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Objective: To examine the racial socialization practices of White fathers with their biological Black and White biracial sons. Background: Socializing children of color to live in a society where they may experience discrimination is an essential part of parenting. This may be challenging for White fathers with Black biracial sons because of their different lived experiences, which can be harmful to their sons. Method: A phenomenological approach was used to conduct 10 in‐depth, semistructured interviews with a sample of White fathers with biological Black biracial sons. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Four racial socialization practices were identified: (a) talking to son about his racial/cultural heritages, (b) exposing son to his racial/cultural heritages, (c) exposing son to environments that are diverse, and (d) talking to son about discrimination. Conclusion: Family professionals can work with White fathers to help them overcome any challenges they may encounter to socialize their Black biracial sons to navigate society as a man of color. Implications: Family practitioners and school personnel can promote and encourage the attendance of parenting programs that focus on discussing discrimination with children and strategies parents can use to develop a healthy multiracial identity in children. Religious leaders can encourage diversity with International Day celebrations and facilitate discussions with congregants about racial inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book "Believability: Sexual violence, media, and the politics of doubt," which examines the #MeToo movement and the cultural construction of believability in cases of sexual violence. The authors critique the focus on truth and evidence in legal discourses, advocating for a shift towards cultural negotiations over power. The book explores how believability is constructed, commodified, competitive, and conditional, highlighting the unequal distribution of resources based on cultural position and identity. It also addresses the impact of social media on narratives of sexual violence and the role of subjectivity in determining believability. [Extracted from the article]

Moral decisions often involve dilemmas: cases of conflict between competing obligations. In two studies (N = 204), we ask whether children appreciate that reasoning through dilemmas involves acknowledging that there is no single, simple solution. In Study 1, 5‐ to 8‐year‐old US children were randomly assigned to a Moral Dilemma condition, in which story characters face dilemmas between two prosocial actions, or a Personal Cost control, in which story characters face decisions between a matched prosocial action and a self‐interested action. Children were then presented with two reasoners who made the same judgment, but one confidently endorsed one moral action, and the other hesitantly acknowledged both actions. As they aged, children became more likely to prefer the uncertain reasoner's "way of thinking" in the Moral Dilemma compared to the Personal Cost condition. They also inferred that the uncertain reasoner was nicer and more trustworthy than the confident one. In Study 2, when both reasoners acknowledged the dilemma and differed only in their level of uncertainty, 5‐year‐olds preferred the acknowledgment to be accompanied by a confident decision, 6‐ and 7‐year‐olds preferred it be accompanied by uncertainty, and 8‐year‐olds showed no preference. These results show that, before the age at which children can resolve dilemmas successfully on their own, they recognize and value others who approach dilemmas with appropriate humility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Differential disease control may contribute to racial disparities in outcomes of childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE). We evaluated associations of race and individual‐ or neighborhood‐level social determinants of health (SDoH) with achievement of low lupus disease activity state (LLDAS), a clinically relevant treatment target. Methods: In this cSLE cohort study using the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry, the primary exposure was self‐reported race and ethnicity, and collected SDoH included insurance status and area deprivation index (ADI). Outcomes included LLDAS, disease activity, and time‐averaged prednisone exposure. Associations among race and ethnicity, SDoH, and disease activity were estimated with multivariable regression models, adjusting for disease‐related and demographic factors. Results: Among 540 children with cSLE, 27% identified as Black, 25% identified as White, 23% identified as Latino/a, 11% identified as Asian, 9% identified as more than one race, and 5% identified as other. More Black children (41%) lived in neighborhoods of highest ADI compared to White children (16%). Black race was associated with lower LLDAS achievement (adjusted odds ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38–0.82) and higher disease activity (adjusted β 0.94, 95% CI 0.11–1.78). The highest ADI was not associated with lower LLDAS achievement on adjustment for renal disease and insurance. However, renal disease was found to be a significant mediator (P = 0.04) of the association between ADI and prednisone exposure. Conclusions: Children with cSLE who identified as Black are less likely to achieve LLDAS and have a higher disease activity. Living in areas of higher ADI may relate to renal disease and subsequent prednisone exposure. Strategies to address root causes will be important to design interventions mitigating cSLE racial disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes Colson Whitehead's The Nickel Boys (2019) by exploring the consequences of an uneven distribution of vulnerability in relation to both historical and contemporary contexts. This study emphasizes the significance of this depiction in comprehending the enduring effects of racial oppression and institutional disparities. This means that while all humans are inherently vulnerable, systemic inequalities make some people more vulnerable and less protected than others. Whitehead depicts the experiences of the young black boys at the Nickel Academy as heightening their vulnerability, the more they embrace resistance. The novel points to the notion that political structures not only establish hierarchies and inequalities among individuals but also place them in a position of inherent vulnerability, judged by preconceived notions of permanent inferiority and inequality. Ultimately, Whitehead depicts vulnerability as a method of uncovering the truth and fighting for justice by giving voice to the black perspectives that have been marginalized and silenced throughout history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black women are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) industries and are presented with unique career and mental health experiences as a result. This study used social cognitive career theory and thematic analysis to explore the career and mental health experiences of (N = 11) Black women in STEM. The findings include four themes: (1) the influence of a STEM career on mental health; (2) the STEM career journey; (3) self‐efficacy and self‐motivation to succeed; and (4) hopes for Black girls and women