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Objective: Glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system associated with numerous neurological diseases. However, little is known about glymphatic system development in neonates. We sought to evaluate diffusion along the perivascular space (ALPS) index, a proxy for glymphatic system function, in neonates and investigate its potential associations with maturation, sex, and preterm birth. Methods: Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data in 418 neonates, including 92 preterm neonates (57 males) and 326 term neonates (175 males), from the Developing Human Connectome Project were used for evaluating ALPS index. Linear regression modeling was performed to assess group differences in the ALPS index according to preterm birth and sex. Pearson's and partial correlation analysis were performed to assess the association between the ALPS index and gestational age (GA) as well as postmenstrual age (PMA) at MRI. Moderation analysis was performed to assess the moderation effect of preterm birth on the relationship between the ALPS index and PMA. Results: Compared to term neonates, preterm neonates exhibited lower ALPS indices (p < 0.001). The ALPS index positively correlated with PMA (p = 0.004) and GA (p < 0.001). Preterm birth (p = 0.013) had a significant moderation effect on the relationship between the ALPS index and PMA. Sex had no significant direct effect (p = 0.639) or moderation effect (p = 0.333) on ALPS index. Interpretation: Glymphatic system development is a dynamic process in neonates, which can be moderated by preterm birth, the ALPS index could serve as a sensitive biomarker for monitoring this process. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:970–980 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) is widely used as a filler to improve the thermal conductivity of polymers due to the high thermal conductivity, electrical insulation, and chemical stability. However, the small lateral‐size and poor compatibility limit h‐BN's performances and applications in thermal management. Here, boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) were prepared by liquid‐phase ultrasonic exfoliation using isopropanol (IPA) as solvent. Specifically, the BNNSs obtained by ultrasonication for 8 h with an initial concentration of h‐BN of 8 mg/mL have the best exfoliation effect and a high yield of 19.8%, showing a large lateral‐size of 1–2 μm and an ultra‐thin thickness. Then, the resulting BNNSs can be modified by grafting silane coupling agent of KH560 (m‐BNNSs), their micromorphology and chemical composition are characterized by various microscopies and spectrometers. Subsequently, polyacrylate pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) composites are prepared using m‐BNNSs as a thermally conductive filler by UV bulk polymerization, their thermal conductivity can be greatly improved by 250% compared with that of pure PSAs. For comparison, the thermal conductivity of m‐BNNSs/PSAs composites with filler content of 25 wt% is as high as 0.4382 W/(m K), which is 1.6 times higher than that of h‐BN/PSAs composites. In addition, the incorporation of BNNSs will improve the thermal stability, hardness, and 180° peeling force of the PSAs composites, which will stimulate the practical application of PSAs materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The promoter variant rs17111237 in the CEP128 closely relates to radiotherapy (RT)‐related brain necrosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Purpose: To explore RT‐related dynamic alterations in brain morphology and their potential genetic mechanism, and to explore the modulatory effects of CEP128 genetic variants on RT‐related brain morphological alterations in NPC patients. Study Type: Prospective, longitudinal. Population: One hundred one patients with histopathologic ally‐proven NPC (age 41.64 ± 9.63, 46 male), analyzed at baseline (pre‐RT), 3‐months post‐RT and 6 months post‐RT, and 19 sex‐, age‐ and education‐matched healthy controls. Field Strength/Sequence: 3D gradient echo brain volume (3D‐BRAVO) and diffusion‐weighted single‐shot spin‐echo echo‐planar sequences at 3.0 T. Assessment: rs17111237 in CEP128 was detected by Sanger sequencing. Structural and diffusion images were processed with FreeSurfer and FSL. Morphometric similarity network (MSN) was constructed with nine cortical indices derived from structural and diffusion images. Statistical Tests: One‐way ANOVA, chi‐square test. