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Summary: Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a unique mode of cell death, which can release immunogenic damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor‐associated antigens to trigger long‐term protective antitumor immune responses. Thus, amplifying "eat me signal" during tumor ICD cascade is critical for cancer immunotherapy. Some therapies (radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), etc.) and inducers (chemotherapeutic agents, etc.) have enabled to initiate and/or facilitate ICD and activate antitumor immune responses. Recently, nanostructure‐based drug delivery systems have been synthesized for inducing ICD through combining treatment of chemotherapeutic agents, photosensitizers for PDT, photothermal transformation agents for PTT, radiosensitizers for radiotherapy, etc., which can release loaded agents at an appropriate dosage in the designated place at the appropriate time, contributing to higher efficiency and lower toxicity. Also, immunotherapeutic agents in combination with nanostructure‐based drug delivery systems can produce synergetic antitumor effects, thus potentiating immunotherapy. Overall, our review outlines the emerging ICD inducers, and nanostructure drug delivery systems loading diverse agents to evoke ICD through chemoradiotherapy, PDT, and PTT or combining immunotherapeutic agents. Moreover, we discuss the prospects and challenges of harnessing ICD induction‐based immunotherapy, and highlight the significance of multidisciplinary and interprofessional collaboration to promote the optimal translation of this treatment strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Solar‐driven cross‐coupling reactions by dual nickel/photocatalysis under mild conditions have received considerable attention. However, the existing photo/nickel dual catalytic cross‐coupling reactions require the addition of expensive photosensitizers and organic ligands, and the catalytic activity is inadequate. Herein, we report a nickel single‐atom heterogeneous catalyst supported on mesoporous carbon nitride for photocatalytic C—O coupling reaction between 4‐bromobenzonitrile and ethanol, affording 4‐ethoxybenzonitrile in excellent yield compared to a semi‐heterogeneous catalytic system. The catalytic system exhibits a broad substrate scope including ketones, aldehydes, esters, and amides. This work presents a simple and cost‐effective strategy for anchoring metal single atoms onto carbon nitride, providing a new platform for enabling high‐performance photocatalytic production of aryl ether compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates effects of elevated rebar casting temperature on the interfacial porosity and Ca/Si ratio of the steel‐concrete interface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental variables including rebar casting temperatures of 25°C, 40°C, 55°C, 70°C, and 85°C, water/cement ratios of 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60, and rebar diameters of 10 and 20 mm are considered. Large capillary pores of steel–concrete interface (SCI) were quantified by backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and Ca/Si ratio of hydration products of SCI were obtained by energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The results were analyzed by using statistical methods (ANOVA analysis and Pearson correlation analysis). Results indicate that the average interfacial porosity and the average Ca/Si ratio can increase as a result of heated rebar effects. Heated rebar effects can be enhanced by increasing rebar diameter. Impact ranges of the heated rebar effects are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working memory (WM) deficits are recognized as serious cognitive impairment in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). This review aims to clarify the effects of impaired WM function in patients with MDD and explore non‐invasive and effective treatments that can be adopted in clinical practice. This review (1) synthesizes extant literature examining brain function and brain areas in terms of WM in individuals with depression, (2) utilizes the outcomes of the studies presented in this review to discuss the effects of impaired WM function on cognitive processing in individuals with depression, (3) integrates the treatments explored in current studies and (4) provides some suggestions for future research. We found that (1) central executive (CE) components affect the processing of WM, and this might be one of the factors influencing cognitive biases, as it is implicated in repetitive negative thinking and rumination; (2) the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the regions of the default mode network (DMN) play a vital role in CE functioning; and (3) psychotherapy, cognitive training, exercise and physical therapy can be used as complementary treatments for MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aims to investigate the role of miR‐144‐3p and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), along with their crosstalk with the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)–protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Methods: Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to measure the gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and colony formation assay were used to examine cell proliferation via standard protocol. Transwell assay was conducted to examine cell invasiveness. A flow cytometer was used to determine cell apoptosis. Dual‐Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay (SLDL‐100) was used to confirm the target relationship between miR‐144‐3p and PTEN. Xenografts were used to detect the in vivo effects of the molecules of interest. Results: miR‐144‐3p was significantly overexpressed, whereas PTEN was more underexpressed in tumor tissues than in adjacent tissues. miR‐144‐3p promoted the proliferation and invasion of NPC cells and inhibited apoptosis by directly targeting PTEN, which improves PI3K–Akt signaling. miR‐144‐3p forced epithelial–mesenchymal transition in NPC. Conclusion: miR‐144‐3p promotes the progression of NPC by directly targeting PTEN via crosstalk with PI3K–Akt signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of C−N bonds is considered one of the most useful reactions in synthetic chemistry due to their widespread presence in pharmaceuticals, natural products, etc. Pd‐catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig amination (BHA) has provided the most efficient method to form (hetero)aryl amines but it required strong base and sophisticated ligands. In comparison, the combination of photocatalysis and nickel chemistry has revolutionized catalytic strategies and is emerging as a quintessence to realize BHA, termed as Ni‐metallaphotoredox BHA. To pursue a universal protocol, diverse photocatalysts were designed and employed in Ni‐metallaphotoredox BHA, and smoothly promoted C−N bond formations under irradiation of light from ultraviolet to red light, respectively. Note that the matching of photocatalyst and light was critical for success. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on the discussion of Ni‐metallaphotoredox BHA according to the irradiation light's wavelength, covering ultraviolet, purple, blue, red, and white light as well as solar light. We try to find a clue in the relationship of structure‐photophysical behaviors of photocatalysts under the same or different irradiation light. At last, current limitations and potential trends for advancing Ni‐metallaphotoredox BHA are highlighted. We deem that it could encourage chemists to continue designing suitable photocatalyst for C−N bond formations under sunlight mimicking plants' photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodegradable composites with low cost and excellent mechanical property, namely PLA/talc blends, have been successfully prepared by using epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) as a reactive compatibilizer with the presence of peroxides to accelerate the in situ grafting between talc and other components. The surface treatment of talc powder was performed through the in situ reactions of its rich hydroxyl groups with the epoxide ring of ESO and scission radical of PLA during the blending process. Both FTIR and the extracting experiment results verified that surface modification mechanisms. Such a facile and efficient one‐step process can bring a dramatic improvement on both miscibility and mechanical properties of the PLA/talc composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1618–E1625, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Polyurethane has been widely studied as a lightweight reinforcing material. This paper uses two types of hollow glass microspheres to modify polyurethane in different proportions to prepare a variety of lightweight cores for reinforcing carbon fiber tubes. A quasi‐static lateral compression test was performed on the reinforced carbon fiber tube to analyze the effect of reinforcement materials on mechanical properties, failure modes and crashworthiness. The results show that BR20 reinforcement material has the best effect on enhancing the mechanical properties and crashworthiness of the structure, and its energy absorption is 3.5 times higher than that of carbon fiber tubes. Hollow glass microspheres can improve the reinforcing effect of polyurethane. Lightweight cores prepared from different types of hollow glass microspheres show different failure modes during lateral compression (polyurethane and BR60 show better ductility, and BR20 shows shear failure). The BR20 and BR60 are mixed in different proportions, the reinforced polyurethane foam reinforced carbon fiber tube can have little difference in the energy absorption. The addition of BR20 and BR60 showed a large difference in the force‐displacement curve during the compression stage. A qualitative analysis is conducted based on the effect of the total energy absorption of the structure on the reinforcement materials. The lightweight core is prepared by hollow glass microspheres and polyurethane. Reinforcement materials enhance the lateral compression performance. Reinforcement materials enhance the crashworthiness performance. Reinforcement materials affect failure modes. The proportion of BR20 and BR60 affects the performance of the lightweight core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of refreshment in nucleus pulposus (NP) cellularity leads to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Nevertheless, the cellular sequence of NP cell differentiation remains unclear, although an increasing body of literature has identified markers of NP progenitor cells (NPPCs). Notably, due to their fragility, the physical enrichment of NP‐derived cells has limited conventional transcriptomic approaches in multiple studies. To overcome this limitation, a spatially resolved transcriptional atlas of the mouse IVD is generated via the 10x Genomics Visium platform dividing NP spots into two clusters. Based on this, most reported NPPC‐markers, including Cathepsin K (Ctsk), are rare and predominantly located within the NP‐outer subset. Cell lineage tracing further evidence that a small number of Ctsk‐expressing cells generate the entire adult NP tissue. In contrast, Tie2, which has long suggested labeling NPPCs, is actually neither expressed in NP subsets nor labels NPPCs and their descendants in mouse models; consistent with this, an in situ sequencing (ISS) analysis validated the absence of Tie2 in NP tissue. Similarly, no Tie2‐cre‐mediated labeling of NPPCs is observed in an IVD degenerative mouse model. Altogether, in this study, the first spatial transcriptomic map of the IVD is established, thereby providing a public resource for bone biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PdSe2, a star photosensitive functional material, has been successfully used in photodetectors based on sensing mechanisms of photogating, photoconductive, and photovoltaic effects. Here, a photothermoelectric (PTE) effect is observed in photodetectors based on PdSe2 flakes grown by chemical vapor deposition. The unique photoresponse arises from an electron temperature gradient instead of electron–hole separation. Direct evidence of the PTE effect is confirmed by a nonlocal photoresponse under zero bias. Moreover, the PdSe2 photodetector shows high performance in terms of ultrafast response speed (4 µs), high air‐stability, broadband spectrum photodetection, reasonable responsivity, and anisotropic optical response. This study paves a new way for developing high‐performance photodetectors based on PdSe2 layered materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]