in STEM. Implications for counselors who work with Black women in STEM are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Objective Methods Results Conclusions This study aimed to examine associations between prenatal neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation (NSD) with early offspring weight status and to assess potential modification by race and ethnicity.We used data from the Newborn Epigenetics STudy (NEST) cohort. Gestational NSD was assessed as neighbourhood deprivation index (NDI) tertiles. Offspring height and weight were assessed at 6 months (N = 1023), 1 year (N = 1268), 2 years (N = 1033) and 3 years (N = 1038). Multilevel logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the relationship of NDI with overweight or obesity and rapid infant weight gain, adjusting for gestational parent age, race/ethnicity, marital status and educational attainment. Models were estimated in the total sample and also stratified by race and ethnicity.Children exposed to NDI in the highest (compared to the lowest) tertile had increased odds of having overweight/obesity at 1 year (OR = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.09–2.15). In stratified models, children of NH Black gestational parents residing in the highest tertile of NDI (compared to the lowest) had increased odds of having overweight/obesity at 1 year (OR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.00–2.77).This findings suggest that higher gestational exposure to NSD may play a role in early childhood weight status, which has important implications for later development and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Methods Results Conclusion Implications To evaluate the fairness of a machine learning (ML) model designed to assess the need for home visiting services, focusing on its performance across family characteristics.ML models are increasingly used in family‐centered services; however, their fairness remains underexplored, particularly concerning family sociodemographic factors and service contexts.This study assessed the fairness of an ML model developed for home visiting services examining false negative rates (FNRs) across subgroups, particularly focusing on the intersection of maternal ethnicity and nativity.The ML model reduced FNRs from 52.9% to 22.1%, with the most notable improvements for children of Black mothers and with family characteristics associated with high risk. However, the model was less effective for children of Asian and foreign‐born Hispanic mothers.Although the ML model substantially reduced FNRs across various family subgroups, disparities were observed.Understanding fairness in ML models requires a thoughtful approach, considering service context and impact on the families from diverse backgrounds. Continued research and collaboration are necessary for fair and inclusive use of ML models for family‐centered services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have seen increases in parents' time with children and their endorsement of time‐intensive parenting, but little is known about adolescents' attitudes regarding the time that parents in general (i.e., not their own parents specifically) spend with children. We analyze separate attitudinal measures of fathers' time and mothers' time with children using data from the eighth and tenth grade Monitoring the Future surveys for 1991 to 2019. Overall, the majority of adolescents agree that most fathers and mothers, but especially fathers, should spend more time with their children than they do. Black girls are the most likely to agree that fathers and mothers should spend more time with their children while white boys are the least likely. The largest increases in agreement that fathers and mothers should spend more time with their children are found for white girls. Exploring parental education and mother's employment as potential mechanisms for these trends, we find that attitudes about the time most fathers and mothers should spend with children have converged across parental education levels and maternal employment statuses over the years of our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about how discrimination contributes to health behaviors in childhood. We examined the association between children's exposure to discrimination and their snacking behavior in a sample of youth of color (N = 164, Mage = 11.5 years, 49% female, 60% Black, 40% Hispanic/Latinx). We also explored whether children's body mass index (BMI) or sleepiness moderated the association between discrimination and calorie consumption. The significant link between discrimination and calorie consumption was moderated by children's BMI, such that discrimination was associated with calorie consumption for children with BMI percentiles above 79%. Children's sleepiness did not serve as an additional moderator. Efforts to promote health should consider children's broader socio‐contextual experiences, including discrimination, as factors that may shape eating patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Black girls in the United States are at increased risk for HIV and sexually transmitted infections due to early sexual development, stereotyping, adultification, and lack of protection. The Becoming a Sexual Black Woman framework highlights protection, or lack thereof, as a critical component of Black girls' sexual development. Objective: The purpose of this study was twofold. First, we sought to understand how girls protect their bodies within the societal context of the COVID‐19 pandemic and social injustice. Second, we aimed to explore how Black men can better protect Black girls' sexual development. Method: We conducted 25 in‐depth interviews with Black girls aged 9 to 18 years, primarily across the Midwestern United States. We performed a directed content analysis by reviewing transcripts, coding data, and developing themes. Results: Findings revealed four themes: (a) feeling unsafe, (b) adultification of Black girls' bodies and increased vulnerability to harm, (c) desire for more protection by Black male caregivers, and (d) needing Black men to speak up. Conclusion: Black men's engagement in girls' sexual development may significantly influence the health outcomes of Black girls and women throughout their life course. Implications: Findings may inform future family‐based interventions that better protect and promote the sexual health and development of Black girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the possibility of political action within Hannah Arendt's philosophical framework under conditions of oppression. It delves into Arendt's concepts of self-display and self-presentation, highlighting the distinction between the social and political spheres. The text discusses how oppressed groups face obstacles in both self-display and self-presentation, limiting their access to political action. It also examines the complexities of political action in real-world events and movements, emphasizing the importance of inclusivity and democratic participation in politics. [Extracted from the article]

