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One of the significant problems in demand response (DR) participation in the smart power system is calculating how much electrical power is required to extract from DR (∆PDR) to keep the power system frequency in the allowable range. Calculating the precise amount of this value is impossible due to the random nature of load disturbance (LoD). In this paper, a new method is presented to control the DR participation in the load frequency control considering communication time delay. Extended State Observer is used to estimate the magnitude of the LoD, considering the structural uncertainty of the power system parameters. Then, the DR program is implemented in load frequency control to compensate the whole or part of LoD considering the available electrical power at the aggregators (PAV‐AGG) and communication time delay. Afterward, Active Disturbance Rejection Control is modified and adopted to control the uncompensated LoD. The salp swarm algorithm is employed to design the parameters of the proposed method, which is verified in comparison with the previous methods. The results demonstrate that the presented approach has potentially significant performance, assisting the power system frequency to be damped immediately with the small overshoot and undershoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper presents a novel transformerless semi‐quadratic buck‐boost converter (SQBuBoC). In the proposed SQBuBoC, two power switches with simultaneous operation are used and a higher step‐up/step‐down voltage conversion ratio is achieved compared with the traditional buck‐boost, Cuk, single‐ended primary‐inductor converter, and Zeta converters. The positive polarity of the output voltage, along with low ripple continuous input current and common ground between the source and the output voltages, are some features that make the suggested topology more suitable for many applications with wide range of output voltage such as photovoltaic systems. Moreover, the total voltage stress across the power switches in this converter is lower than the cascade boost, and the traditional buck‐boost converters led to power MOSFETs selection with lower drain‐source ON resistance (Rds) and efficiency improvement. All the steady‐state analysis and comparisons in continuous conduction mode (CCM) are discussed in details. In addition, to study the low frequency behavior of the SQBuBoC by means of the state‐space averaging technique, the small and large signal models of this converter in CCM are presented. Finally, the SQBuBoC analysis is justified using experimental results of a 50 W step‐up 25 V to 120 V and a 28 W step‐down 25 V to 14 V laboratory prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]