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Altered host immune responses are considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). The existing literature on cytokine responses in ALRI is largely focussed on adults from developed countries and there are few reports describing the role of cytokines in childhood ALRI, particularly in African or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected populations. To measure systemic cytokine levels in blood plasma from young South African children with and without ALRI and with and without HIV to determine associations between cytokine responses and disease status and respiratory viral identification. Blood plasma samples were collected from 106 hospitalized ALRI cases and 54 non‐ALRI controls less than 2 years of age. HIV status was determined. Blood plasma concentrations of 19 cytokines, 7 chemokines, and 4 growth factors (epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor‐basic, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial) were measured using The Human Cytokine 30‐Plex Panel. Common respiratory viruses were identified by PCR. Mean cytokine concentrations for G‐CSF, interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐5, and MCP‐1 were significantly higher in ALRI cases than in nonrespiratory controls. Within the ALRI cases, several cytokines were higher in children with a virus compared with children without a virus. Mean cytokine concentrations for IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, tumour necrosis factor‐α, and MIP‐1α were significantly lower in HIV‐infected cases than in HIV‐uninfected cases, while IP‐10 and monokine induced by interferon‐γ were significantly higher in HIV‐infected cases than in HIV‐uninfected cases. Certain cytokines are likely to play an important role in the host immune response to ALRI. HIV‐infected children have impaired inflammatory responses to respiratory infections compared with HIV‐uninfected children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rhinovirus (RV) is commonly associated with severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children. We aimed to describe the distribution of RV species and associations between RV species and clinical features in children hospitalized with clinically severe pneumonia (CSP) in Morocco. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were collected from 700 children, 2-59 months of age, admitted with CSP to the Hôpital d'Enfants de Rabat in Morocco. At least one respiratory virus was identified in 92% of children, of which RV was the most common (53%). PCR assays, sequencing, and phylogenetic tree analyses were carried out on 183 RV-positive NPAs to determine RV species and genotypes. Of 157 successfully genotyped NPAs, 60 (38.2%) were RV-A, 8 (5.1%) were RV-B, and 89 (56.7%) were RV-C. Wheezing and cyanosis were more common in RV-C-positive than RV-A-positive children (80.9% vs. 56.7%; P = 0.001 for wheezing and 10.1% vs. 0%; P = 0.011 for cyanosis). Physician's discharge diagnosis of pneumonia was more frequent among RV-A-positive (40.0%) than RV-C-positive children (20.2%; P = 0.009). RV-A and RV-C showed distinct seasonal patterns. Our findings suggest that RV-C is associated with wheezing illness while RV-A is associated with pneumonia. J. Med. Virol. 89:582-588, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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