Search

ABSTRACT Several behaviors occur in the aftermath of within‐group conflicts. These include spontaneous affiliation toward the victim from an uninvolved third party. When third‐party affiliations reduce the stress of the victim, this behavior has been defined as consolation. Given the absence of previous reports, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of third‐party post‐conflict affiliation when dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) observe their owners arguing. We carried out two studies varying the intensity and the duration of the dispute. Affiliative behaviors toward each of the owners were registered, as well as stress‐related behaviors. Our findings support the existence of third‐party affiliation from dogs toward their owners during and after a conflict between them, evidenced as higher rates of victim‐directed affiliative behaviors in the experimental condition versus the control, in both studies. Moreover, dogs exhibited more stress‐related behaviors in the experimental condition compared to the control, but only in the second study, which suggests these stimuli were experienced as aversive, even though they were not aimed at the dogs. In addition, in the second study dogs displayed aggressor‐directed behaviors that could be interpreted as appeasement. Finally, there was no evidence that the level of the bond between the dog and each owner acts as a modulator of affiliative behavior. Further studies are required to expand our understanding of these abilities of dogs and its effects on the emotional state of the victim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of firework‐associated fear in dogs in Sydney, owner perception of their dog's response to fireworks, perceived efficacy of interventions to manage fearful behaviours and the frequency of dog owners seeking professional advice for these behaviours. Methods: Dog owners in the Greater Sydney area were invited to complete an anonymous online survey. Results: From 387 valid responses, 44.4% (171 of 385) reported their dogs were fearful of fireworks. The most common fear‐related behaviour was seeking an owner or caretaker (120 of 161, 74.5%). Most owners responded by bringing their dog inside or trying to comfort or reassure their dog. Only 22.5% of owners sought professional advice for their dog's fear of fireworks, but of these, 65.5% considered that advice to be effective. Source and breed group were significantly associated with fear of fireworks (P = 0.011, P = 0.036 respectively). Fear of fireworks was also significantly associated with fear of thunder (P < 0.0001), gunshots (P < 0.0001) and vehicles (P = 0.0009). Conclusion: Fear of fireworks and other loud noises negatively impacts canine welfare, yet only a small percentage of owners sought professional advice. There is scope for veterinarians to educate owners and raise awareness about the identification and management of noise‐associated fear and reduce the risk of escalation of fearful behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human patients with Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (EDS) are categorized into subtypes based on causative genetic variants and phenotypes. The classical form of EDS, primarily caused by variants in COL5A1 or COL5A2, is a very common subtype in people but is poorly characterized in dogs. Objective: Describe likely causal COL5A1 variants in dogs with classical EDS, summarize clinical histories, discuss potential disease mechanisms, and draw conclusions about disease prognosis. Animals: Seven client‐owned dogs that exhibited clinical signs of classical EDS. Methods: Clinical information was recorded from medical records and communication with attending veterinarians and dog owners. To identify potential causal gene sequence variants whole‐genome sequence analyses (n = 6) or Sanger sequencing (n = 1) were performed on DNA isolated from the probands. Pathological abnormalities in skin biopsy samples were assessed using histology and electron microscopy in 3 dogs. Results: Six distinct heterozygous COL5A1 sequence variants were identified. The most common clinical signs included fragile skin (n = 7), hyperextensible skin (n = 7), joint hypermobility (n = 6), and atrophic scars (n = 5). The median age at last follow‐up or death was 12 years (range, 6.5‐14 years). Ultrastructural abnormalities in dermal collagen differed among dogs with different COL5A1 variants. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: We describe the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of the classical subtype of EDS by identifying 6 novel COL5A1 variants in conjunction with detailed clinical histories that included long‐term follow‐up information in 7 dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short case series describes four young adult miniature English bull terriers that presented with dyspnoea and marked inspiratory stridor as a consequence of cricoarytenoid joint ankylosis. Upper airway examinations in all four dogs documented absent abduction of the arytenoid cartilages bilaterally and a narrowrima glottis. Arytenoid lateralisationwas attempted inall fourdogs, but therewasnoincrease inthe cross-sectional area of the rima glottis in any dog due to an apparent ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joint. Three dogs were successfullymanaged with permanent tracheostomy (with minor post-operative complications encountered in one dog and major post-operative complications encountered in another), but the owner of the fourth dog elected for euthanasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Animal and owner quality‐of‐life (QoL) is pivotal in treatment decisions. Accurate measurement of owner‐reported QoL and treatment satisfaction (TS) supports disease burden and treatment benefit evaluation. Objectives: Develop and evaluate an owner‐completed canine dermatitis QoL and TS questionnaire (CDQoL‐TSQ) in allergic dogs. Materials and Methods: The CDQoL‐TSQ was drafted following review of existing measures and expert input. Content validity was assessed through interviews with owners of allergic dogs. Psychometric properties of the QoL domains (Canine QoL, Owner QoL) were evaluated. Score interpretation was derived. Results: Twenty dog owners were interviewed. Item wording was amended following the first 10 interviews. Data from 211 owners were used in the psychometric evaluation. The Canine QoL domain demonstrated strong internal consistency (α = 0.89), test–retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.844), moderate convergent validity (r = 0.41) and moderate‐high known‐groups validity (effect size 0.37–0.64). The Owner QoL domain demonstrated strong internal consistency (α = 0.73), high convergent validity (r = 0.63) and moderate‐high known‐groups validity (0.43–0.63). Test–retest reliability approached moderate strength (ICC2,1 = 0.490). Group‐level interpretation analysis showed minimal important difference of 7.0–13.6 points for dogs and 13.0–13.6 for owners. For individual dogs a change of 6.3 or 12.5 points for dogs, and 12.5 or 18.8 for owners indicates a response. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The CDQOL‐TSQ is a two‐part assessment to evaluate QoL and TS in canine allergic dermatitis. The QoL questionnaire demonstrated validity and reliability, and interpretation of scores was derived, making it suitable for use in research and practice. The TS module is suitable for clinical setting use to improve owner–veterinarian communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many domestic animals have a profound impact on endangered species through complex interactions and spillover effects in and between coupled human and natural systems. A thorough understanding of the driving forces of human decisions regarding how domestic animals are kept is therefore critical to promote the synergy of human livelihood and biodiversity conservation. Working in the Qinling Mountains of China, we conducted a multidisciplinary study using a structural equation model (SEM) to link households' demographic and economic conditions, peoples attitudes and activities with their decisions, and further investigated how such process influences the potential negative impact of free‐ranging dogs on wildlife. Among 139 blood and saliva samples collected from dogs that were owned by local villagers but allowed to roam freely, 33.3% were positive for at least one of three viral infections, including canine distemper (28.2%), canine parvovirus (25.6%), and rabies virus prevalence (10.3%). SEM modeling revealed that human activity (β = 0.27, p =.012) has significantly increased dogs' potential negative impacts on wildlife by increasing the number of dogs and their direct contact with wildlife, as well as their larger movement range. Conversely, improvement in demographic and economic conditions (β = −0.22, p =.011) and human attitudes (β = −0.51, p =.013) suppresses the influence of free roaming dogs on wildlife. Meanwhile, livelihoods dependent on natural resources increased the likelihood of owners having dog practice that may negatively impact wildlife (β = 0.54, p <.001), without improving the economic conditions of the residents (β = −0.26, p <.001). Based on the above results, we recommend a program that combines educational and conservation efforts to encourages local residents in more responsible dog ownership and recommend reserve managers provide financial incentives to mitigate human‐wildlife conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) has been linked to environmental chemical exposures in people, but these risk factors are not well understood in dogs with UCC. We hypothesised that household chemical exposures contribute to the risk of UCC in pet dogs. This prospective cross‐sectional case–control study included 37 dogs with UCC and 37 unaffected breed‐, sex‐, and age‐matched controls. Dog owners completed an environmental questionnaire and household samples were collected and analysed for arsenic (in tap water and room dust) and acrolein (in room air). Urine samples from UCC dogs, control dogs, and consenting owners were analysed for inorganic arsenic species, the acrolein metabolite 3‐HPMA, and the phenoxy herbicide 2,4‐D. Public data on chlorination byproducts (total trihalomethanes) in municipal drinking water were also compared between case and control households. Dogs with UCC were more likely to swim in a pool (15.2%) compared with control dogs (0%) (OR 1.69, 95% CI = 1.69–∞; p =.02). Dogs with UCC also had more than 4‐fold higher reported municipal water concentrations of chlorination byproducts (median 28.0 ppb) compared with controls (median 6.9 ppb; p <.0001). Dust arsenic concentrations were unexpectedly lower in case households (median 0.277 ng/cm2) compared with control households (median 0.401 ng/cm2; p =.0002). Other outcomes were not significantly different between groups. These data suggest that dog owners, especially those of breeds known to be at higher risk for UCC, consider limiting access to swimming pools and installing water filtration units that remove total trihalomethanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 9‐year‐old, female, spayed American Pitbull terrier presented for a month‐long history of lethargy, inappetence, altered breathing and unusual tongue movement. Severe anaemia was noted on bloodwork. Oral exam revealed an exophytic, pale, tan mass at the tongue base. A computed tomography scan was performed, followed by surgical removal of the mass. Histopathology confirmed the mass as an extramedullary plasmacytoma. Within 24 hours of removal, the clinical signs and anaemia were improving, and the dog was released from hospital. On follow‐up 2 weeks postoperatively, the dog's bloodwork was all within normal parameters, the anaemia was completely resolved, and the dog was doing well at home. After 692 days of successful removal of the tumour, the owner reports the dog is doing well at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diagnosis of pancreatitis is based on clinical signs, pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI), and abdominal ultrasonography (AUS). Diagnostic discrepancies exist between test results which might be related to differences in the timeline for resolution of these abnormalities after pancreatic injury. Hypothesis/Objectives: To evaluate disease severity, ultrasonographic findings, and serum biomarkers of pancreatitis in dogs over a period of 28‐days. Animals: Sixteen client‐owned dogs with a clinical suspicion for acute pancreatitis based on history/physical examination, an abnormal SNAP cPLI, and ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis. Methods: Prospective observational study. Clinical severity (modified clinical activity index [MCAI]), cPLI, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and AUS were evaluated at days 0, 2, 7, and 28. Owner assessed overall health (OH) was noted. Dogs were stratified into baseline cPLI ≥400 μg/L vs <400 μg/L groups for reporting. Results: The median CRP, MCAI, and OH were 111.9 mg/L, 10, and 4/10 respectively in the cPLI ≥400 μg/L group. The median CRP, MCAI, and OH were 58.0 mg/L, 6, and 6/10 respectively in the cPLI <400 μg/L group. None of these variables were significantly different between groups. Most dogs (4/5) in the cPLI <400 μg/L group had a history of suspected pancreatitis (ie, suspect acute on chronic disease). cPLI and MCAI rapidly decreased in dogs with a baseline cPLI ≥400 μg/L, whereas sonographic evidence of pancreatitis persisted for a longer time period. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis in the absence of overt clinical or biochemical abnormalities might represent a resolving injury rather than active disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is prevalent in Miniature Schnauzers, predisposing them to life‐threatening diseases. Varied responses to management strategies suggest the possibility of multiple subtypes. Hypothesis/Objective: To identify and characterize HTG subtypes in Miniature Schnauzers through cluster analysis of lipoprotein profiles. We hypothesize that multiple phenotypes of primary HTG exist in this breed. Animals: Twenty Miniature Schnauzers with normal serum triglyceride concentration (NTG), 25 with primary HTG, and 5 with secondary HTG. Methods: Cross‐sectional study using archived samples. Lipoprotein profiles, generated using continuous lipoprotein density profiling, were clustered with hierarchical cluster analysis. Clinical data (age, sex, body condition score, and dietary fat content) was compared between clusters. Results: Six clusters were identified. Dogs with primary HTG were dispersed among 4 clusters. One cluster showed the highest intensities for triglyceride‐rich lipoprotein (TRL) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions and also included 4 dogs with secondary HTG. Two clusters had moderately high TRL fraction intensities and low‐to‐intermediate LDL intensities. The fourth cluster had high LDL but variable TRL fraction intensities with equal numbers of NTG and mild HTG dogs. The final 2 clusters comprised only NTG dogs with low TRL intensities and low‐to‐intermediate LDL intensities. The clusters did not appear to be driven by differences in the clinical data. