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Atomically precise low‐nuclearity (n<10) silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) have garnered significant interest due to their size‐dependent optical properties and diverse applications. However, their synthesis has remained challenging, primarily due to their inherent instability. The present study introduces a new feasible approach for clustering silver ions utilizing highly negative and redox‐inert polyoxoniobates (PONbs) as all‐inorganic ligands. This strategy not only enables the creation of novel Ag‐PONb composite nanoclusters but also facilitates the synthesis of stable low‐nuclearity AgNCs. Using this method, we have successfully synthesized a small octanuclear rhombic [Ag8]6+ AgNC stabilized by six highly negative [LiNb27O75]14− polyoxoanions. This marks the first PONb‐protected superatomic AgNC, designated as {Ag8@(LiNb27O75)6} (Ag8@Nb162), with an aesthetically spherical core–shell structure. The crystalline Ag8@Nb162 is stable under ambient conditions, What's more, it is water‐soluble and able to maintain its molecular cluster structure intact in water. Further, the stable small [Ag8]6+ AgNC has interesting temperature‐ and pH‐dependent reversible fluorescence response, based on which a multiple optical encryption mode for anti‐counterfeit technology was demonstrated. This work offers a promising avenue for the synthesis of fascinating and stable PONb‐protected AgNCs and sheds light on the development of new‐type optical functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RNA interference pathway mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) is one of the methods to defend against viruses in insects. Recent studies showed that miRNAs participate in viral infection by binding to target genes to regulate their expression. Here, we found that the Bombyx mori miRNA, miR‐6498‐5p was down‐regulated, whereas its predicted target gene pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase PHOSPHO2 (BmPLPP2) was up‐regulated upon Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infection. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that miR‐6498‐5p targets BmPLPP2 and suppresses its expression. Furthermore, we found miR‐6498‐5p inhibits BmNPV genomic DNA (gDNA) replication, whereas BmPLPP2 promotes BmNPV gDNA replication. As a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) phosphatase (PLPP), the overexpression of BmPLPP2 results in a reduction of PLP content, whereas the knockdown of BmPLPP2 leads to an increase in PLP content. In addition, exogenous PLP suppresses the replication of BmNPV gDNA; in contrast, the PLP inhibitor 4‐deoxypyridoxine facilitates BmNPV gDNA replication. Taken together, we concluded that miR‐6498‐5p has a potential anti‐BmNPV role by down‐regulating BmPLPP2 to modulate PLP content, but BmNPV induces miR‐6498‐5p down‐regulation to promote its proliferation. Our findings provide valuable insights into the role of host miRNA in B. mori–BmNPV interaction. Furthermore, the identification of the antiviral molecule PLP offers a novel perspective on strategies for preventing and managing viral infection in sericulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Macrotrabecular‐massive hepatocellular carcinoma (MTM‐HCC) is highly aggressive. Comparing the diagnosis ability of CT and gadoxetate disodium (Gd‐EOB‐DTPA) MRI for MTM‐HCC are lacking. Purpose: To compare the performance of Gd‐EOB‐DTPA MRI and CT for differentiating MTM‐HCC from non‐MTM‐HCC, and determine the prognostic indicator. Study Type: Retrospective. Subjects: Post‐surgery HCC patients, divided into the training (N = 272) and external validation (N = 44) cohorts. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T, T1‐weighted imaging, in‐opp phase, and T1‐weighted volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination/liver acquisition with volume acceleration; enhanced CT. Assessment: Three radiologists evaluated clinical characteristics (sex, age, liver disease, liver function, blood routine, alpha‐fetoprotein [AFP] and prothrombin time international normalization ratio [PT‐INR]) and imaging features (tumor length, intratumor fat, hemorrhage, arterial phase peritumoral enhancement, intratumor necrosis or ischemia, capsule, and peritumoral hepatobiliary phase [HBP] hypointensity). Compared the performance of CT and MRI for diagnosing MTM‐HCC. Follow‐up occurred every 3–6 months, and nomogram demonstrated the probability of MTM‐HCC. Statistical Tests: Fisher test, t‐test or Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, area under the curve (AUC), 95% confidence interval (CI), multivariable logistic regression, Kaplan–Meier curve, and Cox proportional hazards. Significance level: P < 0.05. Results: Gd‐EOB‐DTPA MRI (AUC: 0.793; 95% CI, 0.740–0.839) outperformed CT (AUC: 0.747; 95% CI, 0.691–0.797) in the training cohort. The nomogram, incorporating AFP, PT‐INR, and MRI features (non‐intratumor fat, incomplete capsule, intratumor necrosis or ischemia, and peritumoral HBP hypointensity) demonstrated powerful performance for diagnosing MTM‐HCC with an AUC of 0.826 (95% CI, 0.631–1.000) in the external validation cohort. Median follow‐up was 347 days (interquartile range [IQR], 606 days) for the training cohort and 222 days (IQR, 441 days) for external validation cohort. Intratumor necrosis or ischemia was an independent indicator for poor prognosis. Data Conclusion: Gd‐EOB‐DTPA MRI might assist in preoperative diagnosis of MTM‐HCC, and intratumor necrosis or ischemia was associated with poor prognosis. Evidence Level: 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: All‐solution‐processed organic solar cells (OSCs) (from the bottom electrode to the top electrode) are highly attractive thanks to their low cost, lightweight and high‐throughput production. However, achieving highly efficient all‐solution‐processed OSCs remains a significant challenge. One of the key issues is the lack of high‐quality solution‐processed electrode systems that can replace indium tin oxide (ITO) and vacuum‐deposited metal electrodes. In this paper, we comprehensively review recent advances in all‐solution‐processed OSCs, and classified the devices as the top electrode materials, including silver nanowires (AgNWs), conducting polymers and composite conducting materials. The correlation between electrode materials, properties of electrodes, and device performance in all‐solution‐processed OSCs is elucidated. In addition, the critical roles of the active layer and interface layer are also discussed. Finally, the prospects and challenges of all‐solution‐processed OSCs are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Mindfulness has been widely used with all kinds of people, such as students, educators or patients. However, there have been no studies explicitly targeting ward nurses. The aim of this study is to explore the concept analysis of mindfulness in ward nurses. Design: A concept analysis. Methods: An electronic literature search of MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed, Cambridge Online Dictionary and EBSCO on mindfulness was conducted over a ten‐year period of Peer‐reviewed scholarly articles published in English. The Walker and Avant's framework was used for this paper. Results: Eleven articles in total were included in this study. Three attributes of mindfulness in ward nurses were