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to measure the relationship between CEP128 gene‐expression level in human brain and MSN alterations. Repeated analysis of variance performed to assess group differences in MSN and the modulatory effects of the CEP128 gene within patients. Significance level: P < 0.05, false‐discovery rate correction. Results: RT‐related significant widespread MSN alterations were observed in the cortices of NPC patients. Notably, regional MSN alterations had a weak but significant negative correlation with the cortical pattern of CEP128 gene expression (r = −0.152). Furthermore, rs17111237 in the CEP128 had significant modulatory effects on the observed MSN alterations in NPC patients, with the modulatory effects being most obvious at 3 months post‐RT. Conclusions: MSN has potential to serve as a sensitive biomarker to detect RT‐related brain injury. Inter‐brain regional and inter‐patient variability of RT‐related brain injuries may be attributed to the cortical expression of the CEP128 gene and the modulatory effects of the promoter variant rs17111237 in CEP128. Evidence Level: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high corrosion susceptibility of magnesium alloy has become a practical problem which restricts its wide application in many fields. To improve its surface properties, a composite coating has been successfully prepared on the surface of AZ91D magnesium alloy using a one‐step hydrothermal method. The coating surface possesses a dense structure in the form of scales and has an adhesion strength of 3B. The effect of different preparation conditions on the coating thickness and corrosion resistance is discussed. The coating heated at 180°C for 2 h showed the best corrosion resistance in a 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution, with a reduction in corrosion current density of 5 orders of magnitude compared to the bare sample. This solution significantly improved the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy and helped to further realize the application of magnesium alloys in corrosive environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with hepatitis B virus‐related cirrhosis (HBV‐RC) exhibit progressive neurologic dysfunction from primary sensorimotor to high‐order cognition, as their disease advances. However, the exact neurobiologic mechanisms and the potential association with gene‐expression profiles are not fully understood. Purpose: To explore the hierarchical disorganization in the large‐scale functional connectomes in HBV‐RC patients and to investigate its potential underlying molecular basis. Study Type: Prospective. Population: Fifty HBV‐RC patients and 40 controls (Cohort 1) and 30 HBV‐RC patients and 38 controls (Cohort 2). Field Strength/Sequence: Gradient‐echo echo‐planar and fast field echo sequences at 3.0 T (Cohort 1) and 1.5 T (Cohort 2). Assessment: Data were processed with Dpabi and the BrainSpace package. Gradient scores were evaluated from global to voxel level. Cognitive measurement and patients grouping were based on psychometric hepatic encephalopathy scores. The whole‐brain microarray‐based gene‐expression data were obtained from the AIBS website. Statistical Tests: One‐way ANOVA, chi‐square test, two‐sample t‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman's correlation coefficient (r), the gaussian random field correction, false discovery rate (FDR) correction and the Bonferroni correction. Significance level: P < 0.05. Results: HBV‐RC patients exhibited a robust and replicable connectome gradient dysfunction, which was significantly associated with the gene‐expression profiles in both cohorts (r = 0.52 and r = 0.56, respectively). The most correlated genes were enriched in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA‐related receptor genes (FDR q value <0.05). Moreover, the connectome gradient dysfunction at network level observed in HBV‐RC patients correlated with their poor cognitive performance (Cohort 2: visual network, r = −0.56; subcortical network, r = 0.66; frontoparietal network, r = 0.51). Data Conclusion: HBV‐RC patients had hierarchical disorganization in the large‐scale functional connectomes, which may underly their cognitive impairment. In addition, we showed the potential molecular mechanism of the connectome gradient dysfunction, which suggested the importance of GABA and GABA‐related receptor genes. Evidence Level: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐entropy alloy (HEA) catalysts have been widely studied in electrocatalysis. However, identifying atomic structure of HEA with complex atomic arrangement is challenging, which seriously hinders the fundamental understanding of catalytic mechanism. Here, we report a HEA‐PdNiRuIrRh catalyst with remarkable mass activity of 3.25 mA μg−1 for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), which is 8‐fold enhancement compared to that of commercial Pt/C. Through machine learning potential‐based Monte Carlo simulation, we reveal that the dominant Pd−Pd−Ni/Pd−Pd−Pd bonding environments and Ni/Ru oxophilic sites on HEA surface are beneficial to the optimized adsorption/desorption of *H and enhanced *OH adsorption, contributing to the excellent HOR activity and stability. This work provides significant