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This article presents a thorough methodology for the voltage assessment of pilot offshore wind project in Shandong province, China. The results presented in this paper can be considered as the milestone of the offshore wind research in Shandong Province since there is still no grid codes for offshore wind power plant grid connection in the local electrical power grid. It mainly consists of three parts. In the first part, a detailed model of the offshore wind farm created in the DIgSILENT PowerFacotry simulation platform is presented, including wind turbines, power converters, transformers, submarine cables and relevant control schemes. In the second part, nonlinear time‐domain simulations were performed to analyze the wind farm's active power, reactive power, and voltage conditions under different wind scenarios. Based on the simulations results, a dynamic reactive power compensation system was proposed, and the consequence of the reactive power compensation was also demonstrated using nonlinear time‐domain simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide area control system (WACS) for the Great Britain (GB) power system is presented. This WACS is designed to enhance the GB system's small signal stability, i.e. improve the damping of the inter-area oscillatory mode between Scotland and England. This study mainly consists of two parts. In the first part, the conventional concept of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) and supplementary damping control modelling is presented. The model of HVDC and supplementary damping control are tested through the classic two-area model. In the second part, the operation of the proposed WACS is demonstrated using a full model of the GB power system. In addition to the demonstration of the major applications, some key factors that will influence the operation of the wide area inter-area oscillation damping control scheme will be tested and discussed. These factors include the time delay involved in wide area data transmission and the reactions between the additional HVDC damping controller and conventional power system stabilisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a specific roadmap for the deployment of a wide area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) system in the future Great Britain (GB) power system. The specific roadmap is designed based on a generic roadmap, which draws on international experience with the development of WAMPAC systems, and a study of the changes in the GB power system. Based on this, the proposed specific roadmap identifies wide area oscillation monitoring as a key short term goal for the GB WAMPAC system and wide area oscillation control as a key long term goal for the GB WAMPAC system. To verify that this short term goal can be delivered simulations of a complete model of the GB power system that demonstrate that a new method based on a Newton Type algorithm will be more than capable of providing accurate oscillation monitoring in the GB WAMPAC system. Furthermore, for the same complete GB model it is demonstrated that the West coast CSC HVDC link can be used to create a powerful tool for oscillation damping that, with further research, should be capable of delivering the long‐term goal of wide area oscillation control as part of the specific GB WAMPAC roadmap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phagocytosis is a specialized mechanism utilized by mammalian cells, particularly the cells of the immune system, such as the dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages to protect the host against infection. The process involves a complex cascade of pathways, from the ligation of surface receptors of phagocytes with components of the microorganism's surface, formation of phagosomes and subsequently phagolysosomes, to the eventual presentation of foreign antigens. VAMP-8/endobrevin has been shown previously to function in the endocytic pathways. Our results showed that VAMP-8 co-localized with LAMP-2 and a significant amount of VAMP-8 was recruited to the phagosomes during bacterial ingestion. However, overexpression of VAMP-8 significantly inhibited phagocytosis in DC. We also found that the phagocytic activity of VAMP-8-/- DC was significantly higher than wild-type VAMP-8+/+ DC, thus further confirming that VAMP-8 negatively regulates phagocytosis in immature DC. This work was supported by grants from the Microbiology Vaccine Initiative (R182-005-067-731 to S.H.W) and Academic Research Council, Singapore Ministry of Education (R182-000-099-112 to S.H.W). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]