identified as in the present moment, paying attention and being receptive. The consequence of mindfulness in ward nurses lead to positive changes, which included improving well‐being, decreased burnout, anxiety and depression. An exploration of mindfulness in ward nurses was developed. The findings of this paper can be used in ward nurses, research and administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, has developed resistance to almost all insecticides used for its control. The 'push–pull' method has been shown as an effective control strategy to address this resistance challenge of P. xylostella. The key focus of the strategy is the identification of attractive or repellent volatile components. The aim of this study was to identify attractive volatile compounds released from host plants. Identified compounds were applied in the biological control of this pest. RESULTS: Nine active compounds released into the headspace of seven cruciferous plant species were identified using gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Electroantennographic detection‐active compounds included five green leaf volatiles (hexanal, trans‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, and 1‐penten‐3‐ol), three isothiocyanates (isopropyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, and butyl isothiocyanate), and nonanal. Except for nonanal, all the identified green leaf volatiles and isothiocyanates elicited strong electrophysiological and behavioral responses in P. xylostella. The strongest attractive compounds, trans‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol and isopropyl isothiocyanate, were further evaluated in oviposition and field‐trapping assays. Results showed that they both lured female moths to lay eggs, and were highly attractive to P. xylostella adults in field, especially when used in combination with yellow and green sticky boards. However, a blend of the two compounds showed no synergistic effect, but rather an antagonistic effect. CONCLUSIONS: Green leaf volatiles and isothiocyanates were identified as key olfactory cues for host selection of P. xylostella. Trans‐2‐ hexen‐1‐ol and isopropyl isothiocyanate were identified as candidate attractive compounds to serve in a 'push–pull' strategy for P. xylostella control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the metal‐oxo cluster structural feature and charge separation behaviour of the oxygen evolving center (OEC) in photosystem II (PS‐II) under photoirradiation, a new crystalline photochromic polyoxomolybdate, MV2[β‐Mo8O26] (1, MV=methyl viologen cation), is designed as a biomimetic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst in neutral electrolytes. After photoinduced electron transfer (PIET) with colour change from colourless to grey, it remains in an ultra‐stable charge‐separated state over a year under ambient conditions. The observed overpotential at 10 mA ⋅ cm−2 and Tafel slope decrease by 49 mV and 62.8 mV ⋅ dec−1 after coloration, respectively. The outstanding OER performance of the coloured state in neutral electrolytes even outperforms the commercial RuO2 benchmark. Experimental and theoretical studies show that oxygen holes within polyanions after irradiation serve as sites for enhancing direct O−O coupling, thus effectively promoting OER. This is the first successful application of electron‐transfer photochromism to realize OER activity gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Amitraz is a broad‐spectrum formamidine acaricide proven to be effective against mites in all development stages. Under acidic conditions, amitraz is hydrolyzed to N2‐(2,4‐dimethylphenyl)‐N1‐methyformamidine (DPMF), an active metabolite for mite control. Octopamine and tyramine receptors are well known targets of amitraz. Until now, no research has been conducted about the amitraz target in Tetranychus cinnabarinus. This study aimed to identify the target genes of amitraz in T. cinnabarinus and reveal the mechanisms behind the differential acaricidal activities of amitraz and DPMF. RESULTS: Analysis of the toxicity, stress expression, target sensitivity and binding site of amitraz against T. cinnabarinus showed that TcOctβ2R was the main target gene of amitraz. DPMF had more potent acaricidal activity against T. cinnabarinus and was more effective at activating TcOctβ2R than amitraz. Furthermore, the three synergists had no significant effect on amitraz and DPMF, indicating that the detoxification metabolism was not related to the difference in acaricidal activity. CONCLUSION: In this study, TcOctβ2R was identified as the main target gene of amitraz against T. cinnabarinus. The divergence of target binding was responsible for the difference in acaricidal activity between amitraz and DPMF. The results also revealed the physiological and pharmacological functions of octopamine receptors (OARs) in T. cinnabarinus and could provide a basis for the design of new acaricides, with OARs as a special target. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of cost‐efficient Pt‐group metals (PGM)‐based electrocatalysts with low noble metal loading for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) remains challenging for practical applications of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here we successfully synthesized a series of (RhxNi1−x)2P catalysts with satisfying HOR performance in alkaline media. Especially, (Rh0.3Ni0.7)2P−C exhibits an excellent mass activity of 1.274 mA μgPGM−1, 7‐times higher than that of Rh−C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results indicate that benefiting from the synergistic effect of Rh sites with Ni2P, the hydroxyl binding energy (OHBE) is enhanced on the optimized P sites of (RhxNi1−x)2P, which, together with the accelerated water desorption behavior derived from the downshifted d‐band center of Rh sites in (RhxNi1−x)2P, contributes to speeding up the water formation step and thus resulting in the translation of rate‐determining step, as well as the enhanced alkaline HOR performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D Ti3C2Tx MXene, possessing facile preparation, high electrical conductivity, flexibility, and solution processability, shows good application potential for enhancing device performance of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). In this study, tetrabutylammonium bromide functionalized Ti3C2Tx (TBAB‐Ti3C2Tx) is developed as cathode buffer layer (CBL) to regulate the PCBM/Ag cathode interfacial property for the first time. By virtue of the charge transfer from TBAB to Ti3C2Tx demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance and density functional theory, the TBAB‐Ti3C2Tx CBL with high electrical conductivity exhibits significantly reduced work function of 3.9 eV, which enables optimization of energy level alignment and enhancement of charge extraction. Moreover, the TBAB‐Ti3C2Tx CBL can effectively inhibit the migration of iodine ions from perovskite layer to Ag cathode, which synergistically suppresses defect states and reduce charge recombination. Consequently, utilizing MAPbI3 perovskite without post‐treatment, the TBAB‐Ti3C2Tx based device exhibits a dramatically improved power conversion efficiency of 21.65% with significantly improved operational stability, which is one of the best efficiencies reported for the devices based on MAPbI3/PCBM with different CBLs. These results indicate that TBAB‐Ti3C2Tx shall be a promising CBL for high‐performance inverted PVSCs and inspire the further applications of quaternary ammonium functionalized MXenes in PVSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: New remedies are required for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) due to insufficient efficacy of available therapies. Here, we used chemogenetic approaches combined with in vivo pharmacology to elucidate the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) astrocytes in DNP pathogenesis and provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for DNP. Experimental Approach: A streptozotocin‐induced DNP model was established. Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) were used to regulate astrocyte activity. Mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed using the electronic von Frey test. Anxiety‐like behaviours were detected using open field and elevated plus maze tests. Astrocytic activity was detected by immunofluorescence, and cytokine content was determined by ELISA. Key Results: BLA astrocytes were regulated by DREADDs, and inhibition of BLA astrocytes attenuated mechanical allodynia and pain‐related negative emotions in DNP rats. In contrast, temporary activation of BLA astrocytes induced allodynia without anxious behaviours in naive rats. In addition, koumine (KM) alleviated mechanical allodynia and anxiety‐like behaviours in DNP rats, inhibited the activation of BLA astrocytes and suppressed the inflammatory response. Furthermore, persistent activation of BLA astrocytes through chemogenetics mimicked chronic pain, and KM alleviated the pain hypersensitivity and anxiety‐like behaviours. Conclusion and Implications: DREADDs bidirectionally regulate the activity of BLA astrocytes, which proves for the first time the role of BLA astrocyte activation in the pathogenesis of DNP and represents a novel therapeutic strategy for DNP. KM ameliorates DNP, perhaps by inhibiting the activation of BLA astrocytes and reveal KM as a potential candidate for treating DNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between alveolar bone height changes on the labial and lingual sides in mandibular incisors and three‐dimensional orthodontic tooth movement, involving apex displacement, tooth inclination, and angulation. Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of 43 adult patients treated with Invisalign aligners. All subjects were skeletal Class I patients without extraction in mandible. Pre‐treatment and post‐treatment cone‐beam computed tomographic images were obtained to measure labial and lingual alveolar bone height and bone thickness at apex level in four mandibular incisors. An x, y, z coordinate system, superimposing on mandibular body, was established to analyse three‐dimensional apex movement and tooth inclination and angulation changes. Multiple linear regression was applied to identify the determining factors of marginal bone changes during orthodontic treatment. Results: Three directions of apex movement (anteroposterior, vertical, transverse) significantly associated with alveolar bone height changes. Inclination changes had a strong effect on lingual marginal bone, while tooth angulation had no significant effect on alveolar bone height. Incisors with lingual bodily movement were more susceptible to lingual marginal bone recession compared with lingual tipping movement. Conclusions: Alveolar bone height changes on the labial and lingual sides were associated with three‐dimensional apex movement, inclination changes, and movement patterns. Appropriate tooth movement should be considered to avoid excessive marginal bone loss around mandibular incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wide bandgap polymers with a donor–acceptor alternating structure play a key role in constructing high‐efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). However, only a handful of high‐performance polymers are available owing to the limited choices of acceptor units. 5,6‐Difluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (ffBX) is a promising acceptor unit with high ionization potential, and can afford high charge carrier mobility and strong aggregation for the resulting polymers. Historically, ffBX is successfully used in constructing high‐performance polymer donors for fullerene‐based OSCs. However, this unit is far less been explored in non‐fullerene OSCs. In this work, three ffBX‐based wide bandgap polymers (Oc00, Oc25, and Oc50) with varied solubilizing side chain content for application in non‐fullerene OSCs are reported. The polymers show matched energy levels and complementary optical absorption with the state‐of‐the‐art non‐fullerene acceptor Y6. Moreover, the polymer solubility, solid state packing, and bulk‐heterojunction morphology are finely tuned via side chain engineering. Encouragingly, a decent efficiency of 14.25% is realized by the polymer Oc25 when blended with Y6 due to the efficient charge transport and favorable active layer morphology. These results suggest the promising prospect of ffBX in constructing high‐performance polymer donors for non‐fullerene OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of the cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase‐stimulator of the interferon gene (cGAS‐STING) pathway is a potent anticancer immunotherapeutic strategy, and the induction of pyroptosis is a feasible way to stimulate the anticancer immune responses. Herein, two PtII complexes (Pt1 and Pt2) were designed as photoactivators of the cGAS‐STING pathway. In response to light irradiation, Pt1 and Pt2 could damage mitochondrial/nuclear DNA and the nuclear envelope to activate the cGAS‐STING pathway, and concurrently induce pyroptosis in cancer cells, which evoked an intense anticancer immune response in vitro and in vivo. Overall, we present the first photoactivator of the cGAS‐STING pathway, which may provide an innovative design strategy for anticancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal complexes have shown great potential in cancer immunotherapy. This review briefly introduces the basic concepts and strategies of cancer immunotherapy and summarizes the recent discoveries on the immune effects of traditional platinum‐based anticancer compounds. In addition, we also outline the latest research progresses on metal complexes for cancer immunotherapy focusing on platinum, ruthenium, iridium, rhenium and copper complexes. Finally, the research perspectives and unsolved problems on the applications of metallo‐anticancer agents in cancer immunotherapy are purposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amelioration of neuroinflammation via modulating microglia is a promising approach for cerebral ischemia therapy. The aim of the present study was to explore gut–brain axis signals in berberine‐modulating microglia polarization following cerebral ischemia. The potential pathway was determined through analyzing the activation of the vagus nerve, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism, and cysteine persulfides of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor. The cerebral microenvironment feature was explored with a metabolomics assay. The data indicated that berberine ameliorated behavioral deficiency in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats through modulating microglia polarization and neuroinflammation depending on