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Objective: To investigate whether a 20‐week aerobic and resistance exercise program induces changes in brain current density underlying working memory and inhibitory control in children with overweight/obesity. Methods: A total of 67 children (10.00 ± 1.10 years) were randomized into an exercise or control group. Electroencephalography (EEG)‐based current density (μA/mm2) was estimated using standardized low‐resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) during a working memory task (Delayed non‐matched‐to‐sample task, DNMS) and inhibitory control task (Modified flanker task, MFT). In DNMS, participants had to memorize four stimuli (Pokemons) and then select between two of them, one of which had not been previously shown. In MFT, participants had to indicate whether the centered cow (i.e., target) of five faced the right or left. Results: The exercise group had significantly greater increases in brain activation in comparison with the control group during the encoding phase of DNMS, particularly during retention of second stimuli in temporal and frontal areas (peak t = from 3.4 to 3.8, cluster size [k] = from 11 to 39), during the retention of the third stimuli in frontal areas (peak t = from 3.7 to 3.9, k = from 15 to 26), and during the retention of the fourth stimuli in temporal and occipital areas (peak t = from 2.7 to 4.3, k = from 13 to 101). In MFT, the exercise group presented a lower current density change in the middle frontal gyrus (peak t = −4.1, k = 5). No significant change was observed between groups for behavioral performance (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: A 20‐week exercise program modulates brain activity which might provide a positive influence on working memory and inhibitory control in children with overweight/obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: We investigated the association of anthropometric neonatal data (birth length and birth weight) and breastfeeding practices (exclusive and any breastfeeding) with hippocampal functional connectivity and its academic implication in children with overweight/obesity. Methods: Ninety six children with overweight/obesity aged 8–11 years (10.01 ± 1.14), from the ActiveBrains project were included in this cross‐sectional study. Anthropometric neonatal data were collected from birth records, whereas breastfeeding practices were reported by parents. A 3.0 Tesla Siemens Magnetom Tim Trio system was used to acquire T1‐weighted and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance images. Academic performance was assessed by the Woodcock‐Muñoz standardized test. Hippocampal seed‐based methods with post‐hoc regression analyses were performed. Analyses were considered significant when surpassing Family‐Wise Error corrections. Results: Birth weight showed a positive association with the connectivity between the hippocampus and the pre‐ and postcentral gyri, and the cerebellum. In addition, breastfeeding was negatively associated with the connectivity between the hippocampus and the primary motor cortex and the angular gyrus. Any breastfeeding, in turn, showed a positive association with the connectivity between the hippocampus and the middle temporal gyrus. None of the connectivity outcomes related to early life factors was coupled with better academic abilities (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that birth weight at birth and breastfeeding are associated with hippocampal connectivity in children with overweight/obesity. Despite this, how the results relate to academic performance remains a matter of speculation. Our findings suggest that clinicians should recognize the importance early life factors for potentially avoiding consequences on offspring's brain development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the association between physical activity, sedentary time, and physical fitness with the shapes of subcortical brain structures in children with overweight/obesity. Further, we analyzed whether differences in the shapes of subcortical brain structures were related to intelligence. We hypothesized that those children with higher physical activity levels, lower sedentary time, and better fitness, would show greater expansion of the brain regions analyzed, and these expansions would be associated with higher intelligence. Study Design: 100 children (10.0 ± 1.1 years, 40 girls) were included in the analyses. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometry, and physical fitness was evaluated by a fitness battery. Shapes of subcortical brain structures were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Intelligence was measured by the Kaufmann Brief Intelligence test. Results: Physical activity was related to expansion of the right/left pallidum, right/left putamen, and right thalamus (p < 0.05). Higher sedentary time was related to contraction of the left thalamus and right nucleus accumbens (p < 0.05). Higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with expansion of the right amygdala (p = 0.022). Greater strength in the upper‐limb was related to expansion of the right/left pallidum and the left nucleus accumbens (p < 0.038), and contraction of the left amygdala (p = 0.030). Better speed‐agility was associated with expansion of the left nucleus accumbens (p = 0.036). Physical activity‐ and fitness‐related expansion of the right pallidum was associated with higher