-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89, ≤90) for all adults hospitalized in Hawai'i between December 2006 and December 2010; 13,465 inpatients with a dementia diagnosis were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. Rates were calculated using population size denominators derived from the U.S. Census. In all age categories, Native Hawaiians had the highest unadjusted rates of inpatients with dementia and were more likely to have a dementia diagnosis at discharge at younger ages than other racial and ethnic groups. In adjusted models (controlling for sex, residence location, and insurer), Native Hawaiian inpatients aged 18 to 59 ( aRR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.84-2.69), 60 to 69 ( aRR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.74-3.68), 70 to 79 ( aRR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.78-2.69), and 80 to 89 ( aRR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.24-1.71) were significantly more likely to have dementia than whites, as were Japanese aged 70 to 79 ( aRR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.01-1.67), 80 to 89 ( aRR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.05-1.57), and 90 and older ( aRR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.24-1.85). Japanese aged 18 to 59 had were significantly less likely to have dementia than whites ( aRR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.17-0.94). These patterns have important public health and clinical care implications for Native Hawaiians and older Japanese populations. Future studies should consider whether preventable medical risk, caregiving, socioeconomic conditions, genetic disposition, or a combination of these factors are responsible for these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "model minority" perception of Asian American students often ignores the academic and social challenges that many face in schools. One area that has received less attention is the school victimization experiences of Asian American adolescents. While some qualitative researchers have explored factors contributing to school victimization in recent years, missing in the literature is the scope of these incidents among Asian Americans. This paper contributes to this literature by (1) examining national trends in the victimization of Asian American adolescents in schools over the last decade and (2) investigating how victimization varies according to their gender, socioeconomic status, and achievement levels. The results show that although Asian American adolescents are consistently less likely to be bullied relative to other students, they are more likely to report experiences of racial discrimination. Victimization incidents for Asian Americans also differ by gender and academic achievement levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, it remains unknown whether race-based differences in cancer outcomes have changed with time. In the current study, the authors assessed whether racial disparities in cancer-specific mortality have improved over the last 20 years. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program was used to identify 2,713,474 patients diagnosed between 1988 and 2007 with either lung, breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer (the leading 3 causes of cancer-related mortality among each sex). After exclusions, 1,001,978 patients remained eligible for analysis. The impact of race on cancer-specific mortality was assessed using the regression model of Fine and Gray; an interaction model evaluated trends over time. RESULTS African Americans presented with a more advanced stage of disease ( P < .001) and underwent definitive therapy less often ( P < .001) than whites. After adjustment for demographics and year of diagnosis, African Americans were found to have higher estimates of cancer-specific mortality than whites for all cancers combined (hazards ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-1.30 [ P < .001]) and within each individual cancer (each P < .05). These differences did not change significantly between 1988 through 1997 and 1998 through 2007, except among patients with breast cancer, in whom survival disparities increased. These findings remained significant after adjustment for stage of disease at presentation and receipt of definitive therapy (hazards ratio for breast cancer mortality in African Americans vs whites: 1.37 from 1988-1997 and 1.53 from 1998-2007; P for interaction, < .001). CONCLUSIONS The survival gap for African Americans has not closed over time. Race-based differences in outcome persist independent of stage of disease and treatment, suggesting that additional strategies beyond screening and improving access to care, such as further research into tumor biologies disproportionately affecting African Americans, are needed to improve survival for African American patients with cancer. Cancer 2014;120:1532-1539. © 2014 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine whether anxious shyness and regulated shyness, initially identified in Asian cultures, can be differentiated in Asian American children and to explore how these two forms of shyness were related to children's temperament, parents' acculturation, and children's psychosocial functioning. Participants were 155 fourth and fifth grade children (81 girls, Mage = 10.35 years) who were recruited from an elementary school in Hawai'i. The results of an exploratory factor analysis replicated the two-factor model of shyness found in previous studies of Asian children. Anxious and regulated shyness were similarly related to temperamental shyness and solitary behaviour but differed in their relations to attention regulation, social preference, anxious behaviour, peer exclusion, and loneliness. In addition, parents' orientation to their Asian natal cultures was positively related to regulated but not anxious shyness. These findings from an Asian-concentrated context in a Western culture provide preliminary support for the distinction between anxious and regulated shyness in Asian American children. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors evaluated a health careers program in a U.S. urban public high school. After small subgroups of the original sample were removed, participants included 162 Asian American and Pacific Islander students. Analyses of covariance indicated that, compared with the comparison group, the treatment group reported significantly higher levels of social support, school engagement, interest in learning, vocational expectations, and ethnic identity. Implications for multicultural counseling in schools are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]