insights into atomic structure and catalytic mechanism for HEA and offers novel prospects for developing advanced HOR electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serine protease inhibitor B7 (SERPINB7) mutations have been reported to cause Nagashima‐type palmoplantar keratosis (NPPK), but their biological effects are largely unknown. We conducted whole‐exome sequencing and identified a c.796C>T (p.Arg266Ter) mutation in SERPINB7 in a Chinese pedigree, which presented as an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. We assessed the function of SERPINB7 in homozygous and heterozygous mutation carriers, and the results suggested that the single c.796C>T mutation may alter the subcellular localization of SERPINB7. One of the homozygous mutation patients (II‐3) was treated with ixekizumab and showed moderate improvement in keratinization. In addition, we analysed the spatiotemporal expression of serpinb1l1 and serpinb1l3, the zebrafish homologue of human SERPINB7, which is expressed in larvae and adults. In larvae, both serpinb1l1 and serpinb1l3 were expressed in the digestive tract. Then, we performed RT‐PCR on adult fins based on similarity to the site of NPPK expression in humans and found that the genes were expressed in five fins (pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal and caudal) of the zebrafish distal extremity. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the single c.796C>T (p.Arg266Ter) mutation may alter the location of SERPINB7‐encoded protein in the skin, while zebrafish SERPINB7 homologue was expressed in adult fins. These findings will enable us to construct knock‐out models to explore the pathogenesis of palmoplantar keratosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithium–sulfur battery is considered to be one of the most promising rechargeable energy storage systems because of its high theoretical energy density. Unfortunately, the shuttle effect during cycling causes serious loss of sulfur species and corrosion of the lithium metal anode, resulting in severe capacity decay. This work proposes to completely suppress the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) without sacrificing the interfacial Li+ transport, through in situ construction of a compact cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), which is formed of the reaction between vinylene carbonate (VC), bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide ions and LiPSs in a self‐limiting manner during the initial discharge process. Hence, the CEI‐confined sulfur cathode in the VC‐based electrolyte with a solid phase conversion mechanism delivers a long‐term cycling stability and high‐rate performance, as well as excellent performance under an extreme climate in a subzero temperature of −20 °C, limited lithium source with a low N/P ratio of 1.1, and even at mechanical mutilation. The present study reveals an appealing approach to tailor the composition and interfacial structure of sulfur cathodes by in situ construction of a robust, self‐healing, and high Li+ conductive CEI from the aspect of electrolyte, and thus completely solve the issue of the shuttle effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rechargeable all‐solid‐state Na–O2 battery is one of the most promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage devices owing to its high theoretical specific energy, safety, electrochemical stability, and abundant Na resources. However, the practical implementation of current all‐solid‐state Na–O2 batteries is still limited by low‐resistance interfaces, low energy efficiency, and poor cycle life. Herein, an all‐solid‐state Na–O2/H2O battery that can sustain highly reversible cycling with a low overpotential is reported. Using a customized silver–polymer composite cathode, this battery can be operated under ≈7% relative humidity (RH) at 80 °C and cycled for more than 100 times with a low overpotential (≈75 mV at 100th cycle) and high round trip efficiency >97% at 100th cycle) at an energy density of 20 mA g−1. Furthermore, mechanistic insight that the RH intimately controls the type and hydration state of the discharge product is also provided, and thereby the charge kinetics and battery performance are modulated. It is also revealed that silver catalyst can efficiently reduce the reaction barrier of NaOH decomposition. With the further optimization, this battery potentially can be implemented in real‐world applications and confer practical applicability that can extend to other energy‐storage systems, such as other metal–air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents analytical solutions for the finite expansion problems of a spherical or cylindrical cavity, using a simple yet novel graphical approach recently proposed by Chen & Abousleiman in 2022, in both original Cam Clay (OCC) and modified Cam Clay (MCC) soils under undrained conditions. It is shown