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The results of this study support a spectrum of lipoprotein phenotypes within Miniature Schnauzers that cannot be predicted by triglyceride concentration alone. Lipoprotein profiling might be useful to determine if subtypes have different origins, clinical consequences, and response to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The utility of urine dipsticks for the quantification of proteinuria is limited because of the influence of urine specific gravity (USG). To circumvent the need for urine protein creatinine ratios (UPCR) some have proposed a calculated dipstick urine protein to USG ratio (DUR) for the detection of proteinuria. However, the performance of DUR has not been evaluated in veterinary patients. Objectives: Evaluate the correlation between DUR and UPCR, while also assessing the effect of urine characteristics on this relationship and evaluating the performance of DUR in detecting proteinuria. Animals: Urine samples from 308 dogs and 70 cats. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of urinalyses and UPCRs from dogs and cats collected between 2016 and 2021. Results: Both canine and feline urine samples showed a positive moderate correlation between the UPCR and DUR. The correlation was not influenced by the presence of active urine sediment, glucosuria, or urine pH. In detecting canine urine samples with a UPCR >0.5, an optimal DUR of 1.4 had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 89%, 83%, 96%, and 63%, respectively. In detecting feline urine samples with a UPCR >0.4, an optimal DUR of 2.1 had sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 70%, 100%, 100%, and 75%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Use of the DUR can be a relatively reliable method for identification of proteinuria. However, given its poor NPV, the DUR cannot be recommended for exclusion of proteinuric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a possibility that an incorrect diagnosis of hypothyroidism could be made in euthyroid dogs, and the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the dog population remains unknown. Objectives: To retrospectively assess the percentage of dogs diagnosed with, and treated for, hypothyroidism at first opinion practice which are likely to be hypothyroid and require levothyroxine supplementation. Animals: One hundred two client‐owned dogs were included in this study. Materials and Methods: The computerized databases of 7 first opinion practices were searched to identify dogs treated with levothyroxine supplementation. Three European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine—Companian Animals (ECVIM‐CA) diplomates independently assigned 1 of 4 clinical assessments to each case as follows: confirmed or likely hypothyroid, hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed, hypothyroidism considered unlikely, and no reason to suspect hypothyroidism. They commented as to whether or not they thought levothyroxine supplementation was appropriate. Results: The clinical assessments of "confirmed or likely hypothyroid"; "Hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed"; "Hypothyroidism considered unlikely"; and "No reason to suspect hypothyroidism" was assigned respectively by Clinician 1 to 38.2%, 5.9%, 3.9%, and 52% of cases, by Clinician 2 to 48%, 22.6%, 22.6%, 6.9% of cases, and by Clinician 3 to 55.9%, 11.8%, 13.7% and 18.6%. Clinician 1, Clinician 2, and Clinician 3 considered levothyroxine supplementation not indicated in 58.8%, 52.9%, and 45.1% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: These results support the concern that hypothyroidism might be overly and incorrectly diagnosed in first opinion practice, and that thyroid function testing should be performed only in those dogs with a high pretest probability of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clients want to know the ultimate cause of death in their pet after cancer treatment. The cause of euthanasia and investigation of urinary obstruction in treated dogs with urothelial carcinoma (UC) has not been specifically reported in veterinary literature. Hypothesis/Objectives: Our hypothesis was that the majority of treated dogs with UC are euthanized secondary to primary tumor factors, such as urinary obstruction. Animals: Fifty‐nine client‐owned dogs diagnosed with UC. Methods: Retrospective observational study on clinical signs and disease at euthanasia of dogs with UC treated by radiation therapy or chemotherapy or both. Results: The median overall survival time (OST) of all dogs was 339 days (range, 17‐1996; 95% confidence interval [CI], 185‐392; interquartile range [IQR], 112‐505). Of dogs deemed to have been euthanized because of UC (50/59, 85%), the primary cause was considered to be local progression in 31/50 (62%), most often because of perceived complete or partial urinary obstruction (24/31, 77%). No variables were found to be predictive of urinary obstruction. The overall documented metastatic rate was 56%. In dogs euthanized because of UC, metastasis was deemed to be the cause in 19/50 (38%) dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Regardless of the type of treatment, UC in dogs has a poor prognosis and there is a continuing need to improve treatments that focus on local control of the primary tumor, given its high contribution to the decision for euthanasia. Proactive management to avoid the high frequency of urinary obstruction may be worthy of future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP) in dogs presents a diagnostic challenge, and clinical markers of severity are lacking. Objectives: Identify clinicopathologic features that differentiate pITP from secondary ITP (sITP) and markers related to bleeding severity, transfusion, and survival of dogs with pITP. Animals: Ninety‐eight thrombocytopenic dogs (58 pITP and 40 sITP). Methods: Client‐owned dogs with platelet counts <50 000/μL were enrolled in a prospective, multi‐institution cohort study. History and treatment information, through a maximum of 7 days, was recorded on standard data forms. Bleeding severity was scored daily using a bleeding assessment tool (DOGiBAT). At‐admission blood samples were collected for CBC, biochemistry, C‐reactive protein concentration, and coagulation panels, and to measure platelet surface‐associated immunoglobulin G (PSAIg) and expression of platelet membrane proteins and phospholipids. Dogs with evidence of coincident disease were classified as sITP. Results: No definitive pITP diagnostic test was found. However, pITP cases were characterized by lower platelet counts, D dimer concentrations, and platelet membrane protein expression than sITP cases. Differentiation between pITP and sITP was further enhanced using logistic regression modeling combining patient sex, coagulation profile, platelet count, D dimer, and PSAIg. A second model of pITP severity indicated that low hematocrit and high BUN concentration were associated with non‐survival. Low hematocrit at admission, but not platelet count or DOGiBAT score, was associated with transfusion. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Pending validation studies, models constructed from at‐admission clinicopathologic findings may improve differentiation of pITP from sITP and identify the most severe pITP cases at the time of presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudoabducens paralysis resulting in resting medial strabismus (esotropia) is a rare consequence of a contralateral paramedian thalamic ischemic infarction in people. To date, esotropia has been reported in dogs in association with ipsilateral abducens neuropathy or extraocular myopathy, but not secondary to thalamic lesions. A 7‐year‐old male neutered Border Collie and a 12‐year‐old female neutered cross‐breed dog were presented with peracute nonprogressive vestibular ataxia. Neurological examination identified right esotropia, nonambulatory tetraparesis, right head tilt, vestibular ataxia and nystagmus. Lesions in both dogs were localized to the vestibular system with thalamic involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain identified a left paramedian thalamic lacunar ischemic infarct in both dogs. Interruption of descending inhibitory pathways that decussate in the subthalamic region and innervate the contralateral motor nucleus of the oculomotor nerve