For Black, Indigenous, and other colonised peoples, decolonisation and racial justice are urgent imperatives, but their demands are often dismissed as utopian, impossible, or otherwise out‐of‐time. This article therefore introduces the coloniality of age as a theoretical framework that aims to open up possibilities for otherwise worlds. Departing from established accounts of the coloniality of time, the coloniality of age grounds the analysis of racialised time in the chronopolitical formations of tempus nullius and the paternalistic paradigm. Alongside the doctrine of terra nullius or ‘uninhabited land’, the doctrine of tempus nullius or ‘uninhabited time’ works to deny Black peoples the ability to make and remake history on their own terms. Supplementing theories of the barbarian other, the paternalistic paradigm identifies patriarchal father/child relations as a conceptual and historical precedent to race. The coloniality of age directs the analysis to the temporal limits of coloniality. I argue that the temporal limits of coloniality are constituted by Black childhood; the coloniality of age figures Black childhood as an age with no future. This framework is then applied to analyse young Black peoples' counter‐narratives of Black childhood. The counter‐narratives of being ‘stuck’, ‘growing up’, the ‘pace’ of racism, and ‘regressing’ centre the temporal agency of Black children as they navigate the chronopolitics of Black childhood. Each of these counter‐narratives unsettles the coloniality of age. Read together, the counter‐narratives tell a larger story of Black children confronting the temporal limits of coloniality, refusing the terms of White futurity, and instead opting to grow otherwise. The article concludes that Black childhood might be reframed as an age with otherwise futures beyond the temporal limits of coloniality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Methods Results Conclusion Implications This study uses an intersectional approach to examine whether bonding and bridging family social capital change after adolescent delinquency and arrest.Family social capital (the resources and energy investments parents make in their children) has important implications for numerous youth outcomes. To date, little research has examined how stressful behaviors (like delinquency) and life events (such as arrest) strain or strengthen parent–child relationships, particularly across Black, White, and Hispanic families.Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort, the authors use fixed effects, dynamic panel, and correlated random effects models to analyze how delinquent behavior and arrest impact bonding and bridging forms of family social capital in adolescence. Stratified models by race/ethnicity and gender test whether the effects vary across groups.Results show that delinquency is negatively associated with bonding and bridging family social capital. Black girls experienced the sharpest reduction in family social capital resulting from delinquent behavior. Arrest was significantly associated with decreased bridging capital for Hispanic boys and increased bridging capital for Black girls.Delinquency creates stress for parents and reduces investments in children, especially for Black girls. The effects of arrest vary by race and gender.This study demonstrates the dynamism of family social capital and the impact of adolescent delinquency and arrest on parent–child ties, providing insights into the racialized and gendered development of family social capital amid heightened concern about youth deviance and incarceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to limited research on Black girls in science education, this study focuses on the forms of capital Black girls cultivated through their participation in a community‐based STEM after‐school program. The study drew from the interviews and a focus group session of 10 Black girls and investigated their formal and informal experiences in science. Using intersectionality and community cultural wealth as theoretical perspectives, findings revealed that multiple forms of capital (aspirational, social, navigational, and familial) were fostered and interconnected throughout the program. The intersections of race and gender were also prominent contributions to the multidimensional, nuanced ways Black girls experience and flourish in STEM education. Implications and recommendations for future research on Black girls in science are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Brachial plexus birth injury is the most common birth injury causing permanent disability in Finland. This study aimed to assess risk factors of a permanent brachial plexus birth injury and calculate the incidence. Material and methods: This is a retrospective population‐based study including all deliveries between 2006 and 2022 in Southern Finland. The number of children born, obstetric data, and migrant status were gathered from the registries of the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, and Statistics Finland. Race of the mothers of children with a permanent brachial plexus birth injury was recorded. The severity of permanent brachial plexus birth injury was assessed using the 3‐month Toronto test score. A lower score was indicative of a more severe injury (scored 0–10). Results: One hundred of the 298 428 children born during the 17‐year study period sustained a permanent brachial plexus birth injury (0.34 per 1000). Mothers of children with a permanent brachial plexus birth injury had a higher body mass index (29 vs. 24 kg/m2) and their pregnancies were more often complicated by diabetes (28% vs. 12%), shoulder dystocia (58% vs. 0.3%), and/or assisted deliveries (45% vs. 10%) compared with all other mothers (p < 0.001). Thirty two of the 52 725 children born to migrant mothers had a permanent brachial plexus birth injury (0.61 per 1000). The incidence of permanent brachial plexus birth injury was 5.7 times higher among children of Black migrants from Africa (18/11 738, 1.53 per 1000) compared with children of native mothers (0.27 per 1000). Black mothers had a higher body mass index at the start of pregnancy (29 vs. 26 kg/m2, p = 0.02) compared with Caucasians. Children of Black mothers had a more severe injury compared with all others (p = 0.007) with a mean 3‐month Toronto test score of 4.2 (range 0.0–6.5, SD ±1.6) vs. 5.6 (range 0.0–9.3, SD ±2.2). Conclusions: Shoulder dystocia and assisted delivery are the most important risk factors for a permanent brachial plexus birth injury. Black race was associated with a higher rate and a more severe permanent brachial plexus birth injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the roles of neighborhood social cohesion, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and parenting stress in early childhood on child behavioral outcomes in middle childhood and adolescence among socioeconomically disadvantaged Black families. To test a model linking perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion, single mothers' parenting stress, ACEs, and behavior problems in middle childhood and adolescence. We used four waves of longitudinal data from a subsample of 800 unmarried Black mothers and their children (at child birth and ages 3, 5, 9, and 15) from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a nationally representative data set. Structural equation modeling with latent variables was used to measure direct and indirect effects. Mothers' perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion were significantly and negatively associated parenting stress (β = −0.34, p < 0.05); parenting stress was significantly and positively related to adverse childhood experiences (β = 0.40, p < 0.05) and behavior problems (β = 0.32, p < 0.05); Adverse childhood experiences were significantly and positively related to behavior problems (β = 0.26, p < 0.05); and behavior problems were indirectly influenced by neighborhood social cohesion through adverse childhood experiences (β = −0.14, p < 0.05) and parenting stress (β = 0.10, p < 0.05). Neighborhood factors may play a significant role in parenting stress, adverse childhood experiences in early childhood, and children's behavior problems in middle childhood and adolescence among some single mothers and children in economically and socially disadvantaged Black families. Interventions that enhance neighborhood social cohesion and foster supportive interactions among community members and organizations are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This county‐level epidemiological study evaluated the travel distance to the nearest otolaryngologist for continental US communities and identified socioeconomic differences between low‐ and high‐access regions. Methods: Geospatial analysis of publicly available 2015–2022 NPI records was combined with US census data to identify geospatial gaps in otolaryngologist distribution. Moran's index geospatial clustering in distance to the nearest county with an otolaryngologist was used as the core metric for differential access determination. Univariate logistic analysis was conducted between low‐ and high‐access counties for 20 socioeconomic and demographic variables. Results: Nationally, the average person was 22 miles from an otolaryngologist. 444 counties were identified as geospatially "low access" with increased travel distance in the Midwest, Great Planes, and Nevada with a median of 47 miles. 1231 counties in the Eastern United States and Western Coast were identified as "high access" with a 3‐mile median travel distance. Areas of low access to otolaryngological care had smaller median populations (12,963 vs. 558,306), had smaller percent Black and Asian populations (2% vs. 11%, 1% vs. 5%, respectively), had a greater percent American Indian population (2% vs. 1%), were less densely populated (8 vs. 907 people per square mile), had fewer percent college graduates (20% vs. 34%), and fewer otolaryngologists per county (median: 0.01–20). Conclusion: These findings highlight disparity in otolaryngology care in the United States and the need for otolaryngology funding initiatives in the Midwest and Great Plains regions. Level of Evidence: Level 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth are more likely to succeed when they feel safe at school and have access to caring relationships with adults. Systemic racism interrupts access to these assets. Within schools, racially/ethnically minoritized youth encounter policies rooted in racism, leading to decreased perceptions of school safety. Having a teacher mentor may mitigate some of the harmful effects of systemic racism and discriminatory practices. Yet, teacher mentors may not be accessible to all students. In this study, the authors tested a putative explanatory hypothesis for differences between Black and white children's access to teacher mentors. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used. Linear regression models were used to predict access to teacher mentors, and a mediational analysis was conducted to determine the effect of school safety on the relationship between race and teacher mentor access. Results indicate that students from higher SES backgrounds and those with parents who have greater educational attainment are more likely to have a teacher mentor. Furthermore, Black students are less likely than white students to have a teacher mentor, and school safety mediates that relationship. The implications of this study suggest that challenging institutional racism and structures may improve perceptions of school safety and teacher mentor accessibility. Highlights: Black students are less likely than white students to have a teacher mentor.School safety mediates the relationship between being Black and access to teacher mentors.Systemic racism and white supremacy are prevalent in schools which influences school safety.Schools must challenge systemic racism to improve school safety for minoritized youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Racial disparities in measures of health and healthcare processes are well described. Limited work exists on disparities in failure to rescue – hospital mortality following a major adverse event. Postoperative pneumonia is a serious, potentially preventable adverse event that often leads to death, i.e., failure to rescue. This study examined the association of racial grouping with failure to rescue following postoperative pneumonia. Methods: We utilized the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program‐Pediatrics Participant Use Data File to assemble a cohort of children <18 years who underwent inpatient surgery from 2012 to 2022. We included Black and White patients who developed pneumonia following an index surgery. The primary outcome was failure to rescue, defined as mortality following postoperative pneumonia. We used logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of failure to rescue, comparing Black and White children. Results: The study cohort included 3139 children <18 years who developed pneumonia following inpatient surgery. Of those, 2333 (74.3%) were White and 806 (25.7%) were Black. Failure to rescue occurred in 117 of the children (3.7%); 82 were White (3.5%) and 35 were Black (4.3%). After adjusting for gender, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification, emergent/urgent vs. elective case status, year of operation, and pre‐existing comorbidities, the odds of failure to rescue for Black children with postoperative pneumonia did not differ from White children (adjusted‐Odds Ratio: 1.00; 95% Confidence Interval 0.62–1.61; p‐value =.992). Conclusion: We found no significant difference in the odds of failure to rescue following postoperative pneumonia between Black or White children. To improve postoperative care for all children and to narrow the racial gap in postoperative mortality, future studies should continue to investigate the association of race with failure to rescue following other postoperative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administrative burdens in government programs are common and may exacerbate inequity in government service provision and access. Work requirements represent an onerous administrative burden as they entail substantial effort in complying and documenting compliance. We investigate whether state politics and race influence local Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) work requirement restrictiveness. To measure restrictiveness, we leverage the fact that states can apply for waivers of the SNAP work requirement during times of high unemployment. Using a novel dataset of county waivers from 2005 to 2018, we investigate whether state politics or county racial composition predict the likelihood a county has work requirements waived, conditional on unemployment. We find that counties in Republican‐controlled states and counties with higher percentages of Black populations are less likely