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Interchange instability is known to drive fast radial transport of electrons and ions in Jupiter's inner and middle magnetosphere. In this study, we conduct a statistical survey to evaluate the properties of energetic particles and plasma waves during interchange events using Juno data from 2016 to 2023. We present representative examples of interchange events followed by a statistical analysis of the spatial distribution, duration and spatial extent. Our survey indicates that interchange instability is predominant at M‐shells from 6 to 26, peaking near 17 with an average duration of minutes and a corresponding M‐shell width of <∼0.05. During interchange events, the associated plasma waves, such as whistler‐mode, Z‐mode, and electron cyclotron harmonic waves exhibit a distinct preferential location. These findings provide valuable insights into particle transport and the source region of plasma waves in the Jovian magnetosphere, as well as in other magnetized planets within and beyond our solar system. Plain Language Summary: The radial transport of plasma around a magnetized planet is crucial for understanding the underlying magnetospheric dynamics. Jupiter's magnetospheric dynamics are primarily dominated by the rapid rotation and plasma source from Io. This rapid rotation drives the interchange instability, where hot, low‐density plasma is moved toward the inner magnetosphere. During this process, the inward moving flux tube builds up magnetic pressure, potentially leading to the trapping of particles alongside plasma waves. In this study, we present several typical examples of interchange events, and conduct a statistical analysis to explore their spatial distribution, duration and spatial extent, as well as the typical features of the associated plasma waves. This survey provides insights into mass transport, the source of these plasma waves in Jupiter's magnetosphere, with potential implications for other magnetized planets within and beyond our solar system. Key Points: Our statistical survey indicates that interchange events occur over L (or M)‐shells ∼6–26 at Jupiter with a peak occurrence rate at M ∼ 17During interchange events, various types of plasma waves are intensified, each exhibiting a distinct preferential locationThe duration and the corresponding spatial extent of interchange events are analyzed for multiple events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the CM carbonaceous chondrites are regolith breccias and so should have abundant evidence for collisional processing. The constituent clasts of these fragmental rocks frequently display compactional petrofabrics; yet, olivine microstructures show that most CMs are unshocked. To better understand the reasons for this contradiction, we have sought other evidence for hypervelocity impact processing of CM chondrites using the Cold Bokkeveld meteorite. We find that this regolith breccia contains rare particles of vesicular shock melt that are close in chemical composition to bulk CM chondrite. Transmission electron microscopy of a melt bead shows that it is composed of silicate glass with inclusions of pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and wüstite. Characterization of shards of another bead by atom probe tomography reveals nanoscale clusters of sulfur that represent sulfide inclusions arrested at an early stage of growth. These glass particles are mineralogically comparable to micrometeoroid impact melt described from the Cb‐type asteroid Ryugu and melt that has been experimentally produced by pulsed laser irradiation of CM targets. The glass could have formed by in situ shock‐melting, but petrographic evidence is more consistent with an origin as ballistic ejecta from a distal impact. The scarcity of melt in this meteorite, and CM chondrites more broadly, is consistent with the explosive fragmentation of hydrous asteroids following energetic collisions. Cold Bokkeveld's parent body is likely to be a second‐generation asteroid that was constructed from the debris of one or more earlier bodies, and only a small proportion of the reaccreted material had been highly shocked and melted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of ultrasound in diagnosing vasa previa (VP), a condition where fetal blood vessels cross the cervix. The article explains how three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound can provide more precise information about the location of the vessels. It also describes the different views and techniques used in ultrasound surveys to identify VP. The article emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis and the potential risks associated with false-positive and false-negative diagnoses. It concludes by discussing the need for screening and clear protocols for managing VP to improve patient care and outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

The sizes of chondrules are a valuable tool for understanding relationships between meteorite groups and the affinity of ungrouped chondrites, documenting temporal/spatial variability in the solar nebula, and exploring the effects of parent body processing. Many of the recently reported sizes of chondrules within the CM carbonaceous chondrites differ significantly from the established literature average and are more closely comparable to those of chondrules within CO chondrites. Here, we report an updated analysis of chondrule dimensions within the CM group based on data from 1937 chondrules, obtained across a suite of CM lithologies ranging from petrologic subtypes CM2.2 to CM2.7. Our revised average CM chondrule size is 194 μm. Among the samples examined, a relationship was observed between petrologic subtype and chondrule size such that chondrule long‐axis lengths are greater in the more highly aqueously altered lithologies. These findings suggest a greater similarity between the CM and CO chondrites than previously thought and support arguments for a genetic link between the two groups (i.e., the CM‐CO clan). Using the 2‐D and 3‐D data gathered, we also apply numerous stereological corrections to examine their usefulness in correcting 2‐D chondrule measurements within the CM chondrites. Alongside this analysis, we present the details of a standardized methodology for 2‐D chondrule size measurement to facilitate more reliable inter‐study comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar) serves as a global repository providing star (*) allele nomenclature for the polymorphic human CYP4F2 gene. CYP4F2 genetic variation impacts the metabolism of vitamin K, which is associated with warfarin dose requirements, and the metabolism of drugs, such as imatinib or fingolimod, and certain endogenous compounds including vitamin E and eicosanoids. This GeneFocus provides a comprehensive overview and summary of CYP4F2 genetic variation including the characterization of 14 novel star alleles, CYP4F2*4 through *17. A description of how haplotype information cataloged by PharmVar is utilized by the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disputes about the scientific validity of the amyloid‐β hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease have been held since the early 1990s, with little constructive progress made between opposing sides despite recent therapeutic progress. Here, I argue that philosophy of science can improve the chance of constructive debate by giving researchers technical language to describe and assess scientific progress. To do so, I interpret the amyloid hypothesis using a modified version of the research programme concept from philosopher of science Imre Lakatos. I first outline the amyloid‐β hypothesis and study critiques of its central place in Alzheimer's research. Then, I draw on the complexity of amyloid‐β and Alzheimer's research to discuss the limits of using concepts from popular philosophers of science Karl Popper or Thomas Kuhn, before finally arguing that an adaptation of the research programme concept can foster constructive debates about the science of Alzheimer's and within it. I will argue that the amyloid‐β hypothesis has contributed to significant progress in the Alzheimer's field based on what Lakatos called the "positive heuristic" (motivating the programme to test its predictions) and the "negative heuristic" (protecting the programme from refutation). I consider the amyloid research agenda to be progressive despite the fact that its claims about disease aetiology could be wrong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concussions from sport and recreational activities can negatively impact academic performance in adolescents. This study aims to use reflexive thematic analysis to understand the knowledge, management, and education of concussion among Irish postprimary educators. A