that, for a soil mass subjected to isotropic in situ stress conditions, the stress paths in the deviatoric plane for the spherical and cylindrical cavity expansions turn out to be two straight lines, which correspond to Lode angles equal to 11π6$\frac{{11\pi }}{6}$ and 5π3$\frac{{5\pi }}{3}$, respectively. The desired limiting cavity pressure therefore can be directly and accurately evaluated through simple numerical integration with respect to the mean effective stress, while the relationship between the internal cavity pressure and the cavity radius, the cavity expansion curve, may be equally conveniently determined. Numerical results obtained from the current graphical method, for a range of the values of over consolidation ratio considered, compare extremely well with those from the conventional semianalytical formulations of the undrained cavity problem that involve solving a system of coupled governing differential equations. It is interesting to note that the representative and approximate solution developed by Collins & Yu in 1996 indeed is a correct one for the spherical cavity expansion problem, and, with minor modifications, will be applicable for the accurate calculation of the responses of the cylindrical cavity as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal‐based electrocatalysts will undergo surface reconstruction to form active oxyhydroxide‐based hybrids, which are regarded as the "true‐catalysts" for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Much effort has been devoted to understanding the surface reconstruction, but little on identifying the origin of the enhanced performance derived from the substrate effect. Herein, we report the electrochemical synthesis of amorphous CoOOH layers on the surface of various cobalt sulfides (CoSα), and identify that the reduced intermolecular energy gap (Δinter) between the valence band maximum (VBM) of CoOOH and the conduction band minimum (CBM) of CoSα can accelerate the formation of OER‐active high‐valent Co4+ species. The combination of electrochemical and in situ spectroscopic approaches, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), operando electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Raman, reveals that Co species in the CoOOH/Co9S8 are more readily oxidized to CoO2/Co9S8 than in CoOOH and other CoOOH/CoSα. This work provides a new design principle for transition metal‐based OER electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an implicit integration algorithm for a general form of the bounding surface model, using the return mapping approach (elastic predictor‐plastic corrector), to obtain the updated stresses for given strain increments. The formulation of the constitutive integration requires the derivation of a supplementary differential equation to describe the evolution of a key variable, that is, the ratio between the image stress and the current stress quantities. The integration algorithm for the bounding surface model is implemented into the finite element analysis commercial program, ABAQUS, through the material interface of UMAT (user defined material subroutine), and then used for the analysis of cavity contraction (wellbore drilling/tunnel excavation) boundary value problems. The predictions from the ABAQUS simulations are found to be in excellent agreement with the analytical solutions, thus demonstrating the validity and accuracy of the proposed integration scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the COVID‐19 vaccine uptake rate and possible postvaccination effects in adults with epilepsy. Methods: We invited adults with epilepsy attending three centers in China from July 24 to August 31, 2021 to participate in this study. We also asked age‐ and sex‐matched controls among people attending for other chronic neuropsychiatric conditions and healthy controls accompanying people with illness attending the hospitals to participate. We excluded people who, under the national guidelines, had evident contradictions to vaccination. Participants were interviewed face‐to‐face using questionnaires. Vaccine uptake and postvaccine adverse events among the people with epilepsy were compared with those with neuropsychiatric conditions and controls. We also compared the willingness and reasons for hesitancy among unvaccinated participants. Results: We enrolled 981 people, of whom 491 had epilepsy, 217 had other neuropsychiatric conditions, and 273 were controls. Forty‐two percent of those with epilepsy had had the first dose of a vaccine, compared with 93% of controls and 84% of the people with neuropsychiatric conditions (p <.0001). The majority (93.8%) of those immunized had inactivated vaccines. Among the unvaccinated people with epilepsy, 59.6% were willing to have the vaccine. Their main reasons for hesitation were potential adverse effects (53.3%) and concerns about losing seizure control (47.0%). The incidence