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Background and Aims: We aimed to assess the associations of exposure to air pollutants and standard and advanced lipoprotein measures, in a nationwide sample representative of the adult population of Spain. Methods: We included 4647 adults (>18 years), participants in the national, cross‐sectional, population‐based di@bet.es study, conducted in 2008–2010. Standard lipid measurements were analysed on an Architect C8000 Analyzer (Abbott Laboratories SA). Lipoprotein analysis was made by an advanced 1H‐NMR lipoprotein test (Liposcale®). Participants were assigned air pollution concentrations for particulate matter <10 μm (PM10), <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), corresponding to the health examination year, obtained by modelling combined with measurements taken at air quality stations (CHIMERE chemistry‐transport model). Results: In multivariate linear regression models, each IQR increase in PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 was associated with 3.3%, 3.3% and 3% lower levels of HDL‐c and 1.3%, 1.4% and 1.1% lower HDL particle (HDL‐p) concentrations (p <.001 for all associations). In multivariate logistic regression, there was a significant association between PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations and the odds of presenting low HDL‐c (<40 mg/dL), low HDL‐p (

Tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis is a disease present in all wheat‐producing countries and silicon (Si) treatment of wheat plants has been shown to increase plant resistance to tan spot. In this study, the effect of phenylpropanoid metabolism on resistance to tan spot was evaluated and some phenolic compounds that accumulated in response to P. tritici‐repentis attack were identified. Furthermore, the effect of Si on phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity and phenolic compound accumulation were determined in situ. Antifungal activity of differentially accumulated phenolic compounds was also evaluated in in vitro tests. Results showed that the increase in concentration of phenolic compounds was greatest at the onset of infection, and that some compounds showed fungitoxic effects including fungal tip swelling, granulation of germ tube and hyphae, and hyphal hyperbranching. Silicon‐induced reduction in both lesion size and tan spot disease progression were associated with activation of phenylpropanoid metabolism. PAL activity and accumulation of antifungal phenolic compounds were greater in pathogen‐inoculated plants supplied with Si. In these plants, fluorescence indicative of accumulation of phenolic compounds occurred early in epidermal cells and its intensity increased during the evaluation period, showing higher numbers of fluorescent cells around infected cells. Thus, the combined responses of cell fluorescence at sites of infection, increased PAL activity and accumulation of phenols indicate that Si strengthened wheat defence responses to infection by P. tritici‐repentis, reducing the severity of tan spot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral polyneuropathy (PN) is a frequent complication of diabetes. However, mechanisms underlying the development of PN are multifactorial and not well understood. Our aim was to examine the association of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) with the prevalence and grade of peripheral PN in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We studied a cohort of 196 subjects with T2DM classified according to the grade of PN (Neuropathy Disability Score, NDS). Subjects with the highest grade of PN were older and had significantly increased levels of creatinine, microalbuminuria, HbA1c, and plasma Hcy compared to the other two groups. The differences in plasma Hcy values were maintained after correcting for confounding factors. Plasma Hcy, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, and age were predictors of the grade of PN. In conclusion, for each increase of 1 µmol in plasma Hcy there was a 23% increase of the risk of diabetic PN evaluated by NDS. Moreover, the grade of PN was predicted by plasma Hcy and HbA1c values, age and duration of diabetes. Further prospective studies should be conducted to confirm the association of plasma Hcy levels with the grade of PN in subjects with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the utility of routine hematologic parameters and volume, conductivity, and scatter (VCS) parameters from umbilical cord blood in predicting pathologically confirmed chorioamnionitis. Chorioamnionitis is strongly associated with early neonatal sepsis and is the major in utero source of infectious exposure. We prospectively identified mothers who had placenta submitted for pathology and subsequently identified corresponding neonate cord blood sent for routine blood typing ( n = 99). Cord blood was then sent for routine complete blood count with differential (CBCD). Among the same neonates, we retrospectively identified those who had peripheral blood sent for CBCD. We collected VCS parameter data, which are used in determining an automated leukocyte differential, from our hematology analyzer. Routine hematologic as well as VCS parameters from both cord and peripheral blood were then evaluated for predicting pathologically confirmed chorioamnionitis. In the study population, the absolute neutrophil count, neutrophil