cross‐sectional study that involved semistructured interviews with 18 secondary school teachers was conducted. Interviews were recorded and transcribed in preparation for a reflexive thematic analysis process according to research conducted by Braun and Clarke. A total of 664 data items were coded which led to the development of 5 themes (i.e., teacher's background experience, consequences of concussion, concussion in school, educating educators, and existing standards) and 22 subthemes. The implementation of concussion education initiatives for improving student safety, injury management, and recovery through mandatory teacher‐continued professional development should be explored. Teachers' knowledge of concussion is influenced by personal experiences, with safer attitudes observed in those who have witnessed or experienced concussions. The role of the Year Head in concussion management should be explored with a focus on communication pathways and dissemination of materials. Protocols for medical emergencies and academic adjustments for concussed students should be made readily available to secondary school teachers. Practitioner points: There is an immediate need for structured concussion education and concussion recognition protocols in the Irish secondary school system.Concussion education in the Irish secondary schools system requires coordinating within each individual school to disseminate concussion management policies.Secondary school teachers have a broad knowledge of concussion with a better understanding toward concussion if they have experienced a concussion themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Some blood operators routinely screen blood donations for high‐titre (HT) anti‐A/B to reduce the risk of a haemolytic transfusion reaction due to out‐of‐group plasma‐rich components. We assessed donor factors associated with an increased likelihood of screening positive and compared routine data between England and Australia. Materials and Methods: Data were assessed from HT screening during 2018–2020 in Australia and 2018–2021 in England, totalling nearly 6 million blood donations. Screening was performed using a Beckman Coulter PK7300 analyser with a micro‐titre plate saline direct agglutination test in both countries, although different reagent red cells were chosen. HT‐positive was defined as testing positive at a titre of 128 or above. Results: The likelihood of a donor testing HT‐positive was greater for females than males, declined with age and was dependent on the ABO group. However, the proportion of donors testing HT‐positive was consistently higher in Australia than in England: overall, 14% of group O donations and 5% of group A donations in England tested HT‐positive, compared with 51% and 22%, respectively in Australia. English data also showed that donors from Black, Asian or mixed ethnic backgrounds were more likely to test HT‐positive than White donors. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that donor sex, age, ABO group and ethnicity affect the likelihood of testing HT‐positive. Differences in testing methods likely had a significant impact on the proportion of donors testing as HT‐positive or ‐negative rather than any differences in donor populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug transporters play a pivotal role in modulating drug disposition and are subject to alterations under inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to elucidate the intricate expression patterns of drug transporters during both acute and chronic inflammation, which are closely linked to malignant transformation. To investigate acute inflammation, we employed an in vitro model by subjecting Caco‐2 cells to various inflammatory stimuli (IL‐1β, TNF‐α, or LPS) individually or in combination. The successful induction of inflammation was confirmed by robust increases in IL‐6 and NO production. Notably, inflamed Caco‐2 cells exhibited significantly diminished levels of ABCB1 and ABCG2, while the expression of ABCC2 was upregulated. For chronic inflammation induction in vivo, we employed the well‐established AOM/DSS mouse model known for its association with colitis‐driven tumorigenesis. Persistent inflammation was effectively monitored throughout the experiment via elevated IL‐6 and NO levels. The sequential stages of tumorigenesis were confirmed through Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry. Intriguingly, we observed gradual alterations in the expression patterns of the studied drug transporters during stepwise induction, with ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 showing downregulation and ABCC2 exhibiting upregulation. Immunohistochemistry further revealed dynamic changes in the expression of ABCB1 and ABCC2 during the induction cycles, closely paralleling the gradual increase in Ki‐67 expression observed during the development of precancerous lesions. Collectively, our findings underscore the significant impact of inflammation on drug transporter expression, potentially influencing the process of malignant transformation of the colon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evolving trends in organ procurement and technological innovation prompted an investigation into recent trends, indications, and outcomes following combined heart–lung transplantation (HLTx). Methods: The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried for all adult (≥18 years) HLTx performed between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2023. Patients with previous transplants were excluded. The primary endpoint was the effect of donor, recipient, and transplantation characteristics on 1‐ and 5‐year survival. Secondary analyses included a comparison of HLTx at high‐ and low‐volume centers, an assessment of HLTx following donation after circulatory death (DCD), and an evaluation of HLTx volume over time. Cox proportional‐hazards models were used to assess factors associated with mortality. Temporal trends were evaluated with linear regression. Results: After exclusions, 319 patients were analyzed, of whom 5 (1.6%) were DCD. HLTx volume increased from 2013 to 2023 (p < 0.001). One‐ and 5‐year survival following HLTx was 84.0% and 59.5%, respectively. One‐year survival was higher for patients undergoing HLTx at a high‐volume center (88.3% vs. 77.9%; p = 0.012). After risk adjustment, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support 72 h posttransplant and predischarge dialysis were associated with increased 1‐year mortality (HR = 3.19, 95% CI = 1.86–5.49 and HR = 3.47, 95% CI = 2.17–5.54, respectively) and 5‐year mortality (HR = 2.901, 95% CI = 1.679–5.011 and HR = 3.327, 95% CI = 2.085–5.311, respectively), but HLTx at a high‐volume center was not associated with either. Conclusions: HLTx volume has resurged, with DCD HLTx emerging as a viable procurement strategy. Factors associated with 1‐ and 5‐year survival may be used to guide postoperative management following HLTx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We applied independent and interdependent group contingencies in a counterbalanced reversal experimental design to the vocational on‐task behavior for two groups of adults with intellectual disabilities. On‐task behavior increased for all participants in both groups above a criterion of 80% of time on‐task during both treatment phases. Independent and interdependent group contingencies were equally effective in increasing on‐task behavior. Responding was maintained at the criterion level for all members of one group at a 4‐week follow‐up. No increases in negative social interactions were observed when the interdependent group contingency was in effect and participants reported both contingencies to be socially valid. We suggest that group contingencies can be an effective intervention in increasing on‐task behavior of individuals with intellectual disabilities in vocational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion Implications The purpose of this work was to provide insight into the complex processes through which families support their children with disabilities as they move into and through college.Students with disabilities, like all traditional‐age college students, must adapt to increased levels of freedom, opportunities for autonomous decision‐making, and expectations of self‐directed behavior. However, students continue to need social support as they adapt to the new demands of college environments and to changing postsecondary contexts where family roles are more limited.Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to examine the qualitative narratives from a study of 59 college students with disabilities in the United States. Using grounded theory constant comparative analysis (Charmaz, 2014), emergent themes related to perceived family support surfaced.Students described familial support in ways that expanded on the common types of family support documented in prior literature. Findings are organized into five sections with examples of the following: instrumental support, informational support, emotional support, support by resilience modeling, and support by reframing disability.Findings suggest that students with disabilities experience various types of family support during college.Policy‐informed implications for families and educators are discussed. Recommendations are made for parents and college educators about recognizing the variety of types of familial support to foster effective support for youth with disabilities as they transition away from home and into college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sampling nests of yellow jackets, Vespula spp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), represent a particular challenge due to the danger involved in working with live colonies of a potentially aggressive venomous super‐organism. Here, we report on sampling methods using a petrol‐driven leaf blower/vacuum and a battery‐powered vacuum to sample returning Vespula germanica (Fabricius) foragers at their nest entrance. These methods make the sampling of returning foragers at the nest more efficient and convenient and represent a low‐risk approach to sampling. Applications include prey analysis and genetic sampling that can be done destructively or non‐destructively depending on the geographic location. We sampled 15 nests using the two‐stroke vacuum apparatus and collected on average (±SD) 454 ± 271 wasps per nest. We believe that the petrol‐driven vacuum collection apparatus we designed is a useful method for collecting a large number of social wasp foragers returning to a single‐nest entrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests are common along the California coast. Attached on the rocky bottom at depths of approximately 5–25 m, the kelp, when mature, spans the water column and develops dense, buoyant canopies that interact with waves and currents. We present two novel results based on observations of surface gravity waves in a kelp forest in Point Loma, California. First, we report short wave (1–3 s) attenuation in kelp, quantified by an exponential decay coefficient α∼O10−3m−1—comparable to the dampening effect of sea ice. Second, we identify seasonal and tidal changes in attenuation, peaking mid‐summer with maximum kelp cover, and during low tide when a greater proportion of the fronds are at the surface. Thus, the naturally occurring surface canopies of kelp forests can act as temporally varying, high‐frequency filters of wave energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We examined the psychological burden associated with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Methods: We used comparable longitudinal data of older adults (≥50 years) from the UK (English Longitudinal Study of Aging) and the US (Health and Retirement Study). We defined MetSyn based on biomarker assessments (e.g., blood pressure, impaired glycemic control). Using regression models, we tested a range of individual psychological outcomes (e.g., depressive symptoms) associated with MetSyn. We also examined whether these psychological outcomes may explain or moderate the link between MetSyn and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). Findings: MetSyn was associated cross‐sectionally with a range of psychological outcomes, including depression, anxiety, loneliness, hopelessness, cynical hostility, social strain, negative affect and decreased positive affect, social support and purpose in life. There was no convincing evidence that psychological factors interacted with or explained (mediated) the relationship between MetSyn and increased risk of developing NCD over 10‐year follow‐ups. Conclusions: MetSyn and the psychological burden outcomes examined may have independent effects on NCD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Dental behaviour support (DBS) describes all specific techniques practiced to support patients in their experience of professional oral healthcare. DBS is roughly synonymous with behaviour management, which is an outdated concept. There is no agreed terminology to specify the techniques used to support patients who receive dental care. This lack of specificity may lead to imprecision in describing, understanding, teaching, evaluating and implementing behaviour support techniques in dentistry. Therefore, this e‐Delphi study aimed to develop a list of agreed labels and descriptions of DBS techniques used in dentistry and sort them according to underlying principles of behaviour. Methods: Following a registered protocol, a modified e‐Delphi study was applied over two rounds with a final consensus meeting. The threshold of consensus was set a priori at 75%. Agreed techniques were then categorized by four coders, according to behavioural learning theory, to sort techniques according to their mechanism of action. Results: The panel (n = 35) agreed on 42 DBS techniques from a total of 63 candidate labels and descriptions. Complete agreement was achieved regarding all labels and descriptions, while agreement was not achieved regarding distinctiveness for 17 techniques. In exploring underlying principles of learning, it became clear that multiple and differing principles may apply depending on the specific context and procedure in which the technique may be applied. Discussion: Experts agreed on what each DBS technique is, what label to use, and their description, but were less likely to agree on what distinguishes one technique from another. All techniques were describable but not comprehensively categorizable according to principles of learning. While objective consistency was not attained, greater clarity and consistency now exists. The resulting list of agreed terminology marks a significant foundation for future efforts towards understanding DBS techniques in research, education and clinical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pig‐tailed macaques (PTMs) are commonly used as preclinical models to assess antiretroviral drugs for HIV prevention research. Drug toxicities and disease pathologies are often preceded by changes in blood hematology. To better assess the safety profile of pharmaceuticals, we defined normal ranges of hematological values in PTMs using an Isolation Forest (iForest) algorithm. Methods: Eighteen female PTMs were evaluated. Blood was collected 1–24 times per animal for a total of 159 samples. Complete blood counts were performed, and iForest was used to analyze the hematology data to detect outliers. Results: Median, IQR, and ranges were calculated for 13 hematology parameters. From all samples, 22 outliers were detected. These outliers were excluded from the reference index. Conclusions: Using iForest, we defined a normal range for hematology parameters in female PTMs. This reference index can be a valuable tool for future studies evaluating drug toxicities in PTMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission electron microscopy analyses of Hayabusa2 samples show that Ryugu organic matter exhibits a range of morphologies, elemental compositions, and carbon functional chemistries consistent with those of carbonaceous chondrites that have experienced low‐temperature aqueous alteration. Both nanoglobules and diffuse organic matter are abundant. Non‐globular organic particles are also present, and including some that contain nanodiamond clusters. Diffuse organic matter is finely distributed in and around phyllosilicates, forms coatings on other minerals, and is also preserved in vesicles in secondary minerals such as carbonate and pyrrhotite. The average elemental compositions determined by energy‐dispersive spectroscopy of extracted, demineralized insoluble organic matter samples A0107 and C0106 are C100N3O9S1 and C100N3O7S1, respectively, with the difference in O/C slightly outside the difference in the standard error of the mean. The functional chemistry of the nanoglobules varies from mostly aromatic C=C to mixtures of aromatic C=C, ketone C=O, aliphatic (CHn), and carboxyl (COOH) groups. Diffuse organic matter associated with phyllosilicates has variable aromatic C, ketone and carboxyl groups, and some localized aliphatics, but is dominated by molecular carbonate (CO3) absorption, comparable to prior observations of clay‐bound organic matter in CI meteorites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vasa previa (VP), defined as unprotected fetal vessels traversing the membranes over the cervix, is associated with a high perinatal mortality when undiagnosed prenatally. Conversely, prenatal diagnosis with ultrasound and cesarean delivery before the membranes rupture is associated with excellent outcomes. However, controversy