microbiota. Enhanced vagus nerve activity following berberine treatment was blocked by antibiotic cocktails, capsazepine, or sodium molybdate, respectively. Berberine‐induced H2S production was responsible for vagus nerve stimulation achieved through assimilatory and dissimilatory sulfate reduction with increased synthetic enzymes. Sulfation of the TRPV1 receptor resulted in vagus nerve activation and promoted the c‐fos and ChAT in the nucleus tractus solitaries with berberine. Sphingolipid metabolism is the primary metabolic characteristic with berberine in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebral spinal fluid disrupted by antibiotics. Berberine, in conclusion, modulates microglia polarization in a microbiota‐dependent manner. H2S stimulates the vagus nerve through TRPV1 is responsible for the berberine‐induced gut–brain axis signal transmission. Sphingolipid metabolism might mediate the neuroinflammation amelioration following vagus afferent fiber activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving white‐light emission, especially white circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) from a single‐phase material is challenging. Herein, a pair of chiral CuI coordination polymers (1‐M and 1‐P) have been prepared by the asymmetrical assembly of achiral ligands and Cu2I2 clusters. The compounds display dual emission bands and can be used as single‐phase white‐light phosphors, achieving a "warm"‐white‐light‐emitting diode with an ultra‐high color rendering index (CRI) of 93.4 and an appropriate correlated color temperature (CCT) of 3632 K. Meanwhile, corresponding CPL signals with maximum dissymmetry factor |glum|=8×10−3 have been observed. Hence, intrinsic white‐light emission and CPL have been realized simultaneously in coordination polymers for the first time. This work gains insight into the nature of chiral assembly from achiral units and offers a prospect for the development of single‐phase white‐CPL materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway discovered in recent years, and ferroptosis‐inducing agents have great potential as new antitumor candidates. Here, we report a IrIII complex (Ir1) containing a ferrocene‐modified diphosphine ligand that localizes in lysosomes. Under the acidic environments of lysosomes, Ir1 can effectively catalyze Fenton‐like reaction, produce hydroxyl radicals, induce lipid peroxidation, down‐regulate glutathione peroxidase 4, and result in ferroptosis. RNA sequencing analysis shows that Ir1 can significantly affect pathways related to ferroptosis and cancer immunity. Accordingly, Ir1 can induce immunogenic cells death and suppress tumor growth in vitro, regulate T cell activity and immune microenvironments in vivo. In conclusion, we show the potential of small molecules with ferroptosis‐inducing capabilities for effective cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nucleus is considered the ideal target for anti‐tumor therapy because DNA and some enzymes in the nucleus are the main causes of cell canceration and malignant proliferation. However, nuclear target drugs with good biosafety and high efficiency in cancer treatment are rare. Herein, a nuclear‐targeted material MeTPAE with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics was developed based on a triphenylamine structure skeleton. MeTPAE can not only interact with histone deacetylases (HDACs) to inhibit cell proliferation but also damage telomere and nucleic acids precisely through photodynamic treatment (PDT). The cocktail strategy of MeTPAE caused obvious cell cycle arrest and showed excellent PDT anti‐tumor activity, which offered new opportunities for the effective treatment of malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorination converts an efficient isoindigo (IID)‐based electron donor material to an effective electron acceptor material, which could pair with different donor materials. The polymer PAZ could work as the donor and achieve moderate power conversion efficiency of 3.56%, but organic solar cells based on the blend of PC71BM and the chlorinated analogue PAZ‐Cl fail. On the contrary, only PAZ‐Cl could be used as the acceptor material matching with typical donor polymers, such as PTB7‐Th, J52 and J52‐2Cl. Simulation based on density functional theory suggests that the main reason for this transform might be attributed to the change in the electrostatic potential of the polymers. This research paves a new way to design novel electron acceptors for organic solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated molecules and polymers with intrinsic quinoidal structure are promising n‐type organic semiconductors, which have been reported for application in field‐effect transistors and thermoelectric devices. In principle, the molecular and electronic characteristics of quinoidal polymers can also enable their application in organic solar cells. Herein, two quinoidal polymers, named PzDP‐T and PzDP‐ffT, based on dipyrrolopyrazinedione were synthesized and used as electron acceptors in all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). Both PzDP‐T and PzDP‐ffT showed suitable energy levels and wide light absorption range that extended to the near‐infrared region. When combined with the polymer donor PBDB‐T, the resulting all‐PSCs based on PzDP‐T and PzDP‐ffT exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.33 and 2.37 %, respectively. This is the first report on the application of intrinsic quinoidal conjugated polymers in all‐PSCs. The photovoltaic performance of the all‐PSCs was revealed to be mainly limited by the relatively poor and imbalanced charge transport, considerable charge recombination. Detailed investigations on the structure‐performance relationship suggested that synergistic optimization of light absorption, energy levels, and charge transport properties is needed to achieve more successful application of intrinsic quinoidal conjugated polymers in all‐PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oncosis, depending on DNA damage and mitochondrial swelling, is an important approach for treating cancer and other diseases. However, little is known about the behavior of mitochondria during oncosis, due to the lack of probes for in situ visual illumination of the mitochondrial membrane and mtDNA. Herein, a mitochondrial lipid and mtDNA dual‐labeled probe, MitoMN, and a continuous add‐on assay, are designed to image the dynamic process of mitochondria in conditions that are unobservable with current mitochondrial probes. Meanwhile, the MitoMN can induce oncosis in a light‐activated manner, which results in the enlargement of mitochondria and the death of cancer cells. Using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), MitoMN‐stained mitochondria with a dual‐color response reveals, for the first time, how swelled mitochondria interacts and fuses with each other for a nonlinear enlargement to accelerate oncosis into an irreversible stage. With this sign of irreversible oncosis revealed by MitoMN, oncosis can be segregated into three stages, including before oncosis, initial oncosis, and accelerated oncosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs are a group of more than 200 nt, nonprotein coding RNAs, some of which are dysregulated in many pathophysiological processes including endometriosis. This study aims to clarify the roles of dysregulated growth arrest‐specific 5 (GAS5) in patients with endometriosis, and unveil the underlying mechanisms. We obtained endometrium samples from 37 patients with endometriosis and 23 controls without endometriosis. Primary endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and endothelial cells were separated from the endometrium. Levels of GAS5 were quantified using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and levels of p27, cleaved caspase‐3, cleaved poly (ADP‐Ribose) polymerase 1, vascular endothelial growth factor A, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3), and trypsin‐modified soy protein 10 were assessed by immunoblotting. Cell viability was examined using MTT assays, and the cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Endothelial cell tube formation capacity was assayed in vitro. GAS5 and p27 levels were found lower in the endometrium samples from patients with endometriosis. Primary ESCs from patients with endometriosis had increased viability, reduced apoptosis, and a relatively uncontrolled cell cycle. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies confirmed that GAS5 regulated p27 expression in ESCs. Furthermore, GAS5 level was relatively low in primary endothelial cells from patients with endometriosis and GAS5 acted as an angiogenesis inhibitor by regulating the miR‐181c‐TIMP3 axis. Thus, lower GAS5 level in endometrium might be related to endometriosis by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mitochondria targeting dual‐action platinumIV prodrug exhibits high anticancer activity in triple negative breast cancer cells. The complex intervenes in several cellular processes including DNA damage, perturbation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and induction of necrosis to kill cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuronal activity regulates spatial distribution of the SUMOylation system in cytosolic and dendritic sites, which has been implicated in learning, memory, and underlying synaptic structural and functional remodeling in the hippocampus. However, the functional target proteins for activated small ubiquitin‐like modifiers (SUMOs) and downstream molecular consequences behind long‐term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic plasticity remain to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor‐mediated neuronal activity induced the covalent modification of cytosolic Akt1 by small ubiquitin‐like modifier 1 (SUMO1) in rat cortical and hippocampal CA1 neurons. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3) was involved in the activity‐induced Akt1 SUMO1‐ylation, and K64 and K276 residues were major SUMOylated sites. Importantly, Akt1 SUMOylation at K64 and K276 enhanced its enzymatic activity and facilitated T308 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the N‐terminal SAP domain of PIAS3 bound Akt1 directly. The disruption of Akt1‐PIAS3 interaction by Tat‐SAP, a synthetic Tat‐fused cell‐permeable peptide containing PIAS3 SAP domain, inhibited neuronal activity‐induced Akt1 SUMOylation and impaired LTP expression and late phase LTP maintenance in the hippocampus. Correlatedly, Tat‐SAP not only blocked the LTP‐related extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2‐Elk‐1‐brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/Arc signaling, but also disrupted mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)‐eIF4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1) pathway. These findings reveal an activity‐induced Akt1 SUMOylation by PIAS3 that contributes to ERK1/2‐BDNF/Arc and mTOR‐4E‐BP1 cascades, and in turn, long‐lasting excitatory synaptic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis regulates cell death through reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐associated lipid peroxide accumulation, which is expected to affect the structure and polarity of lipid droplets (LDs), but with no clear evidence. Herein, we report the first example of an LD/nucleus dual‐targeted ratiometric fluorescent probe, CQPP, for monitoring polarity changes in the cellular microenvironment. Due to the donor–acceptor structure of CQPP, it offers ratiometric fluorescence emission and fluorescence lifetime signals that reflect polarity variations. Using nucleus imaging as a reference, CQPP was applied to report the increase in LD polarity and the homogenization of polarity between LDs and cytoplasm in the ferroptosis model. This LD/nucleus dual‐targeted fluorescent probe shows the great potential of using fluorescence imaging to study ferroptosis and ferroptosis‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and malignancy of cancer cells are closely related to the changes of the epigenome. In this work, a mitochondria‐targeted rhenium(I) complex (DFX‐Re3), integrating the clinical iron chelating agent deferasirox (DFX), has been designed. By relocating iron to the mitochondria and changing the key metabolic species related to epigenetic modifications, DFX‐Re3 can elevate the methylation levels of histone, DNA, and RNA. As a consequence, DFX‐Re3 affects the events related to apoptosis, RNA polymerases, and T‐cell receptor signaling pathways. Finally, it is shown that DFX‐Re3 induces immunogenic apoptotic cell death and exhibits potent antitumor activity in vivo. This study provides a new approach for the design of novel epigenetic drugs that can recode the cancer epigenome by intervening in mitochondrial metabolism and iron homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The efficacy of PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy (high‐dose dual therapy) in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori is controversial. We aimed to investigate whether PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy is effective. Methods: We searched several publication databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy with controls up to March 2019. Meta‐analyses of eradication rates were performed using random‐effects models. Results: Data from twelve RCTs including 2249 patients suggested that PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy and the current mainstream guidelines‐recommended therapies achieved similar efficacy (83.2% vs 85.3%, risk ratio [RR]: 1.00, 95% CI 0.97‐1.03, intention‐to‐treat analysis), (87.5% vs 90.1%, RR: 0.98, 95% CI 0.95‐1.02, per‐protocol analysis), and compliance (94.3% vs 93.5%, RR: 1.11, 95% CI 0.78‐1.59), but side effects were less likely in the dual therapy (12.9% vs 28.0%, RR: 0.53, 95% CI 0.37‐0.76). Further subgroup analyses showed that the seven RCTs (1302 patients) that reported antimicrobial susceptibility test results also showed that PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy and the current guidelines‐recommended therapies achieved similar efficacy, and PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy was as effective for rescue therapy (RR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.89‐1.05) as for first‐line treatment (RR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.93‐1.02). Conclusions: Compared with the current mainstream guidelines‐recommended therapies, PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy has the same efficacy and compliance, and generally PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy causes fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis (O. xuefengensis), a new species of caterpillar fungus, has been identified as the sister