intelligence (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Physical activity, sedentary time, and physical fitness were significantly related to the shapes of subcortical brain structures, which in turn were related to intelligence in children with overweight/obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the 5‐year results in terms of marginal bone level (MBL) around implants supporting fixed full‐arch metal‐ceramic restorations in a series of cases of patients who had lost their teeth in that dental arch because of severe periodontal disease. Material and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was designed to evaluate the 5‐year MBL results of OsseoSpeed™ Astra Tech TX implants with internal tapered conical connection. Age, gender, bone substratum, smoking habits, history of periodontitis, and prosthetic features were recorded. Mixed linear model was used to determine the influence of the different variables on MBL. Results: In this series, a total of 160 implants placed in 19 patients were evaluated. No implant failure was reported during the 5 years of follow‐up. Only 14 (8.75%) implants had more than 2 mm of MBL. Abutment height, F(3,142) = 6.917, p <.001, and implant diameter, F(1,141) = 15.059, p <.001, were determined to be statistically associated with MBL. No other effect was significant. Pairwise comparisons showed that MBL was larger for abutment height = 1 (MBL = −0.987, SE = 0.186) compared with the remaining heights [−0.335 (0.171), −0.169 (0.192) and −0.247 (0.267), 2, 4 and 6 mm, respectively]. MBL was larger for narrow (−0.510, SE = 0.169) than for wide implants (−0.364, SE = 0.190). Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that the vast majority of internal conical connection implants supporting fixed full‐arch metal‐ceramic restorations do not suffer from relevant MBL after 5 years in function. Particularly, those implants with transmucosal abutments longer than 2 mm show less than 0.5 mm from the implant shoulder to the marginal bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to establish an objective criterion in terms of marginal bone level (MBL) to know the prognosis of an implant. Materials and Methods: A group of 176 patients in whom 590 implants were placed were included in this retrospective study. Patients older than 18 years, presenting either Kennedy class I or II edentulous section, or totally edentulous at least in one of the dental arches were included in this study. Those with any type of disturbance able to alter bone metabolism or with nontreated periodontal disease were excluded. Data on radiographic MBL at loading, 6 and 18 months later, age, gender, smoking habits, history of periodontitis, bone substratum, implant, and prosthetic features were recorded. Nonparametric receiver operating curves (ROC) were constructed for the MBL at 18 months in order to establish a distinction among high bone loser (HBL) and low bone loser (LBL) implants. Differences as a function of main variables were also determined, particularly abutment height and periodontal disease. Results: HBL implants lost at least 0.48 mm of MBL 6 months after loading; they reached at least 2 mm of MBL 18 months after loading. MBL rate followed a nonlinear trend, except in implants restored over long prosthetic abutments and in patients with history of severe periodontitis; in whom the rate of MBL over the time was nearly zero. Conclusion: Implants that lose more than 0.5 mm of marginal bone 6 months after loading are at great risk of not being radiographically successful anymore. Therefore, 0.5 mm of MBL is proposed as a distinctive and objective criterion of success in Implant Dentistry within a 6‐month follow‐up period. A prosthetic abutment height ≥2 mm resulted the most protective factor in the peri‐implant bone maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the effect of different communication strategies on comprehension and recall of information about factors associated to peri-implantitis.Methods: A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted in consecutive patients diagnosed with peri-implantitis. The sample was divided into three groups according to the communication strategy used: Test group 1-Written communication via leaflet with visual aids (L-VA); Test group 2-Written communication via leaflet with no visual aids (L-NVA); and control group-only verbal communication with no leaflet (NL). A questionnaire assessing comprehension at baseline (T0) and recall at 3 months (T1) and 6 months (T2) was administered following the fuzzy trace theory with a combination of 11 "gist" and seven "verbatim" items. The "health belief model" dimensions were further examined to test the influence of the communication strategy upon perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and behavioral intentions.Results: Ninety-nine patients that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included. Gist and verbatim comprehension of the control, risk factors, and preventive measures for peri-implantitis overall was significantly greater in the test groups, in particular in L-VA at T0 (n = 99). Nevertheless, recall was not influenced by the communication strategy at T1 (n = 85) or T2 (n = 78). No significant differences were noted between groups or as a function of time for any of the "health belief model" constructs with the sole exception of perceived barriers (P = 0.045), which proved lower in the test groups.Conclusion: The comprehension of information about factors associated to peri-implantitis can be efficiently improved by using written communicative strategies, in particular when supplemented with visual aids. Nevertheless, this approach failed to show effectiveness in modulating recall or in changing behavioral intentions over follow-up (NCT04543604). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Physical and psychiatric comorbidities are common in cancer patients and could impact their treatment and prognosis. However, the evidence base regarding the influence of comorbidities in the management and health service use of patients is still scant. In this research we investigated how physical comorbidities are related to the mental health and help‐seeking of cancer patients. Methods: Data were obtained from the representative National Health Survey of Spain (2017). Participants were respondents who reported a cancer diagnosis (n = 484). These were also matched with controls without cancer history (n = 484) based on age, gender, and region. Four alternative physical comorbidities indices were created based on information regarding 28 chronic conditions. Outcomes of interest were psychological distress and having consulted a mental healthcare professional in the year before the survey. Results: Thirty percent of cancer patients reported significant psychological distress but only 10% had consulted a professional. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, among cancer patients each additional comorbidity was associated with 9% higher odds of reporting high psychological distress (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.16) and 21% higher odds of having consulted a mental healthcare professional (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.34). The effects of comorbidities depended on the type of index and were different in controls without cancer history. Conclusion: Physical comorbidities in cancer patients are associated with higher risk of psychological distress and higher demand for mental health services. We encourage further research on this issue as it could improve mental health screening and management in oncologic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims (i) to examine the association of physical fitness components (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness, speed‐agility, and muscular fitness) with brain current source density during working memory; and (ii) to examine whether fitness‐related current density was associated to working memory performance and academic achievement. Eighty‐five children with overweight/obesity aged 8–11 years participated in this cross‐sectional study. Physical fitness components were assessed using the ALPHA test battery. Electroencephalography recordings were performed during a Delayed Non‐Match‐to‐Sample task that assessed working memory. Brain source analysis was carried out using sLORETA to estimate regional current source density differences between high and low (H–L) working memory loads. Academic achievement was measured by the Spanish version of the Woodcock‐Johnson III test battery. The main results showed that higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with higher H–L current density differences in frontal, limbic, and occipital regions during encoding and maintenance task's phases (β≥0.412, p ≤ 0.019). A limbic area was further related to better working memory performance (β=0.267, p = 0.005). During retrieval, higher cardiorespiratory fitness was also associated with higher current density in temporal regions (β=0.265, p = 0.013), whereas lower muscular fitness was associated with higher current density in frontal regions (β=–0.261, p = 0.016). Our results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness, but not speed‐agility nor muscular fitness, is positively associated with brain current source density during working memory processes in children with overweight/obesity. Fitness‐related current density differences in limbic regions were associated with better working memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas numerous studies have investigated the relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness with inhibition and neuroelectric activity, the role of other physical fitness components and physical activity (PA) intensities in this relationship remain unclear, especially in children with obesity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association of physical fitness, PA, and sedentary time with inhibitory control and neuroelectric activity in children. Eighty‐four children (8‐11 years) with overweight or obesity performed the ALPHA battery to assess their physical fitness components (i.e., muscular strength, speed‐agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness). PA and sedentary time were assessed from hip and nondominant wrist‐worn accelerometers. Inhibitory control was evaluated using a flanker task, and expressed as reaction time (RT) and response accuracy. P3 amplitude and latency were recorded using electroencephalography. Higher speed‐agility and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with shorter RT and larger P3 amplitude on incongruent trials. Higher speed‐agility was associated with shorter RT on congruent trials. Hip‐assessed moderate and moderate‐to‐vigorous PA were associated with longer P3 latency across trials, and vigorous PA with larger P3 amplitude on incongruent