leads to hypertonicity of the medial rectus. These cases indicate that esotropia is a rare but highly localizing sign in dogs with contralateral thalamic infarcts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is the most common spinal cord disease in dogs. Little information is available regarding the clinical presentation of nerve root signature (NRS) associated with cervical IVDH. Hypothesis/Objective: To detail the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with NRS associated with cervical IVDH. Animals: Forty‐seven client‐owned dogs presenting with thoracic limb NRS and MRI confirmed IVDH. Methods: Medical records from 2010 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed for dogs that met inclusion criteria. Imaging studies were evaluated by 2 individuals to characterize location and severity of neural tissue compression. Results: Chondrodystrophoid dogs comprised the majority of the study cohort, with dachshund the most common breed (n = 10). Three‐quarters of dogs were ≥7 years of age. Interobserver agreement was moderate or good for all of the imaging variables evaluated. The C6‐C7 intervertebral disc space was significantly overrepresented (P =.01), comprising 32% (15/47) of the affected discs. However, 42% (20/47) of cases involved C2‐C3 though C4‐C5 disc sites. Disc material was more frequently located laterally compared to medially within the vertebral canal (P =.0005), and to be associated with compression of the nerve root at the level of the intervertebral foramen (P =.012). Conclusion/Clinical Importance: NRS is most commonly associated with lateralized or foraminal cervical disc herniations. It is most prevalent with C6‐C7 intervertebral disc involvement, suggesting that there might be unique anatomic factors that contribute to development of NRS at this site, but can be a clinical manifestation of IVDH occurring anywhere along the cervical spine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In dogs, duration of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis suppression after systemic glucocorticoid treatment is reported to vary from a few days to up to 7 weeks after glucocorticoid discontinuation. These data are derived mainly from experimental studies in healthy dogs and not from animals with spontaneous disease. Hypothesis and Objective: To determine the timeline for recovery of the HPA axis in a group of ill dogs treated with intermediate‐acting glucocorticoids (IAGCs). Animals: Twenty client‐owned dogs that received IAGC for at least 1 week. Methods: Single‐center prospective observational study. An ACTH stimulation test, endogenous ACTH concentration, serum biochemistry profile, and urinalysis were performed at T0 (2‐6 days after IAGC discontinuation) and then every 2 weeks (eg, T1, T2, T3) until HPA axis recovery was documented (post‐ACTH cortisol concentration > 6 μg/dL). Results: The median time of HPA axis recovery was 3 days (range, 2‐133 days). Eleven of 20 dogs showed recovery of the HPA axis at T0, 6/20 at T1, and 1 dog each at T2, T5, and T9. Dose and duration of treatment were not correlated with timing of HPA axis recovery. Activities of ALT and ALP were significantly correlated with the post‐ACTH cortisol concentration (rs = −0.34, P =.03; rs = −0.31, P =.05). Endogenous ACTH concentration was significantly correlated with pre (r = 0.72; P <.0001) and post‐ACTH cortisol concentrations (r = 0.35; P =.02). The timing of HPA axis recovery of the dogs undergoing an alternate‐day tapering dose was not different compared to dogs that did not (3.5 vs 3 days, P =.89). Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Most dogs experienced HPA axis recovery within a few days after IAGC discontinuation. However, 2/20 dogs required >8 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No treatment other than platelet administration is known to protect against spontaneous hemorrhage in thrombocytopenic dogs. Objectives: Primary: determine if treatment with ε‐aminocaproic acid (EACA) decreases the requirement for blood transfusions and improves outcome in dogs with severe thrombocytopenia. Secondary: find evidence of hyperfibrinolysis and determine the effect EACA administration on rapid (rTEG) and tissue plasminogen activator‐spiked (tPA‐rTEG) thromboelastography parameters. Animals: Twenty‐seven dogs with severe thrombocytopenia were treated with EACA, and data from an additional 33 were obtained from the hospital database as historical control (HC) cohort. Methods: Single arm clinical trial with HCs. The EACA group dogs received EACA (100 mg/kg IV followed by a constant‐rate infusion [CRI] of 400 mg/kg/24 hours). Thromboelastography before and during EACA infusion, hospitalization days, number of transfusions, and mortality were compared. Results: No difference was found in number of transfusions per dog (median, interquartile range; 1, 0‐2.5 vs 0.9, 0‐2; P =.5) and hospitalization days (4, 4‐6 vs 4.5, 3.75‐6; P =.83) between HC and EACA groups, respectively, and no difference in survival was identified by log‐rank analysis (P =.15). Maximum amplitude on both rTEG and tPA‐rTEG increased after EACA administration (rTEG baseline: 23.6, 9.6‐38.9; post‐EACA: 27.3, 19.8‐43.2; P <.001; tPA‐rTEG baseline: 23, 10.9‐37.2; post‐EACA: 24.7, 16.7‐44.8; P <.002). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Although EACA increased clot strength, there was no effect on outcome. Treatment with EACA at this dosage cannot be recommended as a routine treatment but may be considered for dogs with severe ongoing hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a disorder of micturition that can occur in dogs of any age, sex, and breed depending on the underlying cause and time of onset. Diagnosis and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs have been described by multiple comprehensive single author review articles, but large prospective clinical trials comparing treatment outcomes in veterinary medicine are lacking. The objectives of this consensus statement therefore are to provide guidelines on both recommended diagnostic testing and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs. Specifically, pathophysiology directly related to the canine urinary system will be reviewed and diagnostic and therapeutic challenges will be addressed. A panel of 12 experts in the field (8 small animal internists [L. Adams, J. Bartges, A. Berent, J. Byron, J. Foster, A. Kendall, S. Vaden, J. Westropp], 2 neurologists [J. Coates, N. Olby], 1 radiologist [G. Oetelaar], and 1 surgeon [C. Adin]) was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer‐reviewed literature and to complement it with consensus recommendations using the Delphi method. Some statements were not voted on by all panelists. This consensus statement aims to provide guidance for management of both male and female dogs with underlying storage or voiding disorders resulting in UI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the findings of a study on cat and dog owners' knowledge and preferences regarding antimicrobial use and veterinary communication. The study found that owners' backgrounds, such as gender, education level, and health/science background, influenced their knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Trust in veterinarians positively impacted owners' adherence to recommendations. The article suggests that veterinarians should tailor their communication to meet clients' level of knowledge and rely on competent communication to enhance understanding and adherence to antimicrobial stewardship guidelines. The study also acknowledges potential biases in the survey responses and suggests further research on communication strategies. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the beliefs and attitudes of dog and cat owners towards veterinary telemedicine. The study reveals that while many owners acknowledge the advantages of telemedicine, only a small percentage have actually used it. Owners view telemedicine as beneficial for follow-up appointments and accessing specialists. The study emphasizes the importance of veterinary professionals understanding the potential benefits and availability of telemedicine. The research also indicates that the likelihood of using telemedicine varies based on factors such as age, beliefs about telemedicine, and the bond between the veterinarian and client. Overall, increasing awareness and availability of telemedicine in veterinary practice could be advantageous for both pet owners and veterinarians. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Successful management of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is challenging and effective pet owner education is crucial to successful outcomes. However, there are limited proven educational strategies in this area. Our goal was to create an effective and engaging educational tool for owners of dogs with cAD. Hypothesis: Video‐based education efficacy would be comparable to traditional verbal delivery. Secondary objectives included assessing client perception of the intervention, and determining if there were clinical benefits for the dogs and improved client adherence to treatment. Subjects: Twenty‐nine dogs with cAD and their owners were recruited from a teaching hospital of a European veterinary medicine faculty. Materials and Methods: In this 8 week, prospective, randomised controlled study, clients in the control group (CG, n = 13) received verbal education and those in the intervention group (IG, n = 16) watched a video. Client knowledge was assessed at Day (D)0 and D56. Treatment adherence and perceived utility and appeal ratings were measured at D56. Clinical progress was assessed at D0 and D56 using CADESI‐04 and PVAS10. Results: The differences found in the means of cAD knowledge score, clinical outcomes, utility and appeal ratings and owners' adherence score between groups were not statistically significant. A significant association between the outcome and the intervention group concerning education success [CG, six of 13 (46.15%); IG, 15 of 16 (93.75%)] was found (p = 0.01). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Video‐based instructions positively impacted owners' education and demonstrated their potential as a valuable tool. The authors believe that video‐based education could be a time‐efficient alternative for initial cAD education in veterinary clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pruritus due to allergic skin disease is one of the most common reasons for dermatological consultations in the veterinary clinic. Treatment is usually multimodal and requires continuous monitoring and reassessment. New therapies are needed to broaden the therapeutic arsenal. Hypothesis/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel antagonist for allergic pododermatitis in dogs. Animals: Twenty‐four client‐owned dogs with allergic pododermatitis. Materials and Methods: The study was an open, prospective, multi‐centre clinical trial with client‐owned dogs. All dogs were treated twice daily with a spray containing hydroxymethoxyiodobenzyl glycolamide pelargonate for 28 days. Clinical assessments included pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), pedal skin lesion score, evaluation of quality of life (QoL), presence of secondary infections and a four‐point subjective efficacy assessment by the veterinarian and the dog owner. Results: There was more than 50% improvement in all scores by the conclusion of the study. Secondary infections were reduced (p < 0.001). Both the veterinarians and dog owners evaluated the efficacy of the product positively. The product was well‐tolerated. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrated the tolerability and efficacy of a TRPV1 antagonist on pruritic pododermatitis in 24 dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 15‐year‐old male neutered mixed breed dog weighing 28 kg presented to a referral center after developing severe tremors and altered mentation. There was hypocalcemia and hypernatremia after oral administration of sodium phosphate as a bowel cleansing agent in preparation for colonoscopy. The dog was treated intravenously with low sodium fluids and calcium gluconate. Neurologic status and electrolyte derangements normalized over the next 12 hours. Oral administration of sodium phosphate appeared to cause clinical electrolyte derangements in this dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV‐1) is an important cause of death in newborn puppies and of fertility problems in adult dogs. Identification of risk factors may help to reduce infection rates and alleviate concerns for dog owners and breeders. This study was designed to screen for CHV‐1 infection in bitches of breeding kennels and farms in Iran and relate this to possible risk factors. Methods: A total of 63 vaginal samples were collected from dogs in 5 breeding kennels (n = 47) and from 7 farms (n = 16). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the CHV‐1 specific glycoprotein B (gB) gene. Prevalence rates were evaluated in relation to various risk factors, including region, housing, vaccination, deworming, pregnancy, reproductive problems, number of dogs living together and hygiene conditions. Results: In total, 21 (33.3%) of 63 vaginal samples were positive for CHV‐1 DNA. The prevalence rate in farms (7/16; 43.7%) was higher than in kennels (14/47; 29.7%). No association was found between CHV‐1 prevalence and potential risk factors. Conclusions: CHV‐1 is highly prevalent in dogs in Iranian farms and kennels. Since the CHV1 vaccine is unlicensed in Iran, effective management strategies are essential to reduce the consequences of this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to describe a perioperative protocol for dogs recovered from anaesthesia with the owners and discharged from the hospital on the same day after surgical management of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome and to determine whether implementation of this protocol was associated with reduced incidence of complications compared with standard anaesthesia recovery and 24 hours hospitalisation. Materials and Methods: Medical records of dogs that underwent brachycephalic obstructive airway surgery over two consecutive years (June 2017 to May 2019) were reviewed retrospectively. Signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic findings, surgical procedures and postoperative respiratory complications were recorded. Data were compared using the chi‐squared or Fisher's exact tests. Results: Sixty‐three dogs met the inclusion criteria for the study. Forty‐two dogs underwent owner‐assisted recovery and 21 dogs standard recovery. No statistical difference was found between groups in age, breed, gender, severity of respiratory or gastrointestinal clinical signs and surgical techniques employed. The incidence of postoperative complications was higher in dogs that received standard recovery (28%) compared to dogs recovered with the owners (2%). None of the dogs recovered with the owners and discharged the same day required veterinary assistance after discharge from the hospital. Clinical Significance: Corrective surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome was associated with lower postoperative respiratory complications when dogs were discharged on the same day after recovery with the owners. Owner‐assisted recovery and early discharge are possible and safe and may decrease the incidence of postoperative complications. However, other unmeasured factors may have contributed to the lower complication rate in dogs recovered with the owners during the course of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The antitumour effects of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) in humans with cutaneous epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma (CETCL) have been described; however, the efficacy of IFN‐γ in dogs has not been investigated. Hypothesis/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant canine IFN‐γ (rCaIFN‐γ) therapy in dogs with CETCL. Animals: Twenty dogs with CETCL recruited from seven veterinary clinics were enrolled in the study. Materials and Methods: Fifteen dogs were treated with rCaIFN‐γ, and five control dogs were treated with prednisolone. We evaluated survival time, skin lesions (erythema, nodules, ulcers and bleeding), pruritus and general condition (sleep, appetite and body weight). In the rCaIFN‐γ group, a questionnaire regarding the therapy was administered to owners after the dogs died. Results: No significant differences existed in the median survival time between the rCaIFN‐γ and control groups (log‐rank test: p = 0.2761, Wilcoxon's rank sum test: p = 0.4444). However, there were significant differences in ulcer, bleeding, pruritus, sleep, appetite and body weight between the groups (Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U‐test: p = 0.0023, p = 0.0058, p = 0.0005, p = 0.0191, p = 0.0306 and p = 0.0306, respectively). Two (40%) of five dogs were euthanised in the control group, compared with none in the rCaIFN‐γ group. Fourteen questionnaires were collected, and owners reported that they were satisfied with the rCaIFN‐γ treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Although the median survival time was not prolonged, rCaIFN‐γ could be helpful in maintaining good quality of life for dogs with CETCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs have become an essential part of many consumers' everyday lives as well as their purchase and consumption considerations. This research investigates dog owners' affective reactions (i.e., disgust) to dogs wearing clothes and their purchase of dog apparel influenced by owners' political identities. We find an interesting pattern where conservatives (relative to liberals) experience higher disgust for dogs wearing clothes but are more likely to purchase dog apparel. We propose that liberals and conservatives endorse different moral values leading to different human‐animal relationship beliefs, as reflected in speciesism (i.e., human superiority). Conservatives have higher speciesism beliefs, leading to both higher feelings of disgust and purchase of dog apparel due to status signaling. The effects are further moderated by the type of apparel, with a stronger effect for nonfunctional (vs. functional) clothes. In three studies, we surveyed dog owners and non‐owners and conducted an experiment to demonstrate these effects. We also provide managerial implications in terms of designing and marketing pet apparels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many dog owners alter their dog's nutritional regimen after a diagnosis of cancer. There are limited data as to specific changes made and reasons behind these changes. Hypothesis/Objectives: To collect updated and detailed data on changes made by owners to their dog's diet and supplements after a cancer diagnosis. Animals: Responses were collected from a survey of dog owners who brought their dogs to the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital's Oncology Service for the first time after a cancer diagnosis. Dogs with recurrence or presenting for a second type of cancer were excluded. Methods: Eligible owners were surveyed between December 2020 and March 2022. The survey contained 62 questions regarding diet, supplement use, and treats, and how these were altered after a cancer diagnosis. Responses were matched to medical record data. Results: One hundred twenty‐eight surveys were retained for analysis, including 120 respondents that completed the survey. In response to a cancer diagnosis, 54.8% (95% CI; 45.7%‐63.8%) of owners altered diets or supplements or both. The most common informational resource for dog diets was veterinarians (53.9%). Usage of home‐prepared foods significantly increased after a cancer diagnosis (P =.03). There was no significant difference in commercial diet usage before or after a diagnosis (P =.25). Joint support products were the most common supplements given both before (37.4%) and after (35.0%) diagnosis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Many dog owners alter their dog's nutritional intake after a cancer diagnosis. These owners should be provided information relating to commonly observed alterations, including home‐prepared foods and supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine hookworms are found globally, and infections have been recorded in domestic dogs visiting dog parks in Queensland, Australia. Some canine hookworms also present a risk of zoonotic transmission to humans. Potential transmission of hookworms can occur in the household and at public places because of lack of owner awareness and poor coverage of canine deworming. Between April 2019 and March 2020, faecal samples from owned dogs were collected from 39 dog parks in metropolitan Brisbane, Queensland, and tested for the presence of hookworm eggs using faecal floatation technique. Dog owners who provided samples were requested to complete a survey on their awareness, perceptions and behaviour regarding the risks and consequences of canine parasitic infection. Associations between dog owner demographics and responses to the survey were measured using Goodman and Kruskal's gamma. Statistical associations between canine hookworm infection in dogs and their owner's responses were quantified using a two‐sample Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. A total of five canine faecal samples from 175 respondents were found positive for hookworm eggs, corresponding to a sample‐ and park‐level prevalence of 2.86% and 12.82%, respectively. Female dog owners were found to be more aware of the importance of regular deworming of their dogs (|γ| = 0.405). Our results indicate that hookworm infection was associated with a lower awareness of the importance of deworming (p = 0.007), less diligence in administration of deworming (p = 0.004), lower awareness of the risk of acquiring parasites from raw meat (p = 0.010), less likelihood of cooking meat before feeding it to their dogs (p = 0.028), and less likelihood to properly dispose their dog's faeces (p = 0.027). This study not only indicates a need for improving owner education towards the importance of deworming but also a need for changing owner's behaviours to reduce potential environmental contamination with infective hookworms. The latter in particular indicates a broader public health risk of disease transmission in public places due to improper disposal of dog faeces, especially in areas with higher canine hookworm infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a clinical trial that explores the use of epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) as a potential treatment for canine atopic dermatitis (cAD), a common allergic skin disease in dogs. The study aimed to assess the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of EPIT in dogs with cAD over a six-month period. The results showed that EPIT effectively improved the dogs' clinical condition, with significant reductions in pruritus (itching), skin lesions, and improvements in quality of life. The study also found that EPIT was well-tolerated and safe, with a high adherence rate among dog owners. This pilot study suggests that EPIT could be a promising and practical treatment option for cAD in dogs, warranting further investigation. [Extracted from the article]

