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In X-ray macromolecular crystallography (MX), single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) and multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) techniques are commonly used for obtaining experimental phases. For an MX synchrotron beamline to support SAD and MAD techniques it is a prerequisite to have a reliable, fast and well automated energy scan routine. This work reports on a continuous energy scan procedure newly implemented at the BioMAX MX beamline at MAX IV Laboratory. The continuous energy scan is fully automated, capable of measuring accurate fluorescence counts over the absorption edge of interest while minimizing the sample exposure to X-rays, and is about a factor of five faster compared with a conventional step scan previously operational at BioMAX. The implementation of the continuous energy scan facilitates the prompt access to the anomalous scattering data, required for the SAD and MAD experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen fertilization is a required production practice for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with risks arising from under- and overfertilization. Tissue testing for diagnosing N deficiencies in crops can use leaf blades and the total N concentration, but this practice has not been rigorously examined in cotton. The primary objective of these experiments was to determine the leaf-N concentration of the uppermost, fully mature leaf blade below which yield loss could be expected. Nitrogen-rate field experiments were conducted at 12 research station and farm sites in the Midsouth USA in Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama in 1996 and 1997. Leaf-blade total N concentrations associated with yield loss were 4.3% N at early bloom (R² = 0.50) and 4.1% N at mid-bloom (3 wk after early bloom, R² = 0.32). The likelihood of applying N when not needed could be reduced by lowering the early bloom critical value to 3.9%. Only 4% of all samples sufficient in N would have been incorrectly diagnosed N deficient at that critical value, but 44% of all deficient samples would have been misidentified as N sufficient. Reduced yields due to over application of N were evident in some samples with leaf N between 4.6 and 4.8% at early bloom. These concentrations were also common for N-sufficient plants, making accurate diagnoses of the over application of N unlikely. Our leaf-N critical values probably differ from previously established values because earlier values were derived via survey techniques and because faster fruiting cultivars may require higher leaf N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (R) Br.] is a promising alternative grain crop for the Southeast and mid-South regions of the USA, but additional-N fertility information is needed to optimize its production. Identification of a critical tissue N level at early growth stages is necessary to determine the need for subsequent applications of N. Field experiments were conducted to determine the response of hybrid 'HGM 100' grain yield, protein yield, and shoot N concentration to N application rate and to determine the relationship of grain yield and protein yield with shoot N concentration at different growth stages. Grain yield response to N fertilizer applications from 0 to 168 kg ha[sup -1], in 34-kg increments, varied among five field environments ranging from sandy loam to silty clay loam soils and resulted in a moderately low correlation (r² = 0.36). Relative total protein yield was more consistent (r² = 0.67). Tissue N concentration of shoots harvested 44 ± 4 d after seeding [early boot(EB)] was related to relative grain yield (r² = 0.65). A critical N concentration of 31 g kg[sup -1] dry matter (dm), determined by regression and "old" Cate-Nelson procedures, resulted in optimum grain yield. On a per hectare basis, total relative protein yield also correlated moderately high with shoot tissue N concentration at EB (r² = 0.70). The use of Care-Nelson procedures determined a critical N concentration in shoot tissue at EB of 32 g kg[sup -1] dm. Determination of a critical N level at an earlier growth stage resulted in low correlations with yield parameters. On the basis of critical values at the EB stage, N amendments could possibly be applied in time to enhance some yield components, although the effective application window is narrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the effects of trait driving anger, aggressive stimuli, and anonymity on aggressive driving behavior in a driving simulation task. High and low driving anger participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (a) anonymous vs. identifiable driver; and (b) exposure to aggressive stimuli versus nonaggressive stimuli. Participants drove more aggressively when they were anonymous (d = .28) and exposed to aggressive stimuli (d = .05). Males drove more aggressively than did females (d = .06). No main or interaction effects were found for trait driving anger. Results suggest that situational factors affecting other forms of aggression are also important in aggressive driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trait coping, state anger, perceived arousal, blood pressure, negative affect, and escape behavior were measured in a sample of 240 undergraduate males and females exposed to 1 of 4 foul-odor conditions or to a no-odor condition. Consistent with Baron and Bell's (1976) negative-affect--escape model, it was hypothesized that people exposed to noxious odors would experience increased negative affect and heightened motivation to escape the situation. Results showed that negative affect and motivation to escape, but not anger or arousal, increased significantly as odor became more noxious. In addition, anger and motivation to escape significantly predicted negative affect. Variances in anger and perceived arousal, but hot discomfort and escape, were accounted for mainly by trait coping styles and gender differences. Variances in discomfort and escape were accounted for mainly by odor alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determines the silicon concentrations of National Institutes Standards Technology (NIST) materials and a proposed rice-straw standard using an autoclave-induced digestions, calorimetric method. Usage of NIST reference materials; Materials and method done in the analysis of silicon; Procedure used in the analysis of low-silicon group.