to be waived. Counties with higher Black percentages are less likely to be waived if they are located in Republican‐controlled states. These results highlight the need for greater transparency in waiver implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"My Girls: The Power of Friendship in a Poor Neighborhood" by Jasmin Sandelson is an ethnographic study that follows a group of teenage women in North Cambridge, Massachusetts, as they navigate high school. The young women, most of whom are Black and either immigrants or daughters of immigrants, live in public housing and face the challenges of race, immigrant status, and poverty. The book explores the role of friendships in providing social and material support for these young women, challenging the notion that teenage peer groups are inherently dangerous. It also examines the positive impact of social media on their self-confidence and solidarity, although the study was conducted before the rise of platforms like Instagram and TikTok. The book highlights the need for college programs and policies that address the social health of students of color, as the transition to college can be particularly challenging for marginalized youth. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: We examined the associations among parenting, children's moral emotions, and children's prosocial behaviors toward Black peers and White peers. Background: Parenting practices inform children's prosocial behaviors; however, the contextual and individual factors that predict children's differentiated prosocial behaviors have been understudied. Method: Participants were 190 White children (5.4 to 8.91 years old, 45.8% female) and their primary parents. Parents reported parenting practices. Children's prosocial behaviors were assessed through distribution tasks; children's sympathy and empathic anger were observed in response to films that depicted injustice toward others. Results: Nurturant parenting positively predicted, whereas restrictive parenting negatively predicted, children's prosocial behaviors toward diverse others. Additionally, parenting predicted children's prosocial behaviors toward Black peers only when children expressed low levels of empathic anger toward victimized Black peers. Conclusions: Overall, nurturant parenting is positively related, and restrictive parenting is negatively related, to children's prosocial behaviors toward different targets. Children's target‐specific empathic anger moderated the relation of specific parenting practices to children's prosocial behaviors toward racial outgroup peers. Implications: White parents should understand the way that restrictive parenting might impede children's generosity toward diverse others and engage in nurturant parenting, especially when children do not naturally feel concerned about distressed outgroup members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Non‐Hispanic (NH) Black children are less likely to receive a standard treatment course for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) than White/NH children at pediatric tertiary care epilepsy centers in the United States. However, if inequities exist in time to diagnosis is unknown. Diagnostic delays as little as 1 week can be associated with worse developmental outcomes. Methods: Diagnostic delays were evaluated in a retrospective cohort of 100 children with new onset IESS between January 2019 and May 2022. Results: Children with Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) caregivers were more likely to experience clinically significant delays in referral from first provider to neurologist, when compared to White/NH children, even after controlling for other demographic and clinical variables (odds ratio = 4.98, confidence interval = 1.24–19.94, p =.023). Significance: Disproportionate diagnostic delays place BIPOC children at risk of adverse developmental and epilepsy outcomes. Further interventional prospective and qualitative studies are needed to address inequities in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop an equity‐centered orientation in teacher education programs, it is essential to recognize what prospective teachers (PTs) attend to in classroom events and how they relate these events to mathematics instruction. We examined how race‐gender intersections of a child (Black boy, Black girl, White boy, and White girl) in a written vignette shape PTs' noticing. Using an intersectional noticing lens, we analyzed PTs' responses with respect to race‐gender intersections. The results indicated how racism and sexism can permeate PTs' implicit bias, positionality, and social expectations, which continue to oppress Blacks and girls within mathematics teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shares how three African‐centered Black men partnered with a school system to develop and implement an Africentric rites of passage program for seventh‐ and eighth‐grade Black male students. The proposed school‐based intervention aimed to socialize, educate, and cultivate Black boys in preparation for manhood. Theoretically, the conceptual framework was anchored in African paradigms from Afrocentricity, Kawaida, and Pan‐Africanism. The authors provided an overview of the program, which included the program structure, activities, and events. We concluded with a discussion of program challenges and recommendations for future research and program implementation. Practitioner points: Rites of passage (ROP) programs have been advanced as one strategy that can be a solution to support Black male students and improve their academic and social standing in schools and their communities and help them develop into productive men.Any program created for Black boys should: (a) be African‐centered, (b) operate from a strength and asset‐based perspective of them, their families, and communities, (c) incorporate a global perspective of Black history and culture, and (d) prepare them to solve problems impacting their local, the national, and global Black community.In Black communities throughout the United States, Black men have taken responsibility for recreating the ROP process for Black boys in their local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the representation of undead children in popular culture, challenging conventional depictions of childhood innocence. It delves into various perspectives on the cultural construction of childhood and its metaphorical portrayal as the undead, examining nostalgic texts, historical representations, and visual depictions of deceased minors. The book discussed in the article offers a comprehensive analysis of the theme, highlighting the enduring presence of childhood beyond maturation and adulthood, using the concept of undeadness as a metaphor for the timeless nature of childhood experiences. [Extracted from the article]