Background: There are no studies which evaluate hair cortisol as a biological marker of stress and anxiety in pruritic dogs during atopic dermatitis therapy. Objectives: A longitudinal evaluation of hair cortisol concentrations, the severity of disease and the QoL in dogs with cAD during therapy with lokivetmab. Animals: Ten client‐owned dogs with cAD. Materials and Methods: Dogs were assessed at three time points: at the initial visit at day (D) 0 and at D28, when lokivetmab (2.2–3.2 mg/kg) was administered, and at D56 for one further evaluation. At all time points, pruritus and lesion severity was assessed using the pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) and Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐04). Dog owners filled out a validated QoL questionnaire and hair cortisol concentrations were measured from samples collected from the same area on each dog. Results: There was a significant reduction in PVAS (p < 0.001) and improvement in QoL of dogs (QoL1) and owners (QoL2) after lokivetmab administration, with a positive correlation of the PVAS with QoL1 and QoL2 (r = 0.71 and 0.52, respectively). There was no difference in CADESI‐04 scores at the different time points (p = 0.515). A significant reduction in hair cortisol levels at D56 was measured compared with D28 (p < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Hair cortisol may be a useful marker of stress in dogs with cAD. These results highlight the negative impact of cAD on the QoL of dogs and their owners, and the positive benefit of lokivetmab therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystinuria is a genetic disease that can lead to cystine urolith formation. The English bulldog is the dog breed most frequently affected. In this breed, three missense mutations have been suggested to be associated with cystinuria: c.568A>G and c.2086A>G in SLC3A1 and c.649G>A in SLC7A9. In this study, the occurrence of these three mutations in the Danish population of English bulldogs was investigated. Seventy‐one English bulldogs were genotyped using TaqMan assays. The dogs' owners were given questionnaires concerning the medical histories of their dogs. Allele frequencies of 0.40, 0.40, and 0.52 were found for the mutant alleles in the three loci: c.568A>G, c.2086A>G, and c.649G>A, respectively. For both mutations in SLC3A1, a statistically significant association was found between cystinuria and homozygosity for the G allele among male, English bulldogs. For the mutation in SLC7A9, there was no statistically significant association between homozygosity for the mutant allele and cystinuria. Due to high allele frequencies, limited genetic diversity, continued uncertainty about the genetic background of cystinuria, and more severe health problems in the breed, selection based on genetic testing for the mutations in SLC3A1 cannot be recommended in the Danish population of English bulldogs. However, results of the genetic test may be used as a guide to recommend prophylactic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral interventions for animals typically require the inclusion of programmed reinforcers. Although pet owners and human caregivers can often identify items that the animal will consume, preference assessments can more accurately determine relative preference rankings between various stimuli, which is important given that higher preferred items tend to function as more effective reinforcers than lower preferred items. Preference assessments have been developed to identify rankings for a variety of stimuli across species, including the domesticated dog (Canis lupus familiaris). However, previous preference assessments for dogs were developed for laboratory use and could be challenging for dog owners to perform alone. The purpose of this study was to modify existing dog preference assessment methods to produce a valid and feasible preference assessment for dog owners. Results suggest that the preference assessment identified preference rankings for individual dogs. Owners were able to implement the protocol with high integrity and found the protocol acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Many UK dogs live into old age, but owners may not recognise or report age‐associated signs of disease which lead to negative welfare. This study investigated dog owner and veterinary professional experiences and attitudes towards ageing in dogs, how health care is offered, barriers to its delivery, and some best‐practice solutions. Materials and Methods: In‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 15 owners of 21 dogs (aged 8 to 17 years mean: 13) and 11 veterinary professional (eight veterinary surgeons, two nurses and one physiotherapist). Open‐text responses from 61 dog owners were collected using an online survey. Transcripts and survey responses were inductively coded into themes. Results: Four themes were constructed: "just old age", barriers to care, trust in veterinary surgeons, and tools to improve health care. Age‐related changes were mostly perceived as "just old age" by dog owners. Many dogs were no longer vaccinated and did not attend check‐ups unless owners identified a problem. The greatest barriers to health care were finances (dog owners), owner awareness, willingness to act and consultation time (veterinary professionals). Trust in veterinary professionals was more likely when dog owner experienced continuity, prioritisation of care, clear communication and an accessible, knowledgeable and empathic veterinary professional. Participants suggested that senior health care and communication between dog owners and veterinary professionals could be improved through questionnaires, and evidence‐based online information. Clinical Significance: Opportunities to educate owners on which clinical signs represent healthy or pathological ageing are being missed. Resources should be developed to guide on best‐practice discussions in consultations, encourage more owners to recognise clinical signs and to seek and trust veterinary advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid disease is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease caused by cysts of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Canids, especially domestic dogs, are definitive hosts of the parasite and are the most pragmatic targets for control programs. A governmental dog deworming campaign was established in 1979 to control hydatidosis in southern Chile, which succeeded in reducing the prevalence of canine echinococcosis in Tierra del Fuego province from 68.4% (in 1978) to 1.2% (in 2002). In 2004, however, the program was dismantled to reduce costs, and since then, no follow‐up echinococcosis monitoring has been conducted. We surveyed 356 domestic dogs and interviewed owners or workers at 45 ranches in Chilean Tierra del Fuego during the summer of 2015–2016. Faecal flotation was employed to detect Taeniidae eggs, and PCR was used to test faecal samples for Echinococcus granulosus. Taeniidae eggs and Echinococcus sp. DNA were detected in the faeces of 45.4% (147/324) and 6.9% (23/331) of dogs, respectively. Infrequent dog deworming and the presence of culpeo foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) were significant predictors of the prevalence of Echinococcus sp. DNA and Taeniidae eggs. Furthermore, the presence of introduced chilla foxes (Lycalopex griseus), the municipality, and several operational characteristics of ranches (number of sheep, frequency of sheep slaughter, number of dogs, frequency of removal of dog faeces, feeding of dogs with sheep viscera) were also predictive of the prevalence of Taeniidae eggs. Our findings reveal an ongoing risk of echinococcosis with pathogen maintenance in ranch dogs in Chilean Tierra del Fuego, and in the absence of adequate control programmes, there is a tangible risk of re‐emergence of hydatid disease as a public health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships with pet dogs are thought to provide substantial benefits for children, but the study of these relationships has been hindered by a lack of validated measures. Approaches to assessing the quality of children's pet dog