of adverse events in the epilepsy group was similar to controls. Nineteen people with epilepsy reported an increase in seizure frequency. No episode of status epilepticus or prolonged seizures was reported. Two controls had their first‐ever seizure, which was unlikely related to the vaccine. Significance: The vaccine uptake rate in people with epilepsy was lower than in their same‐age controls. The postvaccination effect was no higher than in controls. We found no evidence suggesting worsening seizures after vaccination. Measurement and education focused on increasing the vaccination rate in epilepsy are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The diseased‐related dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) disruption and its relationship with cognitive impairment in hepatitis B virus‐related cirrhosis (HBV‐RC) patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) and no MHE (NMHE) remain unknown. This knowledge would help identify MHE pathophysiology and monitor disease progression in HBV‐RC patients. Purpose: To investigate the dFNC in patients with NMHE and MHE and the relationship between dFNC indices with the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES). Study type: Prospective. Population: Thirty HBV‐RC patients (including 17 NMHE and 13 MHE) and 38 healthy controls (HC). Field strength/sequence: A 1.5 T MRI and gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging and fast field echo three‐dimensional T1‐weighted imaging. Assessment: The independent components, dFNC matrix and dFNC indices (mean dwell times [DT], number of states, number of transitions, and fraction time in each state), were obtained through GIFT package. Cognitive measurement and patients grouping were based on PHES tests. Statistical Tests: One‐way ANOVA, chi‐square test, two‐sample t‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test, spearman's correlation analysis and the false discovery rate. Significance level: P < 0.05. Results: Compared to HC (21.1 ± 4.02), the DT of state 1 decreased in NMHE (9.0 ± 3.04, P = 0.062, 95% confidence interval [CI] is −0.65 to 24.88) and significantly in MHE stage (1.2 ± 1.01) and was significantly correlated with PHES (r = 0.5) for all patients. The DT of state 2 increased gradually in NMHE (75.2 ± 13.10, P = 0.052, 95% CI, −54.23 to 0.28) and significantly in MHE stage (94.6 ± 15.61) when compared to HC (48.2 ± 6.97). Moreover, the connectivity between cognitive control network (CCN) and visual network (VIS) in state 1 (0.7 ± 0.79) and between default mode (DMN) and VIS in state 2 (−0.2 ± 0.29) decreased significantly in MHE when compared to HC (0.1 ± 0.68 for CCN‐VIS in state 1 and 0.1 ± 0.17 for DMN‐VIS for state 2). Data Conclusion: dFNC exhibited progressive impairment as the disease advances in patients with HBV‐RC. Evidence Level: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing low‐cost oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with high efficiency and understanding the underlying reaction mechanism are critical for electrochemical conversion technologies. Here, an anodized Prussian blue analogue (PBA) containing Ni and Co is reported as a promising OER electrocatalyst in alkaline media. Detailed post‐mortem characterizations indicate the transformation from PBA to Ni(OH)2 during the anodic process, with the amorphous shell of the PBA facilitating the transformation by promoting greater structural flexibility. Further study with operando Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal the increase of anodic potential improves the degree of deprotonation of the transformed core‐shell PBA, leading to an increase of Ni valence. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the increase of Ni valence results in a continuous increase in the adsorption strength of oxygen‐containing species, exhibiting a volcano relationship against the OER activity. Based on the experiments and calculated results, an OER mechanism for the transformed product is proposed. The fully activated catalyst also works as the cathode and the anode for a water‐splitting electrolysis cell with a high output current density of 13.7 mA cm−2 when a cell voltage of 1.6 V applied. No obvious performance attenuation is observed after 40 h of catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanomaterials are promising alternatives to platinum (Pt) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the family of layered TMDs is mainly limited to Group IV–VII transition metals, while the synthesis of layered TMDs based on metals from other groups still remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate by atomic‐resolution transmission electron microscopy that hexagonal RuSe2 (h‐RuSe2) nanosheets with a mixture of 2H and 1T phases can be obtained by a facile bottom‐up colloidal synthetic approach. The obtained h‐RuSe2, which can be transformed into the thermodynamically