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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to pose a global health concern, necessitating the exploration of innovative therapeutic approaches. In the recent decade, targeting tumor stroma consisting of extracellular matrix (ECM), immune cells, vascular system, hypoxia, and also suppressive mechanisms in HCC has attracted interest in repressing tumor growth and metastasis. Phytochemicals have attained considerable attention because of their manifold biological effects and high capacity for anticancer activities. These chemical agents have shown the capability to modulate different cells and secretions within the stroma of malignancies. In recent years, the development of nanoformulations has further enhanced the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals by improving their solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery to tumor tissues. This review aims to provide an encyclopedic overview of the potential of phytochemicals and their nanoformulations as promising therapeutic strategies for targeting HCC. The review initially highlights the broad array of phytochemicals exhibiting potent anticancer properties, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, among others. Then, the nanoformulations and modification of these agents will be reviewed. Finally, we will review the latest experiments that have examined the modulation of HCC using adjuvant phytochemicals and their nanoformulations. Summary: Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most challenging malignancies in the world. On the other hand, treatment with different modalities is associated with resistance to therapy. In recent years, cancer researchers have focused on the different cells and targets in the tumor microenvironment for overcoming tumor resistance and enhancing response to therapy. This study focusses on different cells and interactions among cells within hepatocellular carcinoma. Then, we explain how some phytochemicals and their nanoformulations can interact with hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment in favor of tumor suppression. The findings by this review can suggest that these agents can be utilized in combination with different modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy for better suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a novel nano‐magnetic catalyst, Fe3O4@SiO2‐APA‐amide/imid‐NiCl2, designed for the efficient production of 4H‐pyrimido[2,1‐b]benzothiazole derivatives under environmentally friendly, solvent‐free conditions. The catalyst combines magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a silica shell and functionalized amide and imidazole groups, which enhance its catalytic activity and stability. By optimizing the reaction conditions, we achieved high yields of the target compounds while minimizing the environmental impact. The catalyst's magnetic properties facilitate easy separation and recovery, making it an attractive option for sustainable organic synthesis. The successful synthesis of the catalyst was confirmed through comprehensive characterization techniques, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that Fe3O4@SiO2‐APA‐amide/imid‐NiCl2 is a highly effective and reusable catalyst for the environmentally friendly synthesis of biologically relevant pyrimido[2,1‐b]benzothiazole derivatives, contributing to the advancement of green methodologies in organic chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]