The diffraction endstation of the NanoMAX beamline is designed to provide high-flux coherent X-ray nano-beams for experiments requiring many degrees of freedom for sample and detector. The endstation is equipped with highefficiency Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror focusing optics and a two-circle goniometer supporting a positioning and scanning device, designed to carry a compact sample environment. A robot is used as a detector arm. The endstation, in continued development, has been in user operation since summer 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NanoMAX is the first hard X‐ray nanoprobe beamline at the MAX IV laboratory. It utilizes the unique properties of the world's first operational multi‐bend achromat storage ring to provide an intense and coherent focused beam for experiments with several methods. In this paper we present the beamline optics design in detail, show the performance figures, and give an overview of the surrounding infrastructure and the operational diffraction endstation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggressive driving has received substantial media coverage during the past decade. We report 3 studies testing a territorial explanation of aggressive driving. Altman (1975 ) described attachment to, personalization of, and defense of primary territories (e.g., home) as being greater than for public territories (e.g., sunbathing spot on a beach). Aggressive driving may occur when social norms for defending a primary territory (i.e., one's automobile) become confused with less aggressive norms for defending a public territory (i.e., the road). Both number of territory markers (e.g., bumper stickers, decals) and attachment to the vehicle were significant predictors of aggressive driving. Mere presence of a territory marker predicts increased use of the vehicle to express anger and decreased use of adaptive/constructive expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant availability of soil K is controlled by dynamic interactions among its different pools. Misunderstanding of these dynamics leads to mismanagement of soil fertility. This study was conducted to evaluate buffering characteristics of low exchangeable-K soils that showed different sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) responses to K amendment. Three silt loams, Crowley (fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Albaqualfs), Dundee (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Endoaqualfs), and Norwood (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Fluventic Eutrudepts), were evaluated by using a modified quantity/intensity (Q/I) approach, which allows partitioning of K changes in the soilsolution system into exchangeable and nonexchangeable pools. Total potential buffering capacity (PBC1) was found to correlate significantly (r = 0.97, P < 0.01) with the buffering capacity due to nonexchangeable K (PBCn) rather with that due to exchangeable K (PBCe). Impact factor (β), a measure of effect of added K on nonexchangeable K, was inversely correlated with a soil's conversion magnitude (α) of converting added K to exchangeable K (r = 0.95, P < 0.01). Of the three soils, Dundee exhibited much smaller β values than Crowley and Norwood but the soil converted much of added K to exchangeable K (60-65%) throughout its surface and subsurface soils. Both Crowley and Norwood possessed higher PBC1 as well as higher PBCn and PBCe than Dundee, but Crowley required relatively lower critical exchangeable K (EKr) and solution K (CKr) levels below which release of nonexchangeable K was initiated. The overall results indicated that the partitioned Q/I approach could be used to explicitly evaluate short-term K dynamics in soil-solution systems. The nonexchangeable K buffering characteristics along with the differences between critical levels (EKr or CKr and EK0 or CK0) have important implications in assessing the likelihood of nonexchangeable K release and could be calibrated for soil fertility management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vengeance can be commonly defined as the infliction of harm in return for perceived injury or insult or as simply getting back at another person. Three hundred fifty-three participants responded to eight hypothetical scenarios that may elicit vengeful behavior in which the offending party was either a romantic partner, a friend, a coworker, or a stranger. Participants also completed a vengeance scale and a measure of biblical literalism. Participants were most vengeful toward coworkers and least vengeful toward romantic partners. Age, religious conservatism, and gender were significant predictors of attitudes toward vengeance. Although men were more likely than women to be accepting of vengeful attitudes as measured by the vengeance scale, only age was a significant predictor of behavior in the vengeance scenarios. The current research provides a basis for a systematic investigation of vengeance within the structure of human relationships and interactions. Aggr. Behav. 27:343–350, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors hypothesized that (1) attraction toward a stranger based on attitudinal similarity is automatic, but cognitive evaluation of the stranger's quality before the measurement of attraction can make attraction nonautomatic or controlled; (2) personal evaluations from the stranger activate automatic attraction and cognitive evaluation; (3) controlled attraction from attitudes and automatic attraction and cognitive evaluation from personal evaluations engender reverse-causal effects (i.e. they mediate each other); and (4) attraction and cognitive evaluation are distinct constructs. Attitudinal similarity between the participant and the stranger or personal evaluations of the former by the latter were varied in Experiment 1 (N = 96), and were crossed with each other in Experiment 2 (N = 240). Orders of response measurement were either cognitive evaluation followed by attraction or attraction followed by cognitive evaluation. Results confirmed the hypotheses. Implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]