favorable phase of cubic RuSe2 (c‐RuSe2) only after annealing at 600 °C, exhibits Pt‐like HER performance, with a fivefold turnover frequency enhancement compared to the c‐RuSe2 in alkaline media. Experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the enhanced adsorption free energies of H2O (ΔGH2O*), optimized adsorption free energies of H (ΔGH*), and increased conductivity of h‐RuSe2 contribute to its superior HER activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim was to clarify the incidence and risk of acute symptomatic seizures in people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This multicenter retrospective study enrolled people with COVID‐19 from January 18 to February 18, 2020 at 42 government‐designated hospitals in Hubei province, the epicenter of the epidemic in China; Sichuan province; and Chongqing municipality. Data were collected from medical records by 11 neurologists using a standard case report form. A total of 304 people were enrolled, of whom 108 had a severe condition. None in this cohort had a known history of epilepsy. Neither acute symptomatic seizures nor status epilepticus was observed. Two people had seizurelike symptoms during hospitalization due to acute stress reaction and hypocalcemia, and 84 (27%) had brain insults or metabolic imbalances during the disease course known to increase the risk of seizures. There was no evidence suggesting an additional risk of acute symptomatic seizures in people with COVID‐19. Neither the virus nor potential risk factors for seizures seem to be significant risks for the occurrence of acute symptomatic seizures in COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for highly efficient platinum group metal (PGM)‐free electrocatalysts for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline electrolytes remains a great challenge in the development of alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here we report the synthesis of an oxygen‐vacancy‐rich CeO2/Ni heterostructure and its remarkable HOR performance in alkaline media. Experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate the electron transfer between CeO2 and Ni could lead to thermoneutral adsorption free energies of H* (ΔGH*). This, together with the promoted OH* adsorption strength derived from the abundance of oxygen vacancies in the CeO2 species, contributes to the excellent HOR performance with the exchange current density and mass activity of 0.038 mA cmNi−2 and 12.28 mA mgNi−1, respectively. This presents a new benchmark for PGM‐free alkaline HOR and opens a new avenue toward the rational design of high‐performance PGM‐free electrocatalysts for alkaline HOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rh2P nanoparticles were colloidally synthesized and used as electrocatalysts toward the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline electrolyte for the first time. It was found that Rh2P exhibits remarkable catalytic performance, which is superior to Rh and even commercial Pt/C and can be attributed to the synergistic effect caused by the P atoms on the surface of Rh2P. This work might open up a new avenue for expanding the family of electrocatalysts with advanced HOR performance in alkaline electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: The search for Pt‐free electrocatalysts exceeding pH‐universal hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities when compared to the state‐of‐the‐art commercial Pt/C is highly desirable for the development of renewable energy conversion systems but still remains a huge challenge. Here a colloidal synthesis of monodisperse Rh2P nanoparticles with an average size of 2.8 nm and their superior catalytic activities for pH‐universal HER are reported. Significantly, the Rh2P catalyst displays remarkable HER performance with overpotentials of 14, 30, and 38 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 m H2SO4, 1.0 m KOH, and 1.0 m phosphate‐buffered saline, respectively, exceeding almost all the documented electrocatalysts, including the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the introduction of P into Rh can weaken the H adsorption strength of Rh2P to nearly zero, beneficial for boosting HER performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a facile strategy to tune the growth behavior and surface structures of Pt nanocrystallites by varying the concentration of oleylamine (OAm) in mixed solutions of OAm and octadecene (ODE); the resulting Pt nanorods (NRs) and nanodendrites (NDs) show superior electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Long wormlike NRs with uniformly small diameters and NDs branched with NRs were obtained at low and medium concentrations of OAm, respectively. Time-dependent morphology measurements showed that small Pt nanoparticles (NPs) were initially formed, which evolved into NRs or NDs depending on the reaction kinetics for