taxon of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (O. sinensis). The aims of the present study are to evaluate the anticancer activity and to qualitatively analyze the potential bioactive chemical constituents of O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis, comparatively. An MTT assay was used to evaluate the in vitro anticancer activities of different fractions from O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis. The results show that ethyl acetate fractions of O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis have significant in vitro anticancer activity. These two bioactive fractions were analyzed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization with quadrupole–time of flight tandem mass spectrometry technology. A total of 82 compounds and 101 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in the bioactive fractions of O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis, respectively. Among these compounds, 68 existed in both O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis. A total of 67 compounds were reported in O. xuefengensis and 8 compounds were reported in caterpillar fungus for the first time. This is the first detailed comparative analysis of the in vitro anticancer activity and chemical ingredients between O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis. The application of this work will provide reliable fundamental pharmacological substances for the use of O. xuefengensis by Yao people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flame‐retardant microcapsules were successfully fabricated with an aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) core. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to verify that AHP was encapsulated in the microcapsules, and thermogravimetry analysis showed that microencapsulated AHP (MAHP) possessed higher thermal stability than that of AHP. Then, a flame‐retardant and smoke suppression system for silicone foams (SiFs) was obtained through a synergistic effect of MAHP and zinc borate (2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O). The mechanical properties, flame retardance, and smoke suppression of SiFs with MAHP and zinc borate were tested using the tensile test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL‐94 test, and cone calorimeter test. The mechanical properties indicated that the tensile strength and elongation at break of SiFs could evidently improve with the incorporation of MAHP. Compared with pure SiF, SiF8 with 4.5‐wt% MAHP and 1.5‐wt% zinc borate could achieve an LOI value of 30.7 vol% and an UL‐94 V‐0 rating, the time to ignition amplified almost six times, the peak heat release rate and total heat release were 51.10% and 46.00% less than that of pure SiF, respectively, the fire performance index increased nearly 13 times, and the fire growth index value was only 13.18% of pure SiF. Moreover, the partial substitution of zinc borate imparted a substantial improvement in both flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Especially, the peak smoke production rate and total smoke production of SiF8 were merely 38.46% and 38.84% of pure SiF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultraviolet‐deposited MoO3 film is developed as anode interlayer based on molybdenum(V) chloride as precursor. The ultraviolet‐deposited MoO3 film is prepared from the precursor film (spin coated from its solution) with ultraviolet irradiation treatment, and the preparation process of the MoO3 film is facile, low cost, and compatible with mass production and flexible substrate. The composition of the MoO3 film is analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The work function as well as the surface morphology and wettability of indium tin oxide (ITO) modified by the MoO3 film are investigated by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle tester, respectively, where the analyses show the ITO modified by the MoO3 anode interlayer can offer excellent energy level alignment and interface contact with active layer. The photovoltaic performance of nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on the MoO3 anode interlayer is researched with typical and relatively low‐cost PBDB‐T:ITIC as active layer, and the ITO/MoO3‐based device shows the highest power conversion efficiency of 9.27% compared with the bare ITO‐based device (3.69%) and the ITO/PEDOT:PSS‐based device (9.15%). The results demonstrate the great potential of the ultraviolet‐deposited MoO3 film as anode interlayer for high‐performance PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The slip and instability mechanisms of coal‐rock parting‐coal structure (CRCS) under coupled dynamic and static loading were investigated using theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, and the fracture and instability processes were described by monitoring the displacement, strain, and acoustic emissions (AEs) of coal and rock parting blocks. Based on the parameters of dynamic load, three different effects on slip and instability characteristics of CRCS were presented, and the effect mechanisms of static stress, as well as amplitude and frequency of dynamic stress wave, were analyzed in detail. Finally, the direct effect on the slip and instability strength of CRCS and the frequency range of dynamic load for generating synchronous slip along two discontinuities sandwiched between coal and rock parting blocks were discussed. This work is relevant for early warning coal‐rock dynamic disasters that are triggered by the slip and fracture instability of CRCS under coupled dynamic and static loading in coal mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemo‐anti‐inflammatory strategy is attracting ever more attention for the treatment of cancer. Here, two cyclometalated IrIII complexes Ir2 and Ir3 formed by conjugation of Ir1 with two antiphlogistics (aspirin and salicylic acid) have been designed. Ir2 and Ir3 exhibit higher antitumor and anti‐inflammatory potencies than a mixture of Ir1 and aspirin/salicylic acid. We show that they can be hydrolyzed, accumulate in mitochondria, and induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Due to their intense long‐lived phosphorescence, Ir2 and Ir3 can track mitochondrial morphological changes. Phosphorescence lifetime imaging shows that Ir2 and Ir3 can aggregate during mitochondrial dysfunction. As expected, Ir2 and Ir3 exhibit immunomodulatory properties by regulating the activity of immune factors. Both Ir2 and Ir3 can induce caspase‐dependent apoptosis and caspase‐independent paraptosis and inhibit several events related to metastasis. Moreover, Ir2 and Ir3 show potent tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Our study demonstrates that the combination of mitochondrial‐targeting and immunomodulatory activities is feasible to develop multifunctional metal‐based anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing highly efficient and stable noble‐metal‐free catalysts toward catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) for hydrogen storage is highly desirable, but still remains challenging. We report a simple and in situ co‐reduction approach to synthesize bimetallic NiCoP nanoparticles (NPs) supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Thanks to the strong electronic interaction between Ni, Co, and P, the as‐synthesized Co89.8Ni10.2P11.7/rGO catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance towards hydrolysis of AB, with the turnover frequency value (TOF) of 18.6 min−1, which is about 2.5 times higher than that of NiCo/rGO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A stereoselective synthesis of C1‐β‐d‐xylopyranoside derivatives had been developed via intramolecular 1,3‐acyloxy migration/Ferrier rearrangement stategy from readily available propargylic carboxylates and d‐xylal. A combined catalytic system of chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) (Ph3PAuCl) and silver hexafluoroantimonate (AgSbF6) was found to possess the most effective of the reaction, and 20 examples tested the wide functional compatibility for these transformation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectrum (IR), high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) and isotopic labelling experiments were utilized to investigate the C1‐glycosylation process. The relative configuration for the products was determined by two‐dimensional (2D) NMR NMR and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. 