trials. Our results provide initial evidence suggesting that not only cardiorespiratory fitness, but also speed‐agility, are associated with inhibitory control and P3 amplitude, whereas no significant associations were observed for muscular strength. The associations between PA (moderate, vigorous and moderate to‐vigorous) and neuroelectric activity were accelerometer location‐dependent. Promoting PA programs that enhance the cardiorespiratory fitness and speed‐agility will contribute to better understanding whether such health improvements benefit inhibitory control in youth with overweight or obesity. Whereas research on physical fitness and neuroelectric activity has mainly focused on cardiorespiratory fitness, this study reveals that other fitness components, such as speed‐agility, but not muscular fitness, also relate to brain function. Physical activity measures also relate to neuroelectric activity; however, this relationship is dependent upon the accelerometer location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Both pre-hospital decision delay - the time patients wait before seeking medical attention after symptoms have started - and high psychological distress after the cardiac episode predict poor prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). We aimed to identify psychosocial markers of these prognostic factors. Design A cross-sectional study of 102 consecutive, clinically stable ACS survivors. Methods Participants completed a questionnaire measuring pre-hospital decision delay, psychological distress, and several known psychosocial factors related to cardiovascular health: type D personality, resilience, social support, and concerns during the cardiac event. Multiple linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted. Results Type D personality and fewer concerns about the serious consequences of delaying help-seeking were related to more psychological distress post-ACS, and these relationships were mediated by longer pre-hospital decision delay. In contrast, resilience was related to lower psychological distress. Social support and social concerns about help-seeking were not related to the outcome variables. Conclusions Type D personality may be a risk factor for more delayed help-seeking for an ACS and higher psychological distress after the cardiac event. Resilience, in contrast, emerged as a potential protective factor of patients' mental health after the cardiac event. Pre-hospital decision delay was related to thinking about serious consequences (e.g., complications, protecting one's family) but not about social concerns (e.g., wasting other people's time) during the cardiac episode. Statement of Contribution What is already known on this subject? Longer pre-hospital decision delay, that is waiting longer to seek medical attention after symptoms have started, predicts poor prognosis of acute coronary syndrome patients. High psychological distress post-ACS, such as the development of anxiety and/or depression, also predicts poor prognosis of these patients. What does this study adds? This study identifies several psychosocial markers of longer prehospital decision delay and high psychological distress post-ACS. Prehospital decision delay was related to thinking about serious consequences (e.g., complications, protecting one's family) but not about social concerns (e.g., wasting other people's time) during the cardiac episode. Type D personality and fewer concerns about the serious consequences of delaying help-seeking were related to more psychological distress, and these relationships were mediated by longer prehospital decision delay. Resilience was related to lower psychological distress post-ACS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impulsivity and sensation seeking are considered to be among the most important personality traits involved in risk‐taking behavior. This study is focused on whether the association of these personality traits and brain functional connectivity depends on individuals' risk proneness. Risk proneness was assessed with the DOSPERT‐30 scale and corroborated with performance in a motorcycle simulator. The associations of impulsivity‐ and sensation seeking‐related traits with the between and within coupling of seven major brain functional networks, estimated from electroencefalograma (EEG) recordings, differ according to whether an individual is risk prone or not. In risk‐prone individuals, (lack of) premeditation enhanced the coupling of the ventral attention and limbic networks. At the same time, emotion seeking increased the coupling of the frontoparietal network and the default mode networks (DMNs). Finally, (lack of) perseverance had a positive impact on the coupling of anterior temporal nodes of the limbic network whilst having a negative impact on some frontal nodes of the frontoparietal network and the DMNs. In general, the results suggest that the predisposition to behave riskily modulates the way in which impulsivity traits are linked to brain functionality, seemingly making the brain networks prepare for an immediate, automatic, and maladaptive response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of physical fitness, sedentary time, and physical activity (PA) with working memory and neuroelectric activity in children with overweight/obesity. Seventy‐nine children with overweight/obesity (10.2 ± 1.1 years old) participated in this cross‐sectional study. We assessed physical fitness