Pt atom formation. Benefiting from the selective exposure of the ORR-active (111) facet, the wormlike Pt NRs exhibited significantly higher ORR activity and electrochemical stability than state-of-the-art Pt NP catalysts, which are enclosed with both the (111) and (100) facets. The ORR activity and stability of these catalysts were further enhanced by forming Pt NDs, probably as a result of the fact that the NR-interconnected architectures produce more-active high-index facets in the junction areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A triol-functional crosslinker combining the thermoreversible properties of Diels-Alder (DA) adducts in one molecule is designed, synthesized, and used as an ideal substitute of a traditional crosslinker to prepare thermal recyclable cross-linked polyurethanes with excellent mechanical properties and recyclability in a very simple and efficient way. The recycle property of these materials achieved by the DA/retro-DA reaction at a suitable temperature is verified by differential scanning calorimetry and in situ variable temperature solid-state NMR experiments during the cyclic heating and cooling processes. The thermal recyclability and remending ability of the bulk polyurethanes is demonstrated by three polymer processing methods, including hot-press molding, injection molding, and solution casting. It is notable that all the recycled cross-linked polymers display nearly invariable elongation/stress at break compared to the as-synthesized samples. Further end-group functionalization of this single molecular DA crosslinker provides the potential in preparing a wide range of recyclable cross-linked polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen planus pigmentosus-inversus is a rare variant of lichen planus. So far, only 24 cases from 12 reports have been documented in the published work. The prominent characteristics of the disease are dark-brown macules and patches confined to the non-sun exposed, flexural areas and skin folds with lichenoid pathological changes and prominent melanin incontinence. We report three female Chinese patients with typical clinical and pathological manifestations and a miniature review of the published work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY This article revisits the influences of axial load on the lateral response of single pile with integral equation method. The problem is formulated by decomposing the pile soil system into an extended elastic soil and a fictitious pile, the former of which is analyzed by making use of the fundamental Mindlin's solution for a concentrated horizontal load whereas the latter is modeled by the conventional beam bending theory. According to the rotation compatibility condition between the fictitious pile and the extended soil, a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind is established with the shear strain and rotation angle of the fictitious pile being the basic unknowns. The bending moment and displacement distribution along the pile are subsequently obtained. Comparison with existing solutions validates the accuracy and applicability of the present formulation. The results of parametric analysis indicate that the influences of axial load on the lateral response of single piles could be significant, and in general, the bending moment and horizontal displacement distributions along the pile increase considerably with the increase of axial load. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a rare, acquired, subepidermal blistering disease characterized by autoantibodies directed against type VII collagen, the major component of anchoring fibrils. We report a 5-year-old Chinese boy who presented with extensive lesions consisting of disseminated pruritic vesicles and tense blisters. The diagnosis of EBA was confirmed by histopathology, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting analysis. The disease was controlled with a combination of prednisone and dapsone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the histological classification of melasma with reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in vivo. Methods: Two hundred and ten cases with facial melasma lesions were enrolled. After informed consent, the target melasma lesion of 10 patients were imaged with RCM and then biopsied as well. Under the RCM scanning, the distribution of the melanin determined the histological types, and then, the results of RCM images were compared with those of the histopathology. The other 200 cases were tested only with RCM. Results: For the 10 cases imaged and biopsied, compared with that of the perilesional normal skin, the amount of melanin was significantly increased in the epidermis in all lesions under RCM, while three cases also found melanin in the dermis. Thus, seven of the10 patients were categorized as the epidermal type while the other three as mixed ones, and the