3‐(4,5)‐Dimethylthiahiazo(‐z‐y1)‐3,5‐diphenytetrazoliumro‐mide (MTT) cell viability assays indicated that three of them showed strong anti‐proliferative activities against human gastric cancer HGC‐27 cells with IC50 values of 17.09‐38.88 μM. This method opened up new horizons for the synthesis of bioactive C‐glycosylated molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that progress has been made in the application of supramolecular prodrug self‐assemblies to enhance the functionality of drug‐delivery systems, corresponding research on multi‐responsive supramolecular prodrug self‐assemblies for programmed drug delivery is still limited. In this paper, the synthesis and self‐assembly behavior of supramolecular prodrug complexes (SPCs) with β‐cyclodextrin–acylhydrazone–doxorubicin (β‐CD‐hydrazone‐DOX) and the targeting of azobenzene‐terminated poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (Azo‐PDMA‐FA) as a building block were investigated. The obtained SPCs could also form self‐assemblies on the basis of their amphiphilic nature. Next, SPC‐based multi‐compartment vesicles and complex micelles, which were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic/static light scattering, were obtained with good reversibility under alternative visible light or UV irradiation. Furthermore, three‐stage programmed drug‐delivery behavior was observed from dual‐responsive SPC‐based self‐assemblies by utilizing UV and pH stimuli. Specifically, the SPCs first self‐assembled into multicompartmental vesicles, which was accompanied by a slow release of DOX. Next, UV‐light irradiation induced the dissociation of β‐CD/Azo, which led to morphology transition and a slight increase in the rate of release of DOX. Upon transferring the self‐assemblies to phosphate‐buffer solution (pH 5.0), the release rates increased notably as a result of the broken acylhydrazone bond. Finally, basic cell experiments further demonstrated that the SPC‐based self‐assemblies could be internalized into cancer cells, which suggests their promise for applications in cancer therapy. Special delivery: The synthesis and self‐assembly behavior of supramolecular prodrug complexes (SPCs) with β‐cyclodextrin–acylhydrazone–doxorubicin and the targeting of azobenzene‐terminated poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] as a building block are investigated and described. Furthermore, three‐stage programmed drug‐delivery behavior is observed from dual‐responsive SPC‐based self‐assemblies by utilizing UV and pH stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging studies have shown that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an attractive target for anticancer therapeutics. Herein, a heterobimetallic complex [Ru(dip)2(μ‐bpm)PtCl2]Cl2 (RuPt; dip=4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline; bpm=2,2′‐bipyrimidine) and the corresponding mononuclear complex [Ru(dip)2(bpm)]Cl2 (Ru) have been designed and synthesized. RuPt can bind to mtDNA and damage it both in the dark and upon visible light irradiation. By using a variety of methods, it was demonstrated that RuPt can interfere with the function of mtDNA by decreasing the amplification and copy number of mtDNA, and affecting the transcriptional level of mitochondria‐encoded genes. Furthermore, RuPt can disturb the physiological processes of mitochondria and induce caspase‐dependent apoptosis in the presence of light. In addition, RuPt shows low systemic toxicity and potent in vivo anticancer potency upon light irradiation. This study provides strong evidence that mtDNA is an important molecular target of RuPt, and photodamaging mtDNA is an effective strategy to overcome cisplatin resistance. Anticancer agent: A ruthenium–platinum heterobimetallic complex has been designed and synthesized as a photodynamic agent to overcome cisplatin resistance. It binds to mitochondrial DNA and can damage it both in the dark and under light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs), zinc oxide (ZnO) with various advantages are typically used as cathode buffer layer, but the existing surface traps/detects of ZnO layer obviously restrict device performance. In this work, the authors introduce polyethylene oxide (PEO) with high molecular weight of 300 thousands to modify the surface of ZnO layer on ITO cathode for inverted PSCs, where PEO possesses the particular advantages of easy accessibility and low cost. Compared with the ITO modified by pure ZnO and PEO layer, the ITO modified by ZnO/PEO bilayers shows the similarly good transparency, the lowest work function, the best surface morphology, and contact property. ZnO/PEO bilayers can provide the optimal energy alignment and interface contact between ITO and active layer, and efficiently eliminate the surface defects of ZnO layer. Therefore, the ITO/ZnO/PEO‐based device exhibits the best photovoltaic performance with the PCE of 9.57% compared to the ITO/ZnO‐based device (8.42%) and the ITO/PEO‐based device (8.16%). The impressive results suggest that ZnO/PEO bilayers should be promising cathode buffer layer for high‐performance inverted PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a passive wireless surface transverse wave (STW) torsion sensor for an overhead transmission line (OHTL). Two key techniques, namely the design of STW sensing element and clamping structure, were investigated. The relationship between the tension and the frequency shift of the STW resonator was analysed. A numerical analysis on the tension sensitivity and temperature coefficient using different cut types was performed. Results showed that Y − 51° cut quartz, which has a close to zero temperature coefficient of frequency, is a suitable substrate of the STW tension sensors. Other parameters were optimised to obtain a resonator with a Q value of >11,000. Two STW resonators were adopted as sensing element to form a differential structure to reduce the temperature interference. An OHTL clamping and tension transfer mechanical structure was designed, which has an ability of adjusting the tension sensitivity and can be easily installed at any point of OHTL. Moreover, the OHTL tension measurement system was set up and evaluated. Experimental results indicated that the STW tension sensitivity was 24.31 kHz/kN, the non‐linearity was 0.26%, and the repeatability error was 