components (ie, muscular strength, speed agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness) using the ALPHA battery. Sedentary time and PA were assessed by GT3X+accelerometers (ActiGraph). Working memory was assessed using the delayed non‐matched‐to‐sample task; mean reaction time (RT) and response accuracy were registered. Neuroelectric activity (ie, P3 amplitude and latency) was registered using the ActiveTwo System of BioSemi electroencephalogram. Higher upper‐limb absolute strength was associated with lower response accuracy (P = 0.023), while higher lower‐limb relative‐to‐weight strength was associated with larger P3 amplitude (P < 0.05). Higher speed agility and cardiorespiratory fitness levels were associated with shorter mean RT and larger P3 amplitude, and speed agility was also associated with shorter P3 latency (all P < 0.05). Vigorous PA was associated with larger P3 amplitude (P < 0.05). No associations were found for sedentary time or the rest of PA intensities (P ≥ 0.05). In addition to cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and speed agility are also associated with working memory and neuroelectric activity in children with overweight/obesity. The association between PA and working memory is intensity‐dependent, as significant findings were only observed for vigorous PA. Randomized controlled trials in this population would help to better understand whether improvements in different components of fitness and PA lead to better working memory and underlying brain function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between Type D (distressed) personality and cardiac biomarkers of disease severity in patients with acute coronary syndrome. To identify potential mechanisms behind the effect of Type D personality on cardiovascular disease (CVD).Design: Cross-sectional.Methods: Patients (N = 215) with acute coronary syndrome completed a survey including a measure of Type D personality. Blood samples including a lipid profile and cardiac enzymes were taken within 3 days after the cardiovascular event. Data were analysed using simple correlations, multiple regressions, and mediation analyses.Results: Type D personality was more predictive of severity of the acute coronary syndrome among patients with previous CVD compared to patients without previous CVD. Among patients with previous CVD, Type D personality was associated with the presence of ST elevation (R(2)  =.07) and more damage to the myocardium as indicated by higher troponin-I (R(2)  = .05) and myoglobin (R(2)  = .07) levels. These effects were independent from demographics, CV risk factors, and depression. Lower HDL cholesterol levels mediated the relationship between Type D personality and disease severity (Κ(2)  = .12 [95% CI 0.02, 0.28]) for myoglobin and Κ(2)  = .08 [95% CI 0.01, 0.21] for troponin-I).Conclusion: Type D personality was related to a worse lipid profile and more severe acute coronary syndrome in patients with previous history of CVD. Given the strong relationship between disease severity and subsequent mortality, these results suggest that severity of the myocardial infarction may be a potential mechanism explaining increased mortality in Type D patients with recurrent CVD. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Type D personality has been related to worse outcomes in cardiac patients. However, recent studies show mixed results, suggesting the need to clarify potential mechanisms. What does this study add? Type D personality is related to severity of acute coronary syndrome in patients with previous history of cardiovascular disease. This effect is partially accounted for by lower HDL levels in Type D patients. Disease severity is a potential mechanism by which Type D personality may affect cardiovascular health of patients with recurrent CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose was to radiographically analyze and compare the marginal bone loss ( MBL) between implants with different mismatching distance and to study the influence of the prosthetic abutment height on the MBL in association with the related mismatching distances. Material and methods This retrospective study included 108 patients in whom 228 implants were placed, 180 with diameter of 4.5 mm and 48 with diameter of 5 mm. All patients received OsseoSpeed™ implants with internal tapered conical connection (Denstply Implants). Different mismatching distances were obtained, given that all implants were loaded with the same uni-abutment type (Lilac; Denstply Implants). Data were gathered on age, gender, bone substratum, smoking habits, previous history of periodontitis, and prosthetic features. MBL was analyzed radiographically at 6 and 18 months post-loading. Results Mixed linear analysis of mesial and distal MBL values yielded significant effects of abutment, implant diameter, follow-up period, bone substratum, smoking, and abutment × time interaction. MBL was greater at 18 vs. 6 months, for short vs. long abutments, for grafted vs. pristine bone, for a heavier smoking habit, and for implants with a diameter of 5.0 vs. 4.5 mm. Conclusion Greater mismatching does not minimize the MBL; abutment height, smoking habit, and bone substratum may play a role in the MBL over the short- and medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-process theories have dominated the study of risk perception and risk-taking over the last two decades. However, there is a lack of objective