relationships have tended to focus on positive relationship qualities and to rely on self‐report questionnaires. The aim of this study was to develop and test multiple measures that could be used to assess both positive and negative features of children's relationships with pet dogs. In a sample of 115 children ages 9–14 years who were pet dog owners, we assessed six qualities of pet dog relationships: Affection, Nurturance of Pet, Emotional Support from Pet, Companionship, Friction with Pet, and Pets as Substitutes for People. All qualities were assessed with child questionnaires, parent questionnaires, and child daily reports of interactions with pets. We found substantial convergence in reports from different observers and across different measurement approaches. Principal components analyses and correlations suggested overlap for many of the positive qualities, which tended to be distinct from negative relationship qualities. The study provides new tools which could be used to test further how relationships with pets contribute to children's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli allows them to survive and cause infections. The close contact between humans and pets can reinforce the risk of transmitting resistant and virulent bacteria between them. Objectives: This study aims to compare the patterns of the presence of tetracycline and streptomycin resistance genes, as well as important virulence genes in E. coli isolated from faeces of healthy dogs and their owners. Methods: Polymerase chain reactions were performed for detection of antimicrobial resistance (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, strA and strB) and virulence (fimH, iss, sitA and malX) genes in 144 faecal E. coli isolates from 28 dog–owner pairs and 16 humans who did not keep any pets as controls. Results: Among the investigated antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, tetA (52.1%) and fimH (86.8%) genes had the highest prevalence. No statistically significant difference was found between the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in isolates of dogs and their owners. In total, 46.4% of dog–owner pairs had the same patterns of presence or absence of six antimicrobial resistance genes, 50.0% had the same patterns of presence or absence of four virulence genes and 25.0% had the same patterns of presence or absence of all 10 tested genes. Conclusion: The presence of antimicrobial‐resistant virulent E. coli in humans and pets may predispose them to infections that are hard to cure with conventional antibiotics. Notable frequency of dogs' and their owners' E. coli isolates with similar patterns of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes may indicate the possibility of sharing virulent antimicrobial resistant E. coli between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite their importance to society, dogs are susceptible to various helminths. This study aimed to understand perceptions, attitudes and practices (PAP) regarding canine zoonotic helminthiases (CZH) among dog owners in Rwanda. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was carried out in Nyagatare district of Rwanda, where 203 dog owners were randomly selected and interviewed. To analyse this study's data, we used frequency distributions, chi‐square test of association and binary logistic regression model. Results: Overall, 75.9% and 30% of the respondents were aware of canine and human helminthiases, respectively. Around 74.4% knew that dogs source helminthiases from eating raw infected meat. Also, 74.4% knew vomiting, diarrhoea and swelling of the belly as clinical signs of the helminthiases. Around 58.6% washed hands with soap and water after handling a dog. Only 17.2% and 15.5% dewormed the dogs and treated them against ectoparasites using conventional anthelmintics and acaricides manufactured for dogs, respectively. Of all respondents, 33% held genuine perceptions, while 78.3% and 25.1% adopted positive attitudes and appropriate practices about CZH, respectively. The respondents' educational level and length of dog ownership correlated with their perceptions and practices about CZH, respectively, while sources of information on CZH influenced their PAP of such infections. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of having genuine perceptions and positive attitudes were more than 82% lower among those who sourced the information from neighbours & colleagues compared to those who gathered it through reading. Again, the length of dog ownership (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15–0.90) correlated with the respondent's practices about CZH. Conclusions: Only 33% and 25.1% of the respondents held genuine perceptions and adopted positive attitudes regarding CZH, respectively. The findings indicate increased zoonotic helminths in dogs, possible spillover in humans and anthelmintic resistance. Therefore, awareness campaigns are needed to upgrade dog owners' knowledge of the zoonotic helminthiases in dogs in Nyagatare district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing complexity of treatment plans is associated with higher levels of caregiver burden in owners of dogs with skin disease. It is possible that elevated caregiver burden resulting from treatment complexity could, in turn, affect the veterinarian–client relationship. Hypotheses/Objectives: We expected that treatment complexity, caregiver burden, and the client's perception of the veterinarian–client relationship would be related to each other. We also expected an indirect effect of caregiver burden on the cross‐sectional association between treatment complexity and the veterinarian–client relationship, and that this effect would be robust to adjustment for the dog's skin disease course and severity. Participants: Participants were 349 owners of dogs with skin disease recruited through online consumer panels. Materials and methods: Cross‐sectional online assessments were completed for caregiver burden, treatment plan complexity, veterinarian–client relationship, and skin disease course and severity. Demographic information also was collected. Results: The indirect effect of caregiver burden on the relationship between treatment complexity and veterinarian–client relationship was statistically significant, accounting for 42.76% of the variance in the model. After controlling for disease severity and course, that effect remained statistically significant, accounting for 37.76% of the variance. Conclusions and clinical importance: Findings support the notion that greater treatment complexity is related to the owner's perception of the veterinarian–client relationship via caregiver burden. Efforts to reduce caregiver burden by using the simplest effective treatment may benefit the veterinarian–client relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8‐month‐old, mixed breed dog was referred because of vomiting, generalised muscle tremors and miosis. A few hours before the presentation, the owners saw the dog eating something during the daily walk. The dog was initially treated with fluids, atropine, dexmedetomidine, maropitant and midazolam. Complete blood exams showed a marked reduction of cholinesterase activity. Blood toxicology tests revealed the presence of propoxur. Twenty‐four hours after the presentation, the dog developed a small intestinal intussusception. After an initial improvement, the dog developed weakness and respiratory difficulties. The neurological examination showed obtundation, severe generalised muscle weakness of neck and limbs, reduced flexor reflexes in the four limbs and a short and shallow respiratory pattern, suggesting suspected intermediate syndrome. The dog's neurologic conditions progressively improved, and he was discharged 5 days after presentation with only mild impairment of the neck strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]