This article analyzes the unpublished dialogue between James Baldwin and Reinhold Niebuhr where they discussed the role of the Christian church in the wake of six child murders in Birmingham, Alabama on September 15, 1963. On that catastrophic day—one that is impossible to forget—the Ku Klux Klan bombed The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, and two black boys were subsequently shot and killed. In the wake of that violence, this article will show that for Baldwin, the dynamite that exploded the face of the "alabaster Christ" from the stained‐glass window presents an opportunity for not only a new depiction of Jesus in terms of presentation—but more significantly—a brand‐new Christology rooted in black liberation. Such a reading provides us with an unusual constructive theological position offered by Baldwin, especially once it is read alongside a public essay written by the Association of Artists for Freedom advocating for Black Christmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One afternoon, after all the patients had left, Dr. Z listed his complaints and ideas for how to improve the abortion program, fully expecting that I would document his points and turn them in to a higher authority. By the time Dr. Z called me into the operating room, I had been shadowing different areas of the clinic for months. So my shock had less to do with the fact that abortion procedures can involve pain, or even the visceral flow of blood and sound, and more to do with the extra/ordinary way (to use Dr. Z's sarcasm back at him) patients could be regarded as if their pain did not matter. With the provocation to think about forms of confession as they pose relational ethical conundrums for ethnographic writing, I keep returning to a scene in the operating room with Dr. Z. Situated as I was in the abortion clinic, I approach the confessional mode not solely as worded utterance but as an unwilled embodied relation - and potentially, an ethical practice of complicity. [Extracted from the article]

Utilizing a Black and Hip Hop feminist and Black girlhood studies theoretical lens, the purpose of this study is to explore how Black girls (14–17) and women (19–22), who are in a youth participatory action research (YPAR) mentoring program, BlackGirlsResearch (pseudonym) express their gendered racial identities and gendered racial experiences through their participation in a YPAR photovoice program. This study seeks to answer the following research question: (1) How do Black girls and college women conceptualize their gendered racial identities and gendered racial lived experiences in predominately white schools using a YPAR methodology and photovoice? Employing a qualitative thematic analysis to explore 36 photovoice narratives, results yielded 3 themes: (1) experiencing challenges at predominately white institutions (PWIs): false inclusivity, continued underrepresentation, and tokenism (2) identifying as "queens of culture": identity and empowerment through art, culture, and breaking conformity and (3) activism, inclusion, and accountability: solutions for PWIs. The results of this study indicate that Black girls and women can not only identify and critically discuss issues related to Black girls and women within PWIs, but through YPAR, they can push for positive youth development and community solutions related to those issues. Highlights: Results from this study illuminate how youth participatory action research (YPAR) can be utilized to empower Black girls and women.This study highlights how Black girls and women use YPAR spaces to hold predominately white institutions (PWIs) accountable for DEI.Results from this study highlight how photovoice is used to (re)present Black women's identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This collaborative auto‐ethnography provides an account of the sociohistorical context of Black mothering in the United States and highlights how our complex, intersectional identities as Black‐(other)mother‐scholars shape our cultivation of the homeplace—a place where Black children are nurtured as "subjects, not objects," in a society that aims to dominate black bodies. Drawing on Black feminism and Black Woman's Geographies, we document how time at home with our children during COVID‐19 allowed for critical dialogue regarding racial injustice and exposure to culturally sustaining educational content endeavored toward resilience building. This work highlights the strength of Black mothers' collective experiences in fostering resilience amidst crises. Societal implications of COVID‐19 amidst ongoing racial traumas reify the need to reclaim not only our time as Black mothers, but also our voice, agency, and the spaces we cultivate for Black children's liberation. We also discuss recommendations for amplifying Black mothers' voices in education policy efforts such that schools are better prepared to serve Black children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

And consider further that James was DuBois's teacher at Harvard and DuBois described him as his "favorite" teacher there, and his "guide to clear thinking."[7] Given these considerations it seems fair to conclude that DuBois was familiar with James's writings and consequently that when he used their vocabulary he did so deliberately knowing what he was doing and how he was inviting his readers to understand him. Since I am assuming that DuBois agreed with James that second sight is impossible, his account of how the Negro acquires his second sight will have to be an account of how the Negro may I seem i to acquire a second sight, together of course with its very special peculiarities. Further we will see, as the nature of the Negro's second sight becomes clearer, that DuBois's reference to the Negro as "gifted with second sight" was meant sardonically to imply that the Negro's second sight was not a gift but a curse. The clairvoyance of "The Souls of White Folk" and the second sight of "Of Our Spiritual Strivings" have names that mean the same thing; clairvoyance means second sight. [Extracted from the article]

REFERENCES 1 Black in White Space: The Enduring Impact of Color in Everyday Life By Elijah Anderson (The University of Chicago Press, 2022) Black in White Space: The Enduring Impact of Color in Everyday Life By Elijah Anderson (The University of Chicago Press, 2022) From the work of early sociologists like W.E.B. Du Bois and E. Franklin Frazier to twenty-first-century-standard bearers Mary Pattillo, Sharon Collins, Karyn Lacy, and most recently, Cassie Pittman, Candice Robinson and to some extent, myself, a small but significant group of scholars make the case that the American, Black middle-class serves as a critical cultural, economic, and analytical category. Taken further, Anderson seems to see white stereotypes about the Black Space as driving racial marginalization, but at the same time, throughout many chapters, he seems to agree that there is merit to white folks' fears, beyond simple stereotyping. [Extracted from the article]