brain-level evidence supporting the two systems of processing in every-day risky behavior. To address this issue, we propose the dissociation between evaluative and urgent behaviors as evidence of dual processing in risky driving situations. Our findings show a dissociation of evaluative and urgent behavior both at the behavioral and neural level. fMRI data showed an increase of activation in areas implicated in motor programming, emotional processing, and visuomotor integration in urgent behavior compared to evaluative behavior. These results support a more automatic processing of risk in urgent tasks, relying mainly on heuristics and experiential appraisal. The urgent task, which is characterized by strong time pressure and the possibility for negative consequences among others factors, creates a suitable context for the experiential-affective system to guide the decision-making process. Moreover, we observed greater frontal activation in the urgent task, suggesting the participation of cognitive control in safe behaviors. The findings of this research are relevant for the study of the neural mechanisms underlying dual process models in risky perception and decision-making, especially because of their proximity to everyday activities. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2853-2864, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research connecting task performance and neural activity to date has been conducted in laboratory conditions. Thus, field studies remain scarce, especially in extreme conditions such as during real flights. Here, we investigated the effects of flight procedures of varied complexity on the in-flight EEG activity of military helicopter pilots. Flight procedural complexity modulated the EEG power spectrum: highly demanding procedures (i.e., takeoff and landing) were associated with higher EEG power in the higher frequency bands, whereas less demanding procedures (i.e., flight exercises) were associated with lower EEG power over the same frequency bands. These results suggest that EEG recordings may help to evaluate an operator's cognitive performance in challenging real-life scenarios, and thus could aid in the prevention of catastrophic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the vertical and horizontal graft bone resorption ( GR) in grafted maxillary sinuses and the marginal bone loss ( MBL) around implants placed in the sinuses with different prosthetic connections and to determine the effect of other clinical factors on these tissue responses at 6 and 18 months postloading. Material and Method A total of 254 implants were placed in 150 grafted maxillary sinuses of 101 patients (51.5% female) with mean age of 52.2 years (range, 32-82 years). GR and MBL measurements were made in implants placed with two different prosthetic connections (internal and external) at 6 and 18 months postloading. The complex samples general linear model was used to analyze the influence of patient age, gender, smoking habit, history of periodontal disease, implantation timing (simultaneous vs deferred), and prosthetic abutment length on radiographic GR and MBL values. Results At 18 months postloading, the MBL ranged from 0 mm to 5.89 mm; less than 1 mm was lost around 49.0% (mesial) and 44.3% (distal) of the implants, while no bone was lost around 32.9% (mesial) and 26.7% (distal). The GR was significantly affected by smoking, remnant alveolar bone height, graft length, graft height, gender, and age, and it significantly decreased over time. The MBL was influenced by the type of connection, implantation timing, and prosthetic abutment length. The MBL was greater with longer postloading interval and higher patient age and in smokers. Conclusion Resorption of grafts that combine autogenous cortical bone with anorganic bovine bone is dependent on the anatomic features of the sinus and is not affected by the time elapsed after the first 6 months. The MBL in implants placed in these grafted areas is time dependent and mainly related to potentially modifiable clinical decisions and patient habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of this study was to analyze marginal bone loss ( MBL) rates around implants to establish the difference between physiological bone loss and bone loss due to peri-implantitis. Materials and methods Five hundred and eight implants were placed in the posterior maxilla in 208 patients. Data were gathered on age, gender, bone substratum (grafted or pristine), prosthetic connection, smoking and alcohol habits, and previous periodontitis. MBL was radiographically analyzed in three time frames (5 months post-surgery and at 6 and 18 months post-loading). Nonparametric receiver operating curve ( ROC) analysis and mixed linear model analysis were used to determine whether implants could be classified as high or low bone loser type ( BLT) and to establish the influence of this factor on MBL rates. Results Marginal bone loss rates were significantly affected by BLT, connection type, bone substratum, and smoking. Bone loss rates at 18 months were associated with initial bone loss rates: 96% of implants with an MBL of >2 mm at 18 months had lost 0.44 mm or more at 6 months post-loading. Conclusion Implants with increased MBL rates at early stages (healing and immediate post-loading periods) are likely to reach MBL values that compromise their final outcome. Initial (healing, immediate post-loading) MBL rates around an implant of