exists regarding screening for VP. In the UK, routine screening for VP is not recommended. The objective of this study was to report the incidence of VP and our experience in the detection of VP with a universal screening protocol at the time of the second‐trimester fetal anomaly scan with third‐trimester confirmation in an unselected population of pregnancies. Material and methods: We performed a single‐center historical cohort study of all pregnant women who underwent routine second‐trimester anomaly screening scans at West Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK, between 2012 and 2016. Over 5 years, every patient undergoing routine anomaly screening was evaluated for VP using a systematic protocol during their 20‐week anomaly scan. Suspected cases of VP were rescanned in the third trimester by specialist sonographers with an interest in VP. The primary outcomes were the incidence and detection of VP. Results: During the study period, 24 690 anatomy scans were performed. A total of 64 patients were identified as having potential VP at the second‐trimester anomaly screening scan, of which 19 were confirmed by the specialist sonographer in the third trimester and at delivery. The screen positive rate was 0.26% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20%–0.32%). VP at birth was found in 19/24690 births (1:1299 [95% CI: 1:832–1:2030] births). Universal screening for VP using our protocol had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99.78% (95% CI: 99.72%–99.84%). The false‐positive rate of the second‐trimester screen was 0.18% (95% CI: 0.13–0.24). There were no false positives or false negatives at delivery. Of the 19 patients with confirmed VP, 17 had scheduled cesarean deliveries, and two required emergency deliveries due to antepartum hemorrhage. One baby died, giving a perinatal mortality of 5%. Conclusions: VP complicates approximately 1:1300 pregnancies. Routine screening for VP yielded a 100% detection rate. We suggest the inclusion of structured VP assessment in standard fetal anomaly screening programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energetic particle injections are commonly observed in Jupiter's magnetosphere and have important impacts on the radiation belts. We evaluate the roles of electron injections in the dynamics of whistler‐mode waves and relativistic electrons using Juno measurements and wave‐particle interaction modeling. The Juno spacecraft observed injected electron flux bursts at energies up to 300 keV at M shell ∼11 near the magnetic equator during perijove‐31. The electron injections are related to chorus wave bursts at 0.05–0.5 fce frequencies, where fce is the electron gyrofrequency. The electron pitch angle distributions are anisotropic, peaking near 90° pitch angle, and the fluxes are high during injections. We calculate the whistler‐mode wave growth rates using the observed electron distributions and linear theory. The frequency spectrum of the wave growth rate is consistent with that of the observed chorus magnetic intensity, suggesting that the observed electron injections provide free energy to generate whistler‐mode chorus waves. We further use quasilinear theory to model the impacts of chorus waves on 0.1–10 MeV electrons. Our modeling shows that the chorus waves could cause the pitch angle scattering loss of electrons at <1 MeV energies and accelerate relativistic electrons at multiple MeV energies in Jupiter's outer radiation belt. The electron injections also provide an important seed population at several hundred keV energies to support the acceleration to higher energies. Our wave‐particle interaction modeling demonstrates the energy flow from the electron injections to the relativistic electron population through the medium of whistler‐mode waves in Jupiter's outer radiation belt. Key Points: Chorus wave generation due to electron injections is demonstrated by their correlative occurrence and wave instability analysisWhistler‐mode waves scatter electrons into the loss cone and cause diffuse auroral precipitation with intensities of 60–160 erg/cm2/sChorus waves cause local acceleration of MeV electrons in several days, further aided by the seed electron population from injections [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Antibodies to human leucocyte antigen (HLA) Class‐I antigens can lead to refractoriness to platelet transfusion. Although this can be overcome by transfusion of HLA‐compatible platelets, they are not always available. Disruption of HLA antigens on platelets by acid treatment may be a suitable alternative when no other components are available. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of HLA disruption and subsequent storage of platelet components. Materials and Methods: Platelet components were treated with 0.9% saline or citric acid solution (pH 3.0), and then stored until expiry (Day 7). HLA and platelet glycoprotein expression, platelet viability, activation and sialylation were measured by flow cytometry. Release of soluble factors was measured by ELISA and metabolism by biochemistry analyser. Reactivity to patient anti‐sera containing anti‐HLA antibodies was measured using platelet immunofluorescence tests (PIFTs) and monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigen (MAIPA) assays. Platelet function was measured using aggregometry and thromboelastography (TEG). Results: Acid treatment reduced detection of HLA Class‐I on platelets by 75%, with significant reductions in reactivity to patient anti‐sera. Acid treatment reduced platelet content and viability, increased platelet activation and accelerated metabolism. Glycan cleavage was increased by acid treatment. Treatment reduced platelet activation following agonist stimulation by ADP and TRAP‐6, but platelets remained functional, displaying increased aggregation response and reduced time to clot formation by TEG. Conclusion: Although HLA disruption had some detrimental effects, acid‐treated platelets remained functional, retaining their capacity to respond to agonists and form clots, and with further development could be used to support refractory patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To validate externally the QUiPP App v.2 algorithms in an independent cohort of high‐risk asymptomatic women attending a preterm birth (PTB) surveillance clinic in Ireland. Methods: This was a retrospective, single‐center, observational study assessing discrimination and calibration of the QUiPP App v.2 at six predetermined clinical timepoints (PTB at < 30, < 34 and < 37 weeks of pregnancy and PTB within 1, 2 and 4 weeks of testing). Discrimination was assessed by estimating the area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristics curve (AUC) and sensitivity at fixed false‐positive rates of 5%, 10% and 20%. Model calibration was assessed to evaluate the concordance between expected and observed outcomes. P‐values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. No adjustments for treatment effects were made. Results: Overall, 762 women with 1660 PTB surveillance clinic visits using the QUiPP App v.2 between 2019 and 2022 were analyzed. The study population included 142 (18.6%) patients who later experienced PTB. The QuiPP App's performance in the prediction of short‐term outcomes, such as birth within 1 week (AUC, 0.866 (95% CI, 0.755–0.955)), 2 weeks (AUC, 0.721 (95% CI, 0.569–0.854)) and 4 weeks (AUC, 0.775 (95% CI, 0.699–0.842)), and delivery at < 30 weeks (AUC, 0.747 (95% CI, 0.613–0.865)), was superior to its ability to predict longer‐term outcomes (PTB at < 37 weeks: AUC, 0.631 (95% CI, 0.596–0.668)). Calibration was generally good for low‐risk results, as the predicted risk in these patients tended to match the observed incidence. However, in women deemed to be at greater risk of PTB, the predicted probability superseded the observed incidence of PTB. Conclusions: The QUiPP App v.2 accurately discriminates women who are at short‐term risk of PTB. A 'treatment paradox' may influence calibration in high‐risk women. Further research is needed to ascertain if QuiPP treatment thresholds can be safely adjusted in women receiving prophylactic treatment to prevent PTB, and whether this improves the outcome. © 2024 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient‐reported outcomes measures (PROMs) are increasingly being collected within cancer clinical trials, yet limited literature on the feasibility and acceptability of doing so. Methods: We collected parent‐proxy and adolescent (≥12 years old) PROMs through a longitudinal, psychosocial sub‐study ('PRISM‐Impact') embedded in a precision medicine trial for children with poor prognosis cancer ('PRISM'). We report on feasibility (response, participation, and attrition rates; follow‐up and responding to elevated distress) and