differential, mean neutrophil conductivity, and neutrophil conductivity standard deviation (SD) from cord blood showed the best predictive ability for chorioamnionitis. Among neonates with intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis exposure, the band differential, immature neutrophil precursor differential, and neutrophil conductivity SD showed the best predictive ability. Lastly, among the neonates who had peripheral blood CBCD, the band differential and immature neutrophil precursor differential showed the best predictive ability. Overall, the peripheral blood band differential and immature neutrophil precursor differential showed better specificity and positive predictive value for chorioamnionitis than the cord blood parameters. However, the cord blood absolute neutrophil count, neutrophil differential, and mean neutrophil conductivity showed better negative predictive value. Cord blood can be a valuable source of diagnostic laboratory testing for neonates because of their small blood volume. This is the first study demonstrating that routine hematologic and VCS parameters from cord blood can be used to predict pathologically confirmed chorioamnionitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (2): 89–94 Background Few data are available on circulating mononuclear cells nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) activity and plasma xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). The goal of the study was to analyse circulating mononuclear cells NF-kB and plasma XO activities in FH patients. Materials and methods Thirty FH index patients and 30 normoglycaemic normocholesterolaemic controls matched by age, gender, body mass index, abdominal circumference and homeostasis model assessment index were studied. Plasma XO and inflammatory markers were measured by standard methods. NF-kB was assayed in circulating mononuclear cells. Results Familial hypercholesterolaemia patients showed a significantly higher NF-kB (75·0 ± 20·7 vs. 42·7 ± 16·8 relative luminiscence units) and XO (0·44 ± 0·13 vs. 0·32 ± 0·09 mU mL–1) activities than controls. In addition, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) and oxidized LDL (LDL-ox) were also significantly higher in FH patients. In the total group (FH and controls), XO was significantly associated with LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB), NF-kB and hsCPR, and NF-kB activity was significantly associated with XO, hsCPR, LDL-ox, LDL-C and apoB plasma values. Using multiple regression analysis, XO was independently associated with hsCPR and NF-kB, and NF-kB activity in circulating mononuclear cells was independently associated with apoB and LDL-ox plasma values. Conclusion Familial hypercholesterolaemia patients show increased activities of NF-kB and XO, and higher values of low grade inflammatory markers related to atherosclerosis. NF-kB activity was independently associated with apoB plasma values. These data could explain in part the high cardiovascular disease risk present in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background To examine the association of biochemical markers of risk (plasma Hcy, microalbuminuria, lipoprotein (a)(Lp(a)) and diabetic dyslipidaemia) with the prevalence of diabetic foot ulceration in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods Case/control study conducted in 198 type 2 diabetic patients. 89 patients have foot ulcers and 109 have no foot ulcers (control group), in order to establish ORs for diabetic foot ulceration. In all subjects plasma Hcy, Lp(a), total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, HbA1c and microalbuminuria were measured using standard procedures. Results Plasma Hcy, microalbuminuria, HbA1c and apolipoprotein B levels were significantly higher in patients with foot ulceration compared with the control group. Plasma lipids, Lp(a), vitamin B12 and folic acid values were similar in both groups. In the logistic regression model, plasma Hcy (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.04-1.69), microalbuminuria (OR 1,01; 95% CI 1.01-1.17) and HbA1c levels (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.04-1.69) were independent risk factors for the presence of diabetic foot ulceration. Conclusions In our study, for each µmol increase in plasma Hcy levels there was a 10% increase in the risk of diabetic foot ulceration. In addition, plasma homocyteine, HbA1c and microalbuminuria accounted for 50% prevalence risk of diabetic foot ulceration. Further prospective studies should be conducted to confirm the association of plasma Hcy levels with the risk of foot ulceration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Multiple antigen peptide constructs (MAPs) have been used to obtain defined multimeric peptide molecules useful in the development of possible synthetic malaria vaccines. In this context, a method was developed, named double dimer constructs (DDCs), involving the direct synthesis of a dimeric peptide with a C-terminal cysteine. A tetrameric molecule was then obtained by oxidation of sulfhydryl groups. Dimer synthesis was optimized using a Fmoc/tBu strategy, dimers were purified by HPLC, oxidized with DMSO and characterized by HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS. The tetramers or DDCs obtained by this method were used as immunogens in the search for a possible malaria vaccine. It was found that