results were well correlated with those of the histopathology. Of the other 200 patients, 143 cases 71.5%) were categorized as the epidermal type while the other 57 (28.5%) cases as mixed ones. Limitations: If more melasma cases are biopsied, the data will be more convincing. Conclusion: RCM in vivo analysis shows complete coherence with histopathology results, which could be an alternative for the classification of melasma, and based on the results of RCM imaging, melasma is classified into two major types: the epidermal type and mixed type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the modification of magnesium hydroxide by 1-n-tetradecyl-3-carboxymethyl imidazolium chloride ([C14cim]Cl), after which it was incorporated into linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) by melt-mixing to obtain composites. Interactions were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The composites' flame retardance, tensile and Izod Impact properties were tested. The results show that the composites interacted via chemical bonding.

The article presents a case study of a 46-year-old Chinese woman who suffers from slightly painful and pale blue nodes on her forearm for 30 years, on her face and scalp for 10 years and her 25-year-old nephew has similar lesion on the face. The patients were diagnosed with Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) and trichoepithelioma, respectively. Mutations in the CYLD gene were considered as the cause of the syndrome.

Alloy materials such as Si and Ge are attractive as high‐capacity anodes for rechargeable batteries, but such anodes undergo severe capacity degradation during discharge–charge processes. Compared to the over‐emphasized efforts on the electrode structure design to mitigate the volume changes, understanding and engineering of the solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) are significantly lacking. This work demonstrates that modifying the surface of alloy‐based anode materials by building an ultraconformal layer of Sb can significantly enhance their structural and interfacial stability during cycling. Combined experimental and theoretical studies consistently reveal that the ultraconformal Sb layer is dynamically converted to Li3Sb during cycling, which can selectively adsorb and catalytically decompose electrolyte additives to form a robust, thin, and dense LiF‐dominated SEI, and simultaneously restrain the decomposition of electrolyte solvents. Hence, the Sb‐coated porous Ge electrode delivers much higher initial Coulombic efficiency of 85% and higher reversible capacity of 1046 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 500 mA g−1, compared to only 72% and 170 mAh g−1 for bare porous Ge. The present finding has indicated that tailoring surface structures of electrode materials is an appealing approach to construct a robust SEI and achieve long‐term cycling stability for alloy‐based anode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ionomer strategy is introduced to deal with two major performance‐limiting issues for the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operating under low platinum (Pt) and low humidity. Specifically, the highly hydrophilic multiple‐valence Anderson‐type polyoxometalate (POM) cluster, [MnMo6O18(OH)6]3−, is chosen to covalently graft the perfluorinated polymer, substituting for sulfonate groups as proton carriers in perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA). The structural and electrochemical characterizations indicate that this POM cluster, with large size, charges delocalization among multiple terminal oxygen atoms, and high hygroscopicity, can prevent the ionomer adsorption, which is believed to induce dense backbone crystallization to hinder O2 permeation at Pt/PFSA interface, and lead to ionomer assemblies with large and well‐connected hydrophilic domains, which are recognized as the channels for efficient oxygen transport as well as proton conduction. Besides, the involvement of redox Mn ions in POM clusters makes the ionomer have capability to scavenge peroxides, which are known as the major chemical agents to degrade the MEA components. Consequently, fuel‐cell cathodes using the POM‐grafted ionomers exhibit significantly lower local O2 transport resistance and higher proton conductivity as compared with the PFSA‐based electrodes; and accordingly, the fuel cells exhibit much‐increased output performance at 50% relative humidity and impressive performance stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Synergistically Tuning Water and Hydrogen Binding Abilities Over Co4N by Cr Doping for Exceptional Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis (Adv. Keywords: Cr-doped Co4N; DFT; hydrogen adsorption; hydrogen evolution reaction; water adsorption Cr-doped Co4N, DFT, hydrogen adsorption, hydrogen evolution reaction, water adsorption. [Extracted from the article]