Recent research applied the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Chemical Speciation Network and Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments monitoring stations and observed that mean concentrations of atmospheric lead (Pb) in highly segregated counties are a factor of 5 higher than in well‐integrated counties and argument is made that regulation of existing airborne Pb emissions will reduce children's Pb exposure. We argue that one of the main sources of children's current Pb exposure is from resuspension of legacy Pb in soil dust and that the racial disparity of Pb exposure is associated with Pb‐contaminated community soils. Plain Language Summary: Some researchers propose that current Pb emissions explain the continuing exposure problem of metals in the air. The implication is that new regulations on current emissions of metals in the air will curtail exposure. The focus here is on soil Pb and we propose that soils became Pb‐contaminated from massive amounts of leaded gasoline and the deterioration of exterior lead‐based paints which has burdened communities with a legacy of Pb‐contamination, especially within traffic‐congested inner‐city communities. Urban soil Pb mapping provides a clear understanding of the Pb contamination burden of various communities. Because of the invisibility of Pb dust in the air and the soil, city soil Pb mapping assists with visualizing the underrecognized issue, and the environmental racial justice issues of excessive Pb contamination affecting citizens' health living within various community environments. Key Points: Legacy sources of soil metal toxicants are underrecognizedSoil lead, blood lead, and Race are inextricably associatedEnvironmental inequities impact the disparities in racial health and life expectancy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We hypothesized that the goodness‐of‐fit between profiles of observed, caregiver‐provided ethnic–racial socialization (ERS), and child self‐regulation (i.e., inhibitory control) would differentially associate with child behavioral outcomes. Conversations between 80 caregivers (45% Latinx; 55% Black) and their children (Mage = 11.09; 46% female) were rated for ERS. Measures included an inhibitory control composite (ages 2.5–3.5) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; age 12). Three profiles were determined: Comprehensive (n = 34), Reactive (n = 8), and Pragmatic (n = 38). Only youth with low inhibitory control in preschool appeared to benefit from Pragmatic ERS, whereas youth with normative or high inhibitory control in early childhood displayed lower internalizing and externalizing behaviors when they had Comprehensive or Reactive rather than Pragmatic caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

And yet they offer a second order reading of, for instance, Glissant's reading of his Caribbean milieu. In the spirit with which this collegial call and response invites my participation, I offer this reply to Chandler and Pugh's ([4]) powerful provocation.[3] I order my remarks as follows. Should the Caribbean be thought of as an "enabling" geography for unpicking such ontological puzzles? It is with a similar approach that I have tried to work out what the "abyssal geographies" frame might contribute (a) to our understandings of Caribbean worlds[1] or (b) these authors' ("abyssal thinkers") bodies of thought. [Extracted from the article]

Black and Brown girls are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. Although studies have examined the reasons for this by exploring Black and Brown girls' experiences based on culture, gender, and race, there is a need for specifically understanding how language contributes to racialized experiences in science education. This study fills this critical gap by presenting narratives of three academically talented multilingual girls from Black and Brown communities. Utilizing semi‐structured interviews, self‐identifying questionnaires, and identity‐as‐narrative analysis, this study demonstrates how the racialized experiences of these multilingual Black and Brown girls influenced their relations to science, ideas about the attributes of a science person, and developing science identities. The findings suggest that although the girls had a strong affiliation with science and academic achievement in science, the girls' experiences were racialized through raciolinguistic ideologies and dominant cultural practices of science, which left them invisibilized and unsure about pursuing a future career in STEM. The implications of this study underline the importance of looking at the problem of underrepresentation as an issue of identification, belonging, and representation rather than an of academic skill or interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Black engineering graduate students represent a critical and understudied population in engineering education. Gaining an understanding of the lived experiences of Black engineering graduate students while they are simultaneously weathering two pandemics, COVID‐19 and systemic racism, is of paramount importance. Purpose/Hypothesis: Black engineering graduate students hold a unique duality, as both Black people in the United States and Black graduate students in US engineering programs that espouse white supremacist ideals. Their real‐world experiences necessitate understanding, and this paper highlights the related impact on the students themselves, their adaptations to the pandemics, and how those adaptations relate to and affect their support needs and navigation of their engineering academic environments. Design/Method: An interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach was combined with community‐based participatory action research and was situated in Boykin's Triple Quandary. A family check‐in was conducted with 10 Black engineering graduate students enrolled in doctoral programs across the country to delve deep into their lived experience as a cultural community. Results: Findings include an emergent framework of Black engineering graduate student values in response to the pandemics. These values aligned with the Black Cultural Ethos, demonstrating an adoption of collectivistic cultural values in times of crises. Further, COVID‐19 and systemic racism differentially impacted Black engineering graduate students and, thus, the manifestations of their values. Conclusion: For institutions to be able to effectively support their Black engineering graduate students, they must gain awareness of the students' experiences, values, and needs, in general, and amid crises specifically. The findings presented here provide a critical window into this information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For parents of color, publicized racial violence can heighten concerns about their children's safety. The goal of this study was to test whether this form of race‐related stress exacerbates maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over a 4‐month period in families of color. Participants included 262 U.S. mothers with a lifetime mental health diagnosis (67.6% non‐Hispanic White, 15.6% African‐American/Black, 16.8% other family of color). Mothers completed online surveys and open‐ended questions, including appraisals of the meaning of the 2020 race‐related events (i.e., George Floyd's death, subsequent protests) in relation to their children's future. Open‐ended responses were quantified using LIWC15 text analysis for emotion word frequency and thematic coding for perceived implications. In ANCOVA, there were significant racial group differences in appraisals, ds = 0.09–0.57. The responses from mothers of Black children included fewer positive and more negative emotion words than mothers of White children; they also included more perceived negative implications than all other mothers but did not vary on perceived positive implications. In regression analyses, there were significant moderating effects of race/ethnicity in the association between appraisals and PTSD symptom course such that negative appraisals predicted a subsequent increase in PTSD symptoms only for mothers of Black