they were immunogenic in the experimental Aotus monkey model, and were able to induce protective immunity when challenged experimentally with a highly infective Plasmodium falciparum malaria strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Different chemical alternatives were evaluated for obtaining immunogenic polypeptidic macromolecules which could then be used as vaccines. These were based on the ligation reaction between an unprotected immunogenic peptide and an unprotected multifunctional core peptide; polyantigens, designated dendrimers because their form resembles that of dendritic cells, were thus obtained. The antigen-core ligation alternatives, studied by indirect synthesis, were the formation of oxime, hydrazone and thiazolidine linkages, making use of the reaction between a weak base (acting as nucleophile) and an alkyl aldehyde. The other alternative was the formation of a thioether linkage between a sulfydryl and an alkyl halide. Finally, a multiple antigen peptide (MAP) was synthesized by direct synthesis. All reactions were monitored by SEC-HPLC and SDS-PAGE. Dendrimer molecular mass obtained was confirmed by MS MALDI-TOF. Dendrimer purification was first carried out by concentrating crude reaction products with CP-5000 centricons and (using SEC-HPLC) pure tetramers were then obtained. A 20-residue 9376 immunogenic sequence, from Plasmodium falciparum apical merozoite antigen protein (AMA-1), was used to study the best alternative for chemical ligation. It was observed that thiazolidine formation proceeded with greater yield and in less time than the others. A tetramer has been simultaneously synthesized via thiazolidine with the SPf-66 antimalarial vaccine 45-residue monomer, proving the technique's versatility. The 9376 peptide disulfide bound polymer and SPf-66 (as well as their tetrameric thiazolidine dendrimers) were inoculated in rabbits to evaluate their antibody response. It was observed that titers for tetrameric thiazolidine dendrimers were not just greater but were also sustained over time. Western blot for pre-immune and immune sera showed that dendrimer sera recognized specific Plasmodium falciparum proteins as well as disulfide-bound polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the cross-sectional association between severe periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM), in a representative sample of Spanish population., Materials and Methods: The di@bet.es epidemiological study is a population-based cohort study aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of DM in the adult population of Spain. The at-risk sample at the final examination (2016-2017) included 1751 subjects who completed an oral health questionnaire. This questionnaire, together with demographic and risk factors, had been previously validated to build an algorithm to predict severe periodontitis in the Spanish population. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between severe periodontitis and DM with adjustment for confounding factors., Results: In total, 144 subjects developed DM, which yielded 8.2% cumulative incidence. Severe periodontitis was detected in 59.0%, 54.7% or 68.8% of the subjects depending on three different selected criteria at the 2016-2017 exam. All criteria used to define severe periodontitis were associated with DM in unadjusted analysis, but the magnitude of the association decreased after adjusting for significant confounders. The criteria '≥50% of teeth with clinical attachment loss ≥5 mm' presented an odds ratio of 4.9 (95% confidence interval: 2.2-10.7; p ≤ .001) for DM., Conclusions: Severe periodontitis is associated with DM in the Spanish population., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Clinical Periodontology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To characterize the Staphylococcus aureus strains colonizing healthy Spanish children., Methods: Between March and July 2018, 1876 Spanish children younger than 14 years attending primary healthcare centers were recruited from rural and urban areas. Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the anterior nostrils was analyzed. MecA and mecC genes, antibiotic susceptibility, and genotyping according to the spa were determined in all strains, and the following toxins were examined: Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst), and exfoliative toxins (eta, etb, etd). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec) typing were performed on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, as well as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)., Results: 619 strains were isolated in 1876 children (33%), and 92% of them were sent for characterization to the Spanish National Centre of Microbiology (n = 572). Twenty (3.5%) of these strains were mecA-positive. Several spa types were detected among MRSA, being t002 the most frequently observed (30%), associating with SCCmec IVc. Among MSSA, 33% were positive for tst, while only 0.73% were positive for pvl. The 20 MRSA strains were negative for pvl, and 6 (30%) harbored the tst gene., Conclusions: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in Spanish children is rare, with t002 being the most observed spa type, associated with SCCmec IVc. None of the MRSA strains produced pvl, but up to 30% of S. aureus strains were positive for tst., (© 2021 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)