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Introduction: The number of children exposed to HIV and possibly to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in utero and during breastfeeding and are uninfected (HEU) globally will continue to increase from the estimated 15.9 million in 2021. Discussion: There are still significant gaps in our understanding of the impact of HIV and/or ART exposure in children who are HEU, in terms of prevalence/incidence and severity on health and wellbeing, and long after exposure has ended. While there have been substantial programmatic efforts to support the elimination of vertical transmission of HIV, additional rigorous research is needed to better understand the biological, (psycho)social and structural factors contributing to optimal health for populations who are HEU. Furthermore, the best approaches to address and study the gaps in understanding also need to be explored. Given the scope of the problem including the large numbers of affected people as well as the often limited and competing in‐country resources for populations affected by HIV, novel methodologies, including multi‐level approaches and advanced analytics, need to be considered. Conclusions: A growing population of children who are HEU are maturing into adolescence and young adulthood. Research to advance understanding of the possible negative long‐term effects of HIV and/or ART exposure in these youth is supported by the US National Institutes of Health. Both large epidemiological studies and smaller more comprehensive cohort studies may be required to address the complexity of the issue. Integrating both types of studies could allow the establishment of more reliable and validated predictions of which youth who are HEU are at the highest risk for specific negative health outcomes, such as mental health and neurocognitive disorders, and which interventional approaches may be most successful to address specific deficits both in terms of prevention and treatment. Finally, these goals can be more rapidly achieved with data science efforts, data harmonisation between studies and with sustainable data‐sharing practices. It is important to expand the commitment to research to identify biological, social and structural drivers, to develop screening tools, and impactful and contextually appropriate interventions to address the health and wellbeing of children who are HEU from birth through adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A call to action: strengthening the capacity for data capture and computational modelling of HIV integrated care in low- and middle-income countries Keywords: HIV; NCD; integrated care; LMICs; epidemiological and clinical data; computational modelling; capacity building EN HIV NCD integrated care LMICs epidemiological and clinical data computational modelling capacity building 1 4 4 06/23/20 20200602 NES 200602 Remarkable advances in HIV prevention, care and treatment, made through the discovery of antiretroviral drugs, have enabled people living with HIV (PLHIV) to live longer lives [1]. Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have weak health systems with little or no NCD care or treatment available to all persons including PLHIV [4]. Regarding local data, observational and experimental NCD data on PLHIV are seriously lacking in most LMICs where the existing HIV care systems do not collect or record NCD data. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Neuroblastoma survivors may be at elevated risk for psychological impairments because of their young age at diagnosis and neurotoxic treatment, but this is not well described.Methods: A total of 859 ≥5-year survivors of neuroblastoma younger than 18 years (diagnosed in 1970-1999), who had a median age at diagnosis of 0.8 years (range: 0.0-7.3 years) and a median follow-up of 13.3 years (range: 8.0-17.9 years), were compared with 872 siblings of childhood cancer survivors who were younger than 18 years with the parent-reported Behavior Problem Index (BPI) for psychological functioning. Age- and sex-adjusted multivariate log-binomial models were used to identify factors associated with impairment in BPI domains (scores worse than the sibling 10th percentile). The impact of psychological impairment on educational outcomes was examined among survivors.Results: Compared with siblings, neuroblastoma survivors had an increased prevalence of impairment in the domains of anxiety/depression (19% vs 14%; P = .003), headstrong behavior (19% vs 13%; P < .001), attention deficits (21% vs 13%; P < .001), peer conflict/social withdrawal (26% vs 17%; P < .001), and antisocial behavior (16% vs 12%; P = .01). Common treatment exposures (vincristine, cisplatin, and retinoic acid) were not associated with impairment. Having 2 or more chronic health conditions predicted impairment in 4 domains (P < .001). Specifically, pulmonary disease predicted impairment in all 5 domains (P ≤ .004). Endocrine disease (P ≤ .004) and peripheral neuropathy (P ≤ .02) each predicted impairment in 3 domains. Psychological impairment was associated with special education service usage and educational attainment less than college.Conclusions: Neuroblastoma survivors are at elevated risk for psychological impairment, which is associated with special education service usage and lower adult educational attainment. Those with chronic health conditions may represent a high-risk group for targeted screening and intervention. Cancer 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study, which evaluates the attention problems' pattern in female and male survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Study shows that the intensity of the treatment has been related to the sustained attention, having patients treated on high-risk protocols. It is noted that the diagnosed children are likely having poor performance on selected measures of attention control.