acceptability (parents' perceived benefit/burden of participation; and impact on decision to participate in PRISM) of PRISM‐Impact. Results: Over the reporting period, 462 families were eligible for PRISM‐Impact. Family and adolescent response rates were 53% and 45%, respectively. Parents whose child had relapsed were more likely to participate in PRISM‐Impact than parents whose child had not (p < 0.001). Parent and adolescent attrition rates were 30% and 56% respectively. We conducted 478 calls for intake and to follow‐up on missing questionnaires, and 122 calls to respond to elevated distress. Parents reported wanting to participate in PRISM‐Impact for altruistic reasons and because they valued psychosocial research. Parents reported little‐to‐no burden and some benefit from participating in PRISM‐Impact, with little change in ratings overtime. Most parents felt that participating in PRISM‐Impact did not impact their desire to participate in PRISM (72%), with some feeling more eager to participate (19%). Conclusions: PRISM‐Impact response rates were comparable to other psycho‐oncology studies, despite the poor prognosis population. Integration of PROMs within a paediatric oncology trial is acceptable to parents, and may provide a more comprehensive assessment of the impact of trial participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical trials of pharmacological candidates targeting the core features of autism have largely failed. This is despite evidence linking differences in multiple neurochemical systems to brain function in autism. While this has in part been explained by the heterogeneity of the autistic population, the field has largely relied upon association studies to link brain chemistry to function. The only way to directly establish that a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator is involved in a candidate brain function is to change it and observe a shift in that function. This experimental approach dominates preclinical neuroscience, but not human studies. There is little direct experimental evidence describing how neurochemical systems modulate information processing in the living human brain. Thus, our understanding of how neurochemical differences contribute to neurodiversity is limited, impeding our ability to translate findings from animal studies into humans. Here, we introduce our 'shiftability' paradigm, an approach to bridge the translational gap in autism research. We provide an overview of the guiding principles and methodologies we use to directly test the hypothesis that neurochemical systems function differently in autistic and non‐autistic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Point‐of‐care ultrasound is an invaluable bedside tool for anesthesiologists and has been integrated into anesthesiology residency training and board certification in the United States. Little is known about point‐of‐care ultrasound training practices in pediatric anesthesia fellowship programs. Aims: To describe the current state of point‐of‐care ultrasound education in pediatric anesthesia fellowship programs in the United States. Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional survey study distributed to 60 American Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education‐accredited pediatric anesthesia fellowship programs. Two programs were in their initial accreditation period and were excluded due to lack of historical data. Program directors or associate program directors were invited to complete this 23‐item survey. Results: Thirty‐three of fifty‐eight programs (57%) completed the survey. Of those, 15 programs (45%) reported having a point‐of‐care ultrasound curriculum. Programs with ≤3 fellows per year were less likely to have an ultrasound curriculum compared to programs with ≥4 fellows per year (30% programs 0–3 fellows/year vs. 69% programs ≥4 fellows/year, odds ratio 0.19 [95% confidence intervals 0.04–0.87]; p =.03). Program directors and associate program directors rated point‐of‐care ultrasound training as highly valuable to fellows' education. Barriers to use most commonly included lack of experience (64%), lack of oversight/interpretive guidance (58%), and lack of time (45%). Programs without point‐of‐care ultrasound training had significantly higher odds of listing lack of ultrasound access as a primary barrier (50% programs without vs. 13% programs with, odds ratio 6.5, [95% confidence intervals 1.3–50]; p =.04). Conclusions: This observational survey‐based study suggests that fewer than half of pediatric anesthesia training programs in the United States offer point‐of‐care ultrasound education. Additional research is needed to optimize this education and training in pediatric anesthesia fellowship programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different molecular classifications for gastric cancer (GC) have been proposed based on multi‐omics platforms with the long‐term goal of improved precision treatment. However, the GC (phospho)proteome remains incompletely characterized, particularly at the level of tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, previous multiomics‐based stratification of patient cohorts has lacked identification of corresponding cell line models and comprehensive validation of broad or subgroup‐selective therapeutic targets. To address these knowledge gaps, we applied a reverse approach, undertaking the most comprehensive (phospho)proteomic analysis of GC cell lines to date and cross‐validating this using publicly available data. Mass spectrometry (MS)‐based (phospho)proteomic and tyrosine phosphorylation datasets were subjected to individual or integrated clustering to identify subgroups that were subsequently characterized in terms of enriched molecular processes and pathways. Significant congruence was detected between cell line proteomic and specific patient‐derived transcriptomic subclassifications. Many protein kinases exhibiting 'outlier' expression or phosphorylation in the cell line dataset exhibited genomic aberrations in patient samples and association with poor prognosis, with casein kinase I isoform delta/epsilon (CSNK1D/E) being experimentally validated as potential therapeutic targets. Src family kinases were predicted to be commonly hyperactivated in GC cell lines, consistent with broad sensitivity to the next‐generation Src inhibitor eCF506. In addition, phosphoproteomic and integrative clustering segregated the cell lines into two subtypes, with epithelial–mesenchyme transition (EMT) and proliferation‐associated processes enriched in one, designated the EMT subtype, and metabolic pathways, cell–cell junctions, and the immune response dominating the features of the other, designated the metabolism subtype. Application of kinase activity prediction algorithms and interrogation of gene dependency and drug sensitivity databases predicted that the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) and dual specificity mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MAP2K2) represented potential therapeutic targets for the EMT and metabolism subtypes, respectively, and this was confirmed using selective inhibitors. Overall, our study provides novel, in‐depth insights into GC proteomics, kinomics, and molecular taxonomy and reveals potential therapeutic targets that could provide the basis for precision treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the potential of porous soft materials in various device technologies has increased in importance due to applications in fields, such as wearable electronics, medicine, and transient devices. However, understanding the 3‐dimensional architecture of porous soft materials at the microscale remains a challenge. Herein, we present a method to structurally analyze soft materials using Focused Ion Beam – Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB‐SEM) tomography. Two materials, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) membrane and pine wood veneer were chosen as test‐cases. FIB‐SEM was successfully used to reconstruct the true topography of these materials in 3D. Structural and physical properties were subsequently deduced from the rendered 3D models. The methodology used segmentation, coupled with optimized thresholding, image processing, and reconstruction protocols. The 3D models generated pore size distribution, pore inter‐connectivity, tortuosity, thickness, and curvature data. It was shown that FIB‐SEM tomography provides both an informative and visual depiction of structure. To evaluate and validate the FIB‐SEM reconstructions, porous properties were generated from the physical property analysis techniques, gas adsorption analysis using Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis. In general, the data obtained from the FIB‐SEM reconstructions was well‐matched with the physical