children, βs =.26–.37. Variations in event appraisals were unrelated to PTSD symptom course for other mothers. These findings provide longitudinal support for the link between vicarious racism exposure and PTSD symptoms and highlight one potential form of racism‐related stress for parents of Black children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropization of Palaeolithic caves open for tourism may favour collembola invasion and result in the formation of black stains attributed to pigmented fungi. However, ecological processes underpinning black stain formation are not fully understood. Here, we tested the hypotheses that black stains from the Apse room of Lascaux Cave display a specific microbiota enriched in pigmented fungi, and that collembola thriving on the stains have the potential to consume and disseminate these black fungi. Metabarcoding showed that the microbiota of black stains and neighbouring unstained parts strongly differed, with in black stains a higher prevalence of Ochroconis and other pigmented fungi and the strong regression of Pseudomonas bacteria (whose isolates inhibited in vitro the growth of pigmented fungi). Isotopic analyses indicated that Folsomia candida collembola thriving on stains could feed on black stain in situ and assimilate the pigmented fungi they were fed with in vitro. They could carry these fungi and disseminate them when tested with complex black stains from Lascaux. This shows that black stain formation is linked to the development of pigmented fungi, which coincides with the elimination of antagonistic pseudomonads, and points towards a key role of F. candida collembola in the dynamics of pigmented fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We leveraged a unique school‐based longitudinal cohort—the Project Talent Aging Study—to examine whether attending higher quality schools is associated with cognitive performance among older adults in the United States (mean age = 74.8). Participants (n = 2,289) completed telephone neurocognitive testing. Six indicators of high school quality, reported by principals at the time of schooling, were predictors of respondents' cognitive function 58 years later. To account for school‐clustering, multilevel linear and logistic models were applied. We found that attending schools with a higher number of teachers with graduate training was the clearest predictor of later‐life cognition, and school quality mattered especially for language abilities. Importantly, Black respondents (n = 239; 10.5 percentage) were disproportionately exposed to low quality high schools. Therefore, increased investment in schools, especially those that serve Black children, could be a powerful strategy to improve later life cognitive health among older adults in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are few studies comparing severity of MIS‐C disease with mucocutaneous symptoms, age, race, and ethnicity. Objective: To describe the mucocutaneous symptoms present on admission and evaluate whether these symptoms are correlated with a more severe MIS‐C disease course. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients with suspected MIS‐C between May 13, 2020 to April 21, 2021. Results: Of the 66 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 84.8% (56/66) exhibited mucocutaneous findings. The most common mucocutaneous symptoms were rash, conjunctivitis, cracked lips, and sore throat. Children with mucocutaneous symptoms were younger (median 9.8 years) compared to those without (11.4 years), p =.39. The groups had similar proportions of pediatric intensive care unit admission, abnormal cardiology studies, and necessity of pressors. The presence of mucocutaneous findings on admission was associated with a lower troponin level on admission (median 0.08 ng/ml vs. 0.52, p =.003). Black children had higher odds of severe MIS‐C compared to White children (odds ratio [95% CI]: 3.30 [1.02, 10.72], p =.047). Children ≥5 years of age had greater odds of severe MIS‐C compared to children <5 years of age (odds ratio [95% CI]: 5.43 [1.39, 21.23], p =.02). Limitations: The sample size was relatively small, there was no dermatologist present on admission, initial diagnostic testing and management varied if patients presented at outside hospitals, and the CDC case definition for MIS‐C was highly sensitive. Conclusion: The presence of mucocutaneous symptoms negatively correlated with troponin levels, but there was no significant association between these symptoms and other markers of cardiac involvement (echocardiogram, ejection fraction, electrocardiogram). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therefore, this preliminary study was conducted to answer three questions: (1) How do local community members feel about the presence of Mount Kilimanjaro black and white colobus monkeys in Rau Forest Reserve? General attitudes of local community members towards Mount Kilimanjaro guereza Respondents' general attitudes towards Mount Kilimanjaro black and white colobus monkeys in Mandaka Mnono and Mabogini villages were mostly positive (66.1%). Positive community attitudes towards Mount Kilimanjaro black and white colobus monkeys in Rau Forest Reserve are a good sign for the future of this vulnerable guereza subspecies. [Extracted from the article]

We conduct the first quantitative analysis of "blind removals," an increasingly popular reform that seeks to reduce the over‐representation of Black children in foster care by eliminating biases in the removal decisions of investigators. We first show that over‐representation in most foster care systems is driven by Black children being substantially more likely than White children to be investigated for maltreatment to begin with. Conditional on initial rates of investigation, investigators remove White and Black children similarly. Second, we find no evidence that blind removals impacted the already small racial disparities in the removal decision, but they substantially increased time to removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A retrospective chart review of 332 pediatric psoriasis patients seen at a single academic institution from 2012 to 2022 was conducted to examine the risk factors associated with palmoplantar psoriasis (PP), a painful and treatment‐resistant subtype of plaque psoriasis affecting hands and feet. Black patients have a 6.386‐fold increase in the odds of having PP compared to White patients and males have a 2.241‐fold increase in the odds of having PP. Black and Hispanic/Latino patients displayed a higher prevalence of nail and palm/sole involvement (p <.0001), whereas White patients exhibited more scalp involvement (p =.04). This study reveals the importance of considering the diagnosis of PP in Black male patients based on its demographic prevalence, which may in turn impact clinical care for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information is also provided on how Black vaudeville was championed in the Black press and debates between African American intellectuals on how vaudeville fit in, or did not, to the development of the "New Negro". T.O.B.A. Time: Black Vaudeville and the Theatre Owners' Booking Association in Jazz-Age America Vaudeville was a popular form of entertainment in America in the early decades of the twentieth century. [Extracted from the article]