Search

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an important regulator of cell polarity, proliferation, and stem cell maintenance during development and adulthood. Wnt proteins induce the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, which regulates the expression of Wnt-responsive genes through association with TCF/LEF transcription factors. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in a plethora of pathologies and, most notably, underlies initiation and expansion of several cancers. Here, we apply enzyme fragment complementation to measure the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. β-Catenin was tagged with a peptide fragment of β-galactosidase and transfected into cells expressing a corresponding deletion mutant of the enzyme exclusively in the nucleus. Stimulation of the cells with recombinant Wnt-3a restored β-galactosidase activity in a dose-dependent manner with nanomolar potency. Using the assay, we confirmed that Wnt-5a represses β-catenin-driven reporter gene activity downstream of nuclear entry of β-catenin. In addition, we tested a library of >2000 synthetic chemical compounds for their ability to induce β-catenin nuclear accumulation. The immunosuppressive protein kinase C inhibitor sotrastaurin (AEB-071) was identified as an activator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at micromolar concentrations. It was confirmed that the compound stabilizes endogenous β-catenin protein and can induce TCF/LEF-dependent gene transcription. Subsequent biochemical profiling of >200 kinases revealed both isoforms of glycogen synthase kinase 3, as previously unappreciated targets of sotrastaurin. We show that the β-catenin nuclear accumulation assay contributes to our knowledge of molecular interactions within the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and can be used to find new therapeutics targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardiac muscle architecture lies at the basis of the mechanical and electrical properties of the heart, and dynamic alterations in fiber structure are known to be of prime importance in healing and remodeling after myocardial infarction. In this study, left ventricular remodeling was characterized using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction was induced in mice by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Serial ex vivo DTI measurements were performed 7, 14, 28, and 60 days after ligation. Apparent diffusion coefficient, fractional anisotropy, the three eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor, and the myofiber disarray served as readout parameters. After myocardial infarction, the mouse hearts displayed extreme wall thinning in the infarcted area, which covered large parts of the apex and extended into the free wall up to the equator. Average heart mass increased by 70% 7-60 days after infarction. Histological analysis showed that the infarct at 7 days consisted of unstructured tissue with residual necrosis and infiltration of macrophages and myofibroblasts. At 14 days after infarction, the necrotic tissue had disappeared and collagen fibers were starting to appear. From 28 to 60 days, the infarct had fully developed into a mature scar. DTI parameters showed dynamic changes as a function of time after infarction. The apparent diffusion coefficient in the infarcted region was lower than in remote regions and increased as a function of time after infarction. The fractional anisotropy was higher in the infarcted region and was maximum at 28 days, which was attributed to the development of structured collagen fibers. Myofiber disarray, which was analyzed by considering the alignment of fibers in neighboring voxels, was significantly higher in infarcted regions. DTI provides a valuable non-destructive tool for characterizing structural remodeling in diseased myocardium. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerin is a type II inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein of unknown function. Emerin function is likely to be important because, when it is mutated, emerin promotes both skeletal muscle and heart defects. Here we show that one function of Emerin is to regulate the flux of β-catenin, an important transcription coactivator, into the nucleus. Emerin interacts with β-catenin through a conserved adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-like domain. When GFP-emerin is expressed in HEK293 cells, β-catenin is restricted to the cytoplasm and β-catenin activity is inhibited. In contrast, expression of an emerin mutant, lacking its APC-like domain (GFP-emerinΔ), dominantly stimulates β-catenin activity and increases nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Human fibroblasts that are null for emerin have an autostimulatory growth phenotype. This unusual growth phenotype arises through enhanced nuclear accumulation and activity of β-catenin and can be replicated in wild-type fibroblasts by transfection with constitutively active β-catenin. Our results support recent findings that suggest that INM proteins can influence signalling pathways by restricting access of transcription coactivators to the nucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mice are increasingly used to study the early molecular mechanisms inducing injury to the heart following myocardial infarction. To date, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry has not been applied to identify changes in protein expression in myocardial tissue of mice subjected in vivo to permanent ischaemia (PI) or ischaemia–reperfusion (IR). In the PI group, ischaemia was induced for 210 min by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery while in the IR group, ischaemia was maintained for 30 min and reperfusion was allowed for 180 min. In both groups, the area of the left ventricle at risk was processed for 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. By comparing protein density changes in cytosolic as well as membrane fractions, we found a total of 32 protein spots that were differentially expressed. Twenty spots changed in expression level after PI alone, four spots after IR alone, and eight spots changed in both models. Identified proteins with MALDI TOF-TOF and LC-MS/MS can be classified into functional groups of anticoagulant proteins, structural proteins, inflammatory-related proteins, transcription- and translation-related proteins, heat shock proteins (HSPs), metabolism-related proteins and miscellaneous. A remarkable finding was the IR-specific translocation of annexins (A3 and A5) from the cytosolic to the membrane compartment, a phenomenon that was verified by Western blotting. Four proteins were changed in expression level at multiple spot locations, characterized by a difference in isoelectric point. In the case of cardiac troponin T and HSP-20, these changes were also dependent on the model. In addition, one spot for the proteins adenylate kinase 1, cardiac troponin T and HSP-20 was uniquely present in the IR and/or PI groups and not in the respective sham groups. The specific alterations in protein expression that took place after PI and IR may stimulate the search for new tools to diagnoze myocardial infarction and to characterize specific pathology-related changes in protein expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short-term (< 24 h) consequences of oxidative stress induced by ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) have been studied extensively in the mouse heart. However, much less is known about the long-term effects inflicted by a brief ischaemic period on the murine heart. We therefore examined the structural and functional consequences of a 30 min ischaemic period after 2 and 8 weeks of reperfusion and compared these to the effects induced by permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The latter procedure resulted in transmural myocardial infarcts of about 52% of the left ventricle. In contrast, the single 30 min ischaemic period led to infarct sizes of about 13% of the left ventricle (range, 4-23%) at 2 and 8 weeks after reperfusion. Maximal cardiac contractility responses (+dP/dt) to dobutamine infusion and volume loading were depressed at 2, but not at 8 weeks after IR. The restoration of cardiac contractility at 8 weeks after IR was associated with a significant 20% enlargement of the end-diastolic volume and 16% increase of the left ventricular wall thickness. These changes in cardiac geometry were less pronounced at 2 weeks after IR. Histological examination revealed that the IR injury was associated with prominent calcification. At 2 and at 8 weeks after IR, 25 ± 5 and 38 ± 5% of the injured area was calcified as observed in 69 and 73% of the animals, respectively. After permanent occlusion of the LAD, calcification was not observed and healing of the affected area was characterized by thinning and dilatation of the infarcted myocardium. These data indicate that, in mice, a single 30 min period of ischaemia reduced ventricular contractility up to at least 2 weeks after reperfusion. However, 8 weeks after IR, cardiac function was restored by eccentric hypertrophy associated with calcification of the injured ventricular wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]