data. Research Highlights: Porous specimens of both synthetic and biological nature, a poly(methyl methacrylate) membrane and a pine veneer respectively, are reconstructed via FIB‐SEM tomography without resin‐embedding.Different thresholding and reconstruction methods are explored whereby shadowing artifacts are present with the aid of free open‐source software.Reconstruction data is compared to physical data: MIP, gas adsorption isotherms which are analyzed via BET and Barrett‐Joyner‐Halenda (BJH) analysis to yield a full picture of the materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe patients with NSAID‐DILI, including genetic factors associated with idiosyncratic DILI. Methods: In DILIN, subjects with presumed DILI are enrolled and followed for at least 6 months. Causality is adjudicated by a Delphic approach. HLA sequencing of multiethnic NSAID‐DILI patients and HLA allele imputation of matching population controls were performed following overall, class and drug‐based association analysis. Significant results were tested in a non‐Hispanic White (NHW) case–control replication cohort. Results: Between September 2004 and March 2022, causality was adjudicated in 2498, and 55 (41 [75%] women) were assessed as likely due to NSAIDs. Median age at onset was 55 y (range 22–83 y). Diclofenac was the causative drug in 29, celecoxib in 7, ibuprofen in 5, etodolac and meloxicam each in 4. Except for meloxicam and oxaprozin (n = 2), the liver injury was hepatocellular with median R 15–25. HLA‐DRB1*04:03 and HLA‐B*35:03 were significantly more frequent in NSAID‐DILI patients than in non‐NSAID DILI controls. Interestingly, 85% of the HLA‐DRB1*04:03 carriers developed DILI due to the use of acetic acid derivative NSAIDs, supporting the hypothesis that HLA‐DRB1*04:03 could be a drug and/or class risk factor. HLA‐B*35:03 but not HLA‐DRB1*04:03 association was confirmed in the independent NHW replication cohort, which was largely driven by diclofenac. Conclusions: Despite prevalent use, NSAID‐DILI is infrequent in the United States. Diclofenac is the most commonly implicated, and adherence to warnings of risk and close observation are recommended. The increased frequency of HLA‐B*35:03 and DRB1*04:03, driven by diclofenac, suggests the importance of immune‐mediated responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As more pediatric patients become candidates for heart transplantation (HT), understanding pathological predictors of outcome and the accuracy of the pretransplantation evaluation are important to optimize utilization of scarce donor organs and improve outcomes. The authors aimed to investigate explanted heart specimens to identify pathologic predictors that may affect cardiac allograft survival after HT. Methods: Explanted pediatric hearts obtained over an 11‐year period were analyzed to understand the patient demographics, indications for transplant, and the clinical–pathological factors. Results: In this study, 149 explanted hearts, 46% congenital heart defects (CHD), were studied. CHD patients were younger and mean pulmonary artery pressure and resistance were significantly lower than in cardiomyopathy patients. Twenty‐one died or underwent retransplantation (14.1%). Survival was significantly higher in the cardiomyopathy group at all follow‐up intervals. There were more deaths and the 1‐, 5‐ and 7‐year survival was lower in patients ≤10 years of age at HT. Early rejection was significantly higher in CHD patients exposed to homograft tissue, but not late rejection. Mortality/retransplantation rate was significantly higher and allograft survival lower in CHD hearts with excessive fibrosis of one or both ventricles. Anatomic diagnosis at pathologic examination differed from the clinical diagnosis in eight cases. Conclusions: Survival was better for the cardiomyopathy group and patients >10 years at HT. Prior homograft use was associated with a higher prevalence of early rejection. Ventricular fibrosis (of explant) was a strong predictor of outcome in the CHD group. We presented several pathologic findings in explanted pediatric hearts. This study describes a large single‐center experience on the various pathologies encountered in the explanted heart specimens in the pediatric age group to identify possible pathologic predictors of outcome that could potentially influence pretransplant and/or posttransplant management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Australian Red Cross Lifeblood (Lifeblood) performs human erythrocyte antigen (HEA) genotyping for a subset of repeat whole‐blood donors through preferential selection which aims to maximise variation of results and possibility of identifying donors lacking high frequency red cell antigens. Materials and Methods: The HEA Molecular Bead chip™ assay is used by Lifeblood for donor genotyping. A review of all donor HEA genotype data from March 2019 to May 2022 (3 years) was conducted. Results: HEA genotyping was performed for 20,185donors. Due to selective genotyping of donors, a higher frequency of R1R1 predicted phenotype was identified. However, frequencies of other red cell phenotypes were relatively similar to previous reported in the Australian population. A small number of donors with rare red cell phenotypes was identified. Conclusion: Genotyping of blood donors provides an available pool of extended matched red blood cell products for matching to recipients. Additionally genotyping can improve the identification of donors with rare phenotypes. Whilst limitations exist, genotyping may reduce the need for labour intensive serotyping, improve blood inventory management, and may be useful in donor recruitment and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: N‐(‐9 acridinyl)‐b‐alanine hydrochloride (S‐300) is the main byproduct of red blood cell (RBC) amustaline/glutathione(GSH) pathogen reduction, currently undergoing phase III US clinical trials following successful European studies(1–3). Phosphatidylinositol glycan, class A (Pig‐a) X‐linked gene mutagenesis is a validated mammalian in vivo mutation assay for genotoxicity, assessed as clonal loss of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐linked CD59 cell‐surface molecules on reticulocytes (RETs) and RBCs. Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats received continuous infusion of S‐300 up to the maximum feasible dose (240 mg/kg/day—limited by solubility and volume) for 28 days. Positive controls received a known mutagen by oral gavage on Days 1–3. Plasma levels of S‐300 were assessed by HPLC before, during and after infusion. CD59‐negative RBCs and RETs were enumerated in pre‐dose and Day 28 samples, using a flow cytometric method. Outcome was evaluated by predetermined criteria using concurrent and historical controls. Toxicity was assessed by laboratory measures and necropsy. Results: S‐300 reached maximum, dose‐dependent levels (3–15 μmol/L) within 2–8 h that were sustained for 672 h and undetectable 2 h after infusion. Circulating RET levels indicated a lack of hematopoietic toxicity. Necropsy revealed minimal‐mild observations related to poor S‐300 solubility at high concentrations. Pig‐a assessment met the preset acceptability criteria and revealed no increase in mutant RBCs or RETs. Conclusions: Maximum feasible S‐300 exposure of rats by continuous infusion for 28 days was not genotoxic as assessed by an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development‐compliant, mammalian, in vivo Pig‐a gene mutation assay that meets the requirements of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) S2(R1) and FDA guidances on genotoxicity testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When an academic paper is published in a journal that assigns a digital object identifier (DOI) to papers, this is a de facto fait accompli. Corrections or retractions are supposed to follow a specific protocol, especially in journals that claim to follow the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines. In this paper, we highlight a case of a new, fully open access neuroscience journal that claims to be COPE‐compliant, yet has silently retracted two papers since all records, bibliometrics, and PDF files related to their existence have been deleted from the journal's website. Although this phenomenon does not seem to be common in the neurosciences, we consider that any opaque corrective measures in journals whose papers could be cited may negatively impact the wider neuroscience literature and community. Instead, we encourage transparency in retraction to promote truthfulness and trustworthiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative diversity‐invasion relationship observed in microbial invasion studies is commonly explained by competition between the invader and resident populations. However, whether this