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From July, 1982 through March, 1986, 253 patients with moderate to severe sleep apnea (OSA) were treated and had polysomnographic assessment of treatment. The treatment modalities were: 1. uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPP), 2. nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 3. tracheostomy, 4. medication (tricyclic antidepressants), 5. tongue retaining device (TRD), and 6. orthodontic device. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty was performed in 98 patients. The patients were categorized according to post-treatment improvement in the apnea/hypopnea index (A+HI) and severity index (SI) into good, moderate, and poor responders. There were 37 (37.7%) good, 33 (33.6%) moderate, and 28 (28.5%) poor responders in this group. Twenty-four patients underwent tracheostomy. Eighteen (75%) patients continue to have their tracheostomies without complications (mean follow-up time 32 months). One hundred thirty-eight patients were evaluated with CPAP. Of the 100 patients who began home CPAP use, 53 continue to use CPAP successfully at 18 months. Medical treatment (tricyclic antidepressants) was used in 35 patients. The response to this modality was generally poor. Six patients were fitted with TRD. The compliance to this device was poor, although two have had significant improvement in their apnea. An orthodontic appliance was used in two patients with one responding successfully.