more than 0.44 mm/year are an indication of peri-implant bone loss progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the increased use of short dental implants (<10 mm), a high crown/implant (C/I) ratio has become a common finding. However, the effect of the C/I ratio on the marginal bone loss (MBL) has not yet been examined extensively. Hence, the aim of the present systematic review is to explore the influence of the C/I ratio on the success rate and MBL of dental implants. Methods: Three electronic databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central) and a manual search for human trials with a minimal follow-up of 6 months are used for the present study. A statistical analysis of the influence of the C/I ratio was performed on the peri-implant MBL while considering follow-up period, type of implants, implant connection, and technical and biologic complications. Results: One hundred ninety-six potential articles were identified on the selected databases. Only 57 articles were selected for full-text evaluation. According to the inclusion criteria, a total of 13 articles were included in this systematic review. A significant negative association between the C/I ratio and the MBL was found (P = 0.012). However, no statistically significant difference was found (P>0.15) for potential effects regarding the observation period, the type of implant connection, or between both methods of evaluating the C/I ratio. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, the C/I ratio of implant-supported restorations has an effect on peri-implant marginal bone level. Within the range of 0.6/1 to 2.36/1, the higher the C/I ratio, the less the peri-implant MBL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study is to examine the sinus lateral wall thickness (LWT) of atrophic posterior maxilla (<10 mm) of patients with complete and partial edentulism and determine the influence of residual ridge height (RH), sex, and age on maxillary LWT. Methods: Four hundred fourteen measures were taken from 140 consecutive patients that met the inclusion criteria. On the selected sagittal section, a built-in digital caliper recorded in millimeters the RH and LWT (a perpendicular line at 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, and 15 mm from the lowest point of the sinus floor). Edentulous spans were further classified as complete edentulous atrophic maxilla (CEM) and partial edentulous atrophic maxilla (PEM). The mixed linear model was used to test the effects of sex, type of edentulism, edentulous span, and RH on the measurement of the LWT of the sinus. Results: Mean LWT for PEM was 1.71 ± 0.12 mm, and for CEM, 1.57 ± 0.07 mm (P = 0.01). The mixed model yielded significant effect of edentulous span (P= 0.048) and interactions among type of edentulism and edentulous span (P<0.001) and edentulous span by RH (P<0.01). Age and RH were positively associated with LWT; however, they did not interact with RH, sex, or type of edentulism. RH has been shown to correlate with edentulous span (P<0.001) and type of edentulism (P= 0.01). The longer the edentulous span, the thinner the LWT. Similarly, RH was larger for PEM (6.85 ± 0.34 mm) than CEM (5.69 ± 0.26 mm). Conclusions: The maxillary sinus lateral wall tends to increase in thickness from the second premolar to the second molar and from 5 mm up to 15 mm. In addition, RH, presence of teeth adjacent to the edentulous atrophic ridge, and age were shown to influence maxillary sinus LWT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia, defined as decreased availability of oxygen in the body's tissues, can lead to dyspnea, rapid pulse, syncope, visual dysfunction, mental disturbances such as delirium or euphoria, and even death. It is considered to be one of the most serious hazards during flight. Thus, early and objective detection of the physiological effects of hypoxia is critical to prevent catastrophes in civil and military aviation. The few studies that have addressed the effects of hypoxia on objective oculomotor metrics have had inconsistent results, however. Thus, the question of whether hypoxia modulates eye movement behavior remains open. Here we examined the effects of short-term hypobaric hypoxia on the velocity of saccadic eye movements and intersaccadic drift of Spanish Air Force pilots and flight engineers, compared with a control group that did not experience hypoxia. Saccadic velocity decreased with time-on-duty in both groups, in correlation with subjective fatigue. Intersaccadic drift velocity increased in the hypoxia group only, suggesting that acute hypoxia diminishes eye stability, independently of fatigue. Our results suggest that intersaccadic drift velocity could serve as a biomarker of acute hypoxia. These findings may also contribute to our understanding of the relationship between hypoxia episodes and central nervous system impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of narrow-diameter implants has been proposed to restore small edentulous spans, thus avoiding extensive bone augmentation procedures and reducing the surgical complexity of implant rehabilitations. Although success rates of narrow-diameter implants have already been analyzed in the literature, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no meta-analysis based on prospective and randomized controlled trials has been performed. The aim of this study is to analyze the survival rates of narrow-diameter implants compared