relationship is affected by invader‐resident cooperative interactions is unknown. Using ecological and mathematical approaches, we examined the survival and functionality of Aminobacter niigataensis MSH1 to mineralize 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide (BAM), a groundwater micropollutant affecting drinking water production, in sand microcosms when inoculated together with synthetic assemblies of resident bacteria. The assemblies varied in richness and in strains that interacted pairwise with MSH1, including cooperative and competitive interactions. While overall, the negative diversity‐invasion relationship was retained, residents engaging in cooperative interactions with the invader had a positive impact on MSH1 survival and functionality, highlighting the dependency of invasion success on community composition. No correlation existed between community richness and the delay in BAM mineralization by MSH1. The findings suggest that the presence of cooperative residents can alleviate the negative diversity‐invasion relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate warming can cause arthropods to express plastic and/or evolved changes in morphology. Previous studies have demonstrated that body sizes of Arctic butterflies are influenced by the temperatures experienced as larvae. To investigate whether this was occurring among Alaskan butterflies, we analyzed temporal trends in the wing sizes of three Holarctic species, Colias hecla, Boloria chariclea and Boloria freija, using museum specimens collected in Arctic tundra regions of Alaska between 1971 and 1995. Wing length was compared to accumulated growing degree days (GDD) during both the spring of the year collected and the previous year's summer during the normal period of larval development. We used mixed‐effects models to test if spring and summer temperatures affected adult morphology. Results show that for every 1°C increase in average seasonal temperature, wingspans decreased between 0.7 and 5 mm, with B. freija the most strongly affected. Our results suggest that the morphological sensitivity of Arctic butterflies to warming is the outcome of interactions between life‐history traits and regional climate, with all species sensitive to warming the summer before the flight year as well as warming the spring of the flight year. Boloria freija, which overwinters as late instar larvae that do not feed before pupation the following spring, was particularly strongly affected by summer warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mighei‐like carbonaceous (CM) chondrites have been altered to various extents by water–rock reactions on their parent asteroid(s). This aqueous processing has destroyed much of the primary mineralogy of these meteorites, and the degree of alteration is highly heterogeneous at both the macroscale and nanoscale. Many CM meteorites are also heavily brecciated juxtaposing clasts with different alteration histories. Here we present results from the fine‐grained team consortium study of the Winchcombe meteorite, a recent CM chondrite fall that is a breccia and contains eight discrete lithologies that span a range of petrologic subtypes (CM2.0–2.6) that are suspended in a cataclastic matrix. Coordinated multitechnique, multiscale analyses of this breccia reveal substantial heterogeneity in the extent of alteration, even in highly aqueously processed lithologies. Some lithologies exhibit the full range and can comprise nearly unaltered coarse‐grained primary components that are found directly alongside other coarse‐grained components that have experienced complete pseudomorphic replacement by secondary minerals. The preservation of the complete alteration sequence and pseudomorph textures showing tochilinite–cronstedtite intergrowths are replacing carbonates suggest that CMs may be initially more carbonate rich than previously thought. This heterogeneity in aqueous alteration extent is likely due to a combination of microscale variability in permeability and water/rock ratio generating local microenvironments as has been established previously. Nevertheless, some of the disequilibrium mineral assemblages observed, such as hydrous minerals juxtaposed with surviving phases that are typically more fluid susceptible, can only be reconciled by multiple generations of alteration, disruption, and reaccretion of the CM parent body at the grain scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Winchcombe meteorite is a CM chondrite breccia composed of eight distinct lithological units plus a cataclastic matrix. The degree of aqueous alteration varies between intensely altered CM2.0 and moderately altered CM2.6. Although no lithology dominates, three heavily altered rock types (CM2.1–2.3) represent >70 area%. Tochilinite–cronstedtite intergrowths (TCIs) are common in several lithologies. Their compositions can vary significantly, even within a single lithology, which can prevent a clear assessment of alteration extent if only TCI composition is considered. We suggest that this is due to early alteration under localized geochemical microenvironments creating a diversity of compositions and because later reprocessing was incomplete, leaving a record of the parent body's fluid history. In Winchcombe, the fragments of primary accretionary rock are held within a cataclastic matrix (~15 area%). This material is impact‐derived fallback debris. Its grain size and texture suggest that the disruption of the original parent asteroid responded by intergranular fracture at grain sizes <100 μm, while larger phases, such as whole chondrules, splintered apart. Re‐accretion formed a poorly lithified body. During atmospheric entry, the Winchcombe meteoroid broke apart with new fractures preferentially cutting through the weaker cataclastic matrix and separating the breccia into its component clasts. The strength of the cataclastic matrix imparts a control on the survival of CM chondrite meteoroids. Winchcombe's unweathered state and diversity of lithologies make it an ideal sample for exploring the geological history of the CM chondrite group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Precision medicine is transforming cancer treatment, yet the perspectives of surgeons who often play a critical role in the delivery of precision medicine remain understudied. Methods: We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 13 surgeons involved in a precision medicine trial for children with poor prognosis cancer. We explored knowledge of genetics, confidence with somatic and germline results, ratings of benefit to stakeholders and willingness to undertake surgical procedures. Results: Surgeons generally had positive attitudes towards precision medicine but expressed concerns about families' unrealistic expectations, mixed opinions on the benefits and the use of research‐only biopsies. Most surgeons rated their genetics knowledge as 'good' (69%) and felt 'very confident' in identifying genetic specialists (66%), but 'not confident' (66.6%) in making treatment recommendations. Surgeons' willingness to undertake a procedure was influenced by potential patient benefit. Conclusions: Our findings support the need for more workforce and training support for surgeons to fully engage with precision medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demand for sustainable and environmentally conscious practices continues to grow, recycled plastics have become increasingly popular for plastics manufacturers. However, reprocessing these materials can result in inconsistencies in both process and product quality, leading to a loss in mechanical properties. To address this issue, this work investigates the injection molding of recycled and virgin polypropylene (PP). Using a multi‐cavity hot runner mold, correlations between processing parameters, such as melt temperature, mold temperature, pack pressure, soak time, and mechanical properties, were systematically investigated. A multivariate analysis approach was used to model the variables for each material. Results indicated significant correlations between processing, mechanical properties, and morphology. In particular, for the PP, the melt temperature affected the formation of β‐crystals and their transition to α‐crystals upon tensile testing. Different morphology was observed for the recycled polypropylene (rPP), in which crystallization was affected by polyethylene (PE) contamination. The results discuss the injection molding polymer, structure, and properties, relationship providing an approach to understanding and optimizing the mechanical properties of rPP. Highlights: Polyethylene contamination in polypropylene significantly influences crystallinity.Recycling contamination reduces the polypropylene's ability to form β crystals.Virgin polypropylene mechanical