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Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a zoonotic disease caused by a highly pathogenic virus that affects wild and domestic animal species, with rodents as its reservoir. Most recently, in South America, this virus was detected in an outbreak affecting humans in Peru. In Brazil, EMCV infection was described in some wild species, in horses, and once in farrowing pigs. The aim of this study is to report the reemergence of EMCV in commercial growing–finishing pigs from two different farms that experienced sudden pig death in midwest Brazil. This aim was achieved through gross pathology, histologic examination, RT‒PCR analysis, and genetic characterization of the virus. Clinical signs, such as trembling, dyspnea, and squealing sounds shortly before death, were only occasionally observed and were nonspecific. On gross examination, cardiomegaly was observed, along with multifocal pale tan foci in the epicardium extending to the myocardium on the cut surface. Microscopically, there was severe myocardial necrosis, dystrophic mineralization, fibrosis, and lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic myocarditis. Gross and microscopic examinations of the rats were unremarkable. The RT‒PCR analyses of the pig and rat organs were positive for EMCV, and the phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene showed that the samples from pigs and rats contained similar strains that had their closest relatives identified in humans in Peru. This is the first genetic characterization of EMCV in Brazil, and the other findings confirm the reemergence of the disease that was transmitted from rats to pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Simplexvirus humanalpha1 (HuAHV‐1) are common anthropozoonosis reported in marmosets but rare in howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.). Methods: Necropsy of two brown‐howler monkeys (A. caraya) and one red‐howler monkey (A. guariba clamitans) from different zoo collections were performed. Fragments of all organs were examined through microscopy. Samples were submitted to IHC for Simplexvirus humanalpha 2 (HuAHV‐2) [sin. Herpesvirus simplex type 2] and PCR. Results: Grossly, only the A. guariba showed liver lesions characterized by multifocal, pinpoint white areas corresponding microscopically as random necrotizing herpetic hepatitis and ulcerative glossitis. Both A. caraya showed necrotizing meningoencephalitis with Cowdry A‐type body inclusions within neurons and astrocytes. Immunolabeling for HuAHV‐1/2 was observed in the tongue, liver, and brain. HuAHV‐1 was confirmed in all samples by PCR, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. Conclusion: Necrotizing meningoencephalitis was appreciated in 2/3 of animals, and it is associated with neurologic signs. Along with ulcerative glossitis, a hallmark lesion in marmosets, it was present in one animal. Regarding herpetic hepatitis, it is not frequent in monkeys and occurs mainly in immunocompromised animals. HuAHV‐1 infection was confirmed corroborating with a human source. This is the second report on captive black‐howler monkeys and the first gross, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular description of herpetic hepatitis and ulcerative glossitis in red‐howler monkeys (A. guariba). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]