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To the Editor, Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) produce the canonical type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 in response to epithelial cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP).[1] ILC2s have been to be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic dermatitis (AD).[2] We have reported the higher ILC2 levels in patients with asthma and patients with AR.[[3]] Recently, the cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) D4 (LTD4) and LTE4 were reported to induce Th2 cytokine production from ILC2s.[[5]] LTE4 is the stable and dominant CysLT in the pathogenesis of allergic conditions. We found higher prevalence of ILC2s (Lin SP - sp CRTH2 SP + sp CD127 SP + sp cells, Figure A) and the higher expression of CysLT1R in ILC2s (Figure B-C B ) b from patients with AR compared to healthy controls. It suggests that the activation of ILC2s to LTC4, LTD4 but not LTE4 in AR is related to the increased expression of CysLT1R in AR, at least in our study. [Extracted from the article]

Summary Interdigital ulcer is an exceptionally rare condition while erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica is common for candidiasis. Four Chinese patients with Candida interdigital ulcers were reported. The exudates were examined directly and cultured for fungi. Skin biopsies were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid Schiff. There were a man and three women (age range: 34-56 years) who presented with 1- to 3-month history of chronic cutaneous ulcer on the interdigital web of hand or foot. The lesions were located on hand for one woman, and on the left foot for the rest. The patients had poor response to the previous treatment of topical steroids and oral antimicrobials. Candida albicans was isolated from a man and two women, Candida tropicalis from another woman. Biopsy specimens revealed yeast and mycelium as well as inflammatory infiltrate in necrotic tissue in two patients; only inflammatory cells in the other two. The patients had complete remission with oral itraconazole and topical bifonazole cream therapy for 3- to 5-week. Candida species may cause interdigital ulcer on hand or foot. Oral itraconazole and topical bifonazole may be an optional therapy for such an ulcer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]