properties can be tailored through processing conditions.Recycled polypropylene mechanical properties suffer at higher temperatures and residence times.Polypropylene α/β morphologies can be visualized after mechanical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This issue of Meteoritics & Planetary Science celebrates the science of the Winchcombe meteorite, which fell to Earth on the 28th February 2021 close to the town of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On February 28, 2021, a fireball dropped ∼0.6 kg of recovered CM2 carbonaceous chondrite meteorites in South‐West England near the town of Winchcombe. We reconstruct the fireball's atmospheric trajectory, light curve, fragmentation behavior, and pre‐atmospheric orbit from optical records contributed by five networks. The progenitor meteoroid was three orders of magnitude less massive (∼13 kg) than any previously observed carbonaceous fall. The Winchcombe meteorite survived entry because it was exposed to a very low peak atmospheric dynamic pressure (∼0.6 MPa) due to a fortuitous combination of entry parameters, notably low velocity (13.9 km s−1). A near‐catastrophic fragmentation at ∼0.07 MPa points to the body's fragility. Low entry speeds which cause low peak dynamic pressures are likely necessary conditions for a small carbonaceous meteoroid to survive atmospheric entry, strongly constraining the radiant direction to the general antapex direction. Orbital integrations show that the meteoroid was injected into the near‐Earth region ∼0.08 Myr ago and it never had a perihelion distance smaller than ∼0.7 AU, while other CM2 meteorites with known orbits approached the Sun closer (∼0.5 AU) and were heated to at least 100 K higher temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Winchcombe meteorite fell on February 28, 2021 and was the first recovered meteorite fall in the UK for 30 years, and the first UK carbonaceous chondrite. The meteorite was widely observed by meteor camera networks, doorbell cameras, and eyewitnesses, and 213.5 g (around 35% of the final recovered mass) was collected quickly—within 12 h—of its fall. It, therefore, represents an opportunity to study very pristine extra‐terrestrial material and requires appropriate careful curation. The meteorite fell in a narrow (600 m across) strewn field ~8.5 km long and oriented approximately east–west, with the largest single fragment at the farthest (east) end in the town of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire. Of the total known mass of 602 g, around 525 g is curated at the Natural History Museum, London. A sample analysis plan was devised within a month of the fall to enable scientists in the UK and beyond to quickly access and analyze fresh material. The sample is stored long term in a nitrogen atmosphere glove box. Preliminary macroscopic and electron microscopic examinations show it to be a CM2 chondrite, and despite an early search, no fragile minerals, such as halite, sulfur, etc., were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winchcombe is a CM chondrite that fell in England on February 28, 2021. Its rapid retrieval was well characterized. Within two polished sections of Winchcombe, terrestrial phases were observed. Calcite and calcium sulfates were found in a sample recovered from a field on March 6, 2021, and halite was observed on a sample months after its recovery from a driveway on March 2, 2021. These terrestrial phases were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Calcite veins crosscut the fusion crust and therefore postdate it. The calcite likely precipitated in the damp environment (sheep field) where the meteorite lay for six days prior to its retrieval. The sulfates occur on the edges of the sample and were identified as three minerals: gypsum, bassanite, and anhydrite. Given that the sulfates occur only on the sample's edges, including on top of the fusion crust, they formed after Winchcombe fell. Sulfate precipitation is attributed to the damp fall environment, likely resulted from sulfide‐derived H2S reacting with calcite within the meteorite. Halite occurs as euhedral crystals only on the surface of a polished section and exclusively in areas relatively enriched in sodium. It was likely produced by the interaction of the polished rock slice with the humid laboratory air over a period of months. The sulfates, fusion crust calcite, and halite all post‐date Winchcombe's entry into the Earth's atmosphere and showcase how rapidly meteorite falls can be terrestrially altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusion crusts form during the atmospheric entry heating of meteorites and preserve a record of the conditions that occurred during deceleration in the atmosphere. The fusion crust of the Winchcombe meteorite closely resembles that of other stony meteorites, and in particular CM2 chondrites, since it is dominated by olivine phenocrysts set in a glassy mesostasis with magnetite, and is highly vesicular. Dehydration cracks are unusually abundant in Winchcombe. Failure of this weak layer is an additional ablation mechanism to produce large numbers of particles during deceleration, consistent with the observation of pulses of plasma in videos of the Winchcombe fireball. Calving events might provide an observable phenomenon related to meteorites that are particularly susceptible to dehydration. Oscillatory zoning is observed within olivine phenocrysts in the fusion crust, in contrast to other meteorites, perhaps owing to temperature fluctuations resulting from calving events. Magnetite monolayers are found in the crust, and have also not been previously reported, and form discontinuous strata. These features grade into magnetite rims formed on the external surface of the crust and suggest the trapping of surface magnetite by collapse of melt. Magnetite monolayers may be a feature of meteorites that undergo significant degassing. Silicate warts with dendritic textures were observed and are suggested to be droplets ablated from another stone in the shower. They, therefore, represent the first evidence for intershower transfer of ablation materials and are consistent with the other evidence in the Winchcombe meteorite for unusually intense gas loss and ablation, despite its low entry velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to synthesise the evidence of older persons' experiences of frailty. Background: The world's population is ageing with those aged over 60 years expected to total 2 billion by 2050. Although not exclusive to ageing, there is a higher prevalence of frailty in older adults, with corresponding demand for related healthcare. While definitions of frailty are debated, there is emerging consensus that sole reliance on biomedical conceptualisations is inadequate to capture the complex needs of older persons living with frailty. In addition, the voices of older persons have largely been excluded from frailty discourses. There is a consequent need for an expanded approach. Methods: A meta‐synthesis was conducted of the literature on older persons' experiences of frailty. CINAHL, Medline, Embase and ASSIA databases were systematically searched up to January 2024. Reference lists of retrieved sources and grey literature were also searched. Studies were independently evaluated for inclusion by two reviewers using predetermined inclusion criteria. Included studies were quality appraised using a standardised tool, and extracted data were thematically analysed and synthesised. Results: Eight hundred and thirteen studies were identified as potentially relevant. Following title and abstract review, 52 studies were selected for full‐text review. Thirty‐four studies were subsequently excluded as they did not address the systematic review question, leaving 17 included in the final review. An additional two studies were identified via grey literature sources. Older persons' experiences of frailty were synthesised with reference to three themes: (i) living with frailty: a multidimensional experience; (ii) living with frailty: acceptability and associations; and (iii) living with frailty: resisting and adapting and losing control. Conclusions: Older persons' experiences of frailty revealed a resistance to the biomedical use of the term generally used in clinical practice. Instead, a more nuanced and multidimensional understanding of frailty was identified in the experiences of older persons. Implications for Practice: Health and social care personnel should therefore consider an expanded approach in practice that incorporates the perspective of older people who strive to maintain independence and control when living with frailty. Doing so may enhance shared understanding and person‐centred care planning between older persons and professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]