with standard or wide-diameter implants. Methods: An electronic search from three databases and a hand search in implant-related journals of studies published in English before September 1, 2012 were performed. Prospective human clinical studies with at least 10 implants and a follow-up period of 1 year were included in the meta-analysis. Implants were divided into two groups based on their diameters. Results: The initial search yielded 484 articles, of which 49 were evaluated in full text for eligibility. Finally, 16 studies were chosen and separated into two groups: 1) implants of diameter <3.3 mm (group 1) and 2) implants of diameter ≥3.3 mm (group 2). A meta-analysis performed for groups 1 and 2 showed survival rates of 75% and 87%, respectively. Conclusions: This meta-analysis showed that narrower implants (<3.3 mm) had significantly lower survival rates compared with wider implants (≥3.3 mm). Other variables, such as type of prosthesis, implant surface, and timing of prosthetic loading, were found to have influenced the implant survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on the influence of imaginary passengers on drivers' estimation of the probability of having an accident in traffic situations. Participants had to imagine riding a motorcycle with either a son or a workmate as a passenger. Their task was to assess the risk of accident in a set of traffic scenarios. Risk perception was a function of sex and type of passenger. Women perceived higher risk when the passenger was a son than when a workmate. In contrast, men's estimations were rather the same for both passengers. The emotional significance of the consequences of the accident (losing a son vs. losing a workmate) modulate the perception of probability of having an accident. Finally, these results could help in designing more effective campaigns promoting road safety. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our eyes are always in motion. Even during periods of relative fixation we produce so-called 'fixational eye movements', which include microsaccades, drift and tremor. Mental fatigue can modulate saccade dynamics, but its effects on microsaccades and drift are unknown. Here we asked human subjects to perform a prolonged and demanding visual search task (a simplified air traffic control task), with two difficulty levels, under both free-viewing and fixation conditions. Saccadic and microsaccadic velocity decreased with time-on-task whereas drift velocity increased, suggesting that ocular instability increases with mental fatigue. Task difficulty did not influence eye movements despite affecting reaction times, performance errors and subjective complexity ratings. We propose that variations in eye movement dynamics with time-on-task are consistent with the activation of the brain's sleep centers in correlation with mental fatigue. Covariation of saccadic and microsaccadic parameters moreover supports the hypothesis of a common generator for microsaccades and saccades. We conclude that changes in fixational and saccadic dynamics can indicate mental fatigue due to time-on-task, irrespective of task complexity. These findings suggest that fixational eye movement dynamics have the potential to signal the nervous system's activation state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticipatory brain activity makes it possible to predict the occurrence of expected situations. However, events such as traffic accidents are statistically unpredictable and can generate catastrophic consequences. This study investigates the brain activity and effective connectivity associated with anticipating and processing such unexpected, unavoidable accidents. We asked 161 participants to ride a motorcycle simulator while recording their electroencephalographic activity. Of these, 90 participants experienced at least one accident while driving. We conducted both within‐subjects and between‐subjects comparisons. During the pre‐accident period, the right inferior parietal lobe (IPL), left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and right insula showed higher activity in the accident condition. In the post‐accident period, the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, right IPL, bilateral ACC, and middle and superior frontal gyrus also showed increased activity in the accident condition. We observed greater effective connectivity within the nodes of the limbic network (LN) and between the nodes of the attentional networks in the pre‐accident period. In the post‐accident period, we also observed greater effective connectivity between networks, from the ventral attention network (VAN) to the somatomotor network and from nodes in the visual network, VAN, and default mode network to nodes in the frontoparietal network, LN, and attentional networks. This suggests that activating salience‐related processes and emotional processing allows the anticipation of accidents. Once an accident has occurred, integration and valuation of the new information takes place, and control processes are initiated to adapt behavior to the new demands of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the cognitive control development during childhood and adolescence, and the impact of obesity on brain development. Topics discussed include the prefrontal cortex model of cognitive control development, the connections between brain and behaviour in human beings, and the impact of obesity on insulin resistance.