0.32%. The OHTL tension measurement method is feasible for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valproic acid (VPA) is a short-chain, fatty acid type histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), which can cause growth arrest and induce differentiation of transformed cells. Phosphorescent cyclometalated IrIII complexes have emerged as potential anticancer agents. By conjugation of VPA to IrIII complexes through an ester bond, VPA-functionalized cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes 1 a- 3 a were designed and synthesized. These complexes display excellent two-photon properties, which are favorable for live-cell imaging. The ester bonds in 1 a- 3 a can be hydrolyzed quickly by esterase and display similar inhibition of HDAC activity to VPA. Notably, 1 a- 3 a can overcome cisplatin resistance effectively and are about 54.5-89.7 times more cytotoxic than cisplatin against cisplatin-resistant human lung carcinoma (A549R) cells. Mechanistic studies indicate that 1 a- 3 a can penetrate into human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells quickly and efficiently, accumulate in mitochondria, and induce a series of cell-death-related events mediated by mitochondria. This study gives insights into the design and anticancer mechanisms of multifunctional anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points Smooth muscle myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) is phosphorylated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase and dephosphorylated by myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP)., Tracheal smooth muscle contains significant amounts of myosin binding subunit 85 (MBS85), another myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT) family member, in addition to MLCP regulatory subunit MYPT1., Concentration/temporal responses to carbachol demonstrated similar sensitivities for bovine tracheal force development and phosphorylation of RLC, MYPT1, MBS85 and paxillin., Electrical field stimulation releases ACh from nerves to increase RLC phosphorylation but not MYPT1 or MBS85 phosphorylation. Thus, nerve-mediated muscarinic responses in signalling modules acting on RLC phosphorylation are different from pharmacological responses with bath added agonist., The conditional knockout of MYPT1 or the knock-in mutation T853A in mice had no effect on muscarinic force responses in isolated tracheal tissues. MLCP activity may arise from functionally shared roles between MYPT1 and MBS85, resulting in minimal effects of MYPT1 knockout on contraction., Abstract Ca2+/calmodulin activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) initiates myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation for smooth muscle contraction with subsequent dephosphorylation for relaxation by myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) containing regulatory (MYPT1) and catalytic (PP1cδ) subunits. RLC phosphorylation-dependent force development is regulated by distinct signalling modules involving protein phosphorylations. We investigated responses to cholinergic agonist treatment vs. neurostimulation by electric field stimulation (EFS) in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Concentration/temporal responses to carbachol demonstrated tight coupling between force development and RLC phosphorylation but sensitivity differences in MLCK, MYPT1 T853, MYPT1 T696, myosin binding subunit 85 (MBS85), paxillin and CPI-17 (PKC-potentiated protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor protein of 17 kDa) phosphorylations. EFS increased force and phosphorylation of RLC, CPI-17 and MLCK. In the presence of the cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine, EFS led to an additional increase in phosphorylation of MYPT1 T853, MYPT1 T696, MBS85 and paxillin. Thus, there were distinct pharmacological vs. physiological responses in signalling modules acting on RLC phosphorylation and force responses, probably related to degenerate G protein signalling networks. Studies with genetically modified mice were performed. Expression of another MYPT1 family member, MBS85, was enriched in mouse, as well as bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Carbachol concentration/temporal-force responses were similar in trachea from MYPT1SM+/+, MYPT1SM-/− and the knock-in mutant mice containing nonphosphorylatable MYPT1 T853A with no differences in RLC phosphorylation. Thus, MYPT1 T853 phosphorylation was not necessary for regulation of RLC phosphorylation in tonic airway smooth muscle. Furthermore, MLCP activity may arise from functionally shared roles between MYPT1 and MBS85, resulting in minimal effects of MYPT1 knockout on contraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of the inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) were examined with solution-processed TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) as electron transport layer (ETL) and vapor deposited MoO3 as hole transport layer (HTL). The performance of the inverted PSCs based on P3HT:PCBM heterojunction was closely depend on the thickness of interface layer. The high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.90% was achieved when the thickness of MoO3 is 5 nm. The interesting thing is that the PCE of these kinds of inverted PSCs were dramatically enhance after exposing them in air. The increase of the Ag work function, the reduction of MoO3 film work function, and the enlarged P3HT:PCBM grain size are deduced to the main reasons for the improvement of the devices' performance. The very high PCE of 4.51% was achieved after the device was exposed in air for 144 h. In addition, we also measured the stability of this kind of devices in air for 1008 h. The devices show excellent stability and the PCE of the devices could maintain about 4.0% after 1008 h exposure. The results provide a new facile method for fabrication of highly efficient and stable inverted PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Although some studies have reported >90% success with high-dose dual proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) eradication, the efficacy of this therapy remains controversial. We aimed to re-evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-dose dual therapy on H. pylori eradication. Methods We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of high-dose PPI-amoxicillin dual therapy as the rescue therapy on H. pylori eradication. Treatment effect was determined with a fixed-effect model using the inverse variance method and was expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Because of significant statistical heterogeneity (χ2 15.98, I2 = 69%) among the six studies that qualified, four RCTs that included 473 patients with H. pylori infection after eradication failure were assessed. The meta-analysis showed that high-dose dual therapy and guideline-recommended rescue therapies achieved similar efficacy (81.3% vs 81.5%, RR 1.00 [95% CI 0.93-1.08], intention-to-treat analysis), compliance (95.3% vs 95.4%, RR 1.00 [95% CI 0.97-1.03]), and side effects (17.9% vs 19.7%, RR 0.88 [95% CI 0.62-1.25]). Conclusions High-dose PPI-amoxicillin dual therapy is comparable to recommended rescue therapies for H. pylori infection. More researches are needed to determine the efficacy of high-dose dual therapy as a first-line therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]