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Introduction Methods Results Conclusions The objective of this study was to describe the clinical features, treatments and outcomes of dogs with iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) molluscicide ingestion. We aimed to identify potential predictors of serum iron concentration >54 μmol/L; a cut‐off recommended for initiating treatment of human iron toxicosis.Medical records across four veterinary hospitals (2013–2019) for dogs with known or suspected iron EDTA molluscicide ingestion were reviewed for signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathological data, treatment regimens and outcomes. Clinical signs of dogs with serum iron concentrations either below or above a cut‐off of 54 μmol/L were compared using Fisher's exact test. Association between serum iron and urine discolouration was tested using logistic regression.Seventy‐three dogs were included. The most frequent characteristic was abnormal faeces (n = 47, 64%) as determined by rectal examination, with more dogs that had serum iron >54 μmol/L showing this clinical sign (24/35), compared to dogs with serum iron <54 μmol/L (4/13) (P = 0.025). Clinicopathologic abnormalities included increased base excess (n = 20/49, 20%), hyperglycaemia (n = 13/57, 23%) and hyperlactataemia (n = 12/57, 21%). Fifty‐four dogs received deferoxamine chelation (74%), during which 25/42 (60%) dogs had discoloured urine despite all dogs having subsequent iron concentrations <54 μmol/L. Admission serum iron concentration was associated with urine discolouration during hospitalisation (odds ratio 1.046, 95% confidence interval 1.008–1.107, P = 0.011). Sixty‐nine dogs (95%) survived to discharge, with 10 dogs (14%) transferred to another veterinarian.Iron EDTA molluscicide ingestion caused predominantly gastrointestinal clinical signs, and abnormal faeces, as well as urine discolouration during chelation therapy, which may indicate an elevation of serum iron concentration on presentation. Outcome was excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Levetiracetam (LEV) is an anti‐epileptic drug used extra‐label in dogs. Commercially available extended‐release formulations (LEV‐ER), administered twice daily, cannot be crushed or split, limiting their use in small dogs. A compounded LEV‐ER formulation (PO‐COMP) can purportedly be partitioned without loss of extended‐release properties. The aims of this study were to establish the pharmacokinetic parameters of PO‐COMP, divided at the tablet score, and determine the bioequivalence of partitioned PO‐COMP to an intact commercially available Food and Drug Administration‐approved human oral generic formulation of LEV‐ER (PO‐COMM). In a randomized crossover design, 12 healthy dogs received a single IV dose (30 mg/kg) of IV‐COMM, a single oral dose (500 mg) of intact PO‐COMM, or a single oral dose (500 mg) of partitioned PO‐COMP and underwent serial measurement of plasma LEV concentrations over 24 h. PO‐COMP was bioequivalent to PO‐COMM using the 90% confidence interval method for maximum concentration (−3.2% difference [CI −7.4% to −1.1%]) and area under the curve (−14.4% difference [CI −17.8% to 10.8%]). PO‐COMP may improve medication adherence and seizure control relative to immediate‐release LEV, which requires three times daily dosing. Efficacy studies of PO‐COMP are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Knowledge about primary hypoadrenocorticism coexisting with immune‐mediated thyroiditis (Schmidt's syndrome) in dogs is limited.To evaluate thyroid function in dogs with naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism before and during treatment.Sixty‐six client‐owned dogs.Measurement of canine thyroid stimulating hormone (cTSH), total thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine, and autoantibodies against thyroglobulin, T4, and total triiodothyronine.Thirty‐eight dogs were assessed before and 28 during treatment. Follow‐up data were available for 24/38 and 17/28 dogs, with median follow‐up duration of 3.8 years (range, <1.0‐8.8 years) and 4 years (range, 1.1 weeks to 10.5 years), respectively. Canine thyroid stimulating hormone was above the reference range at the time of diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in 10 of 38 dogs but decreased into the reference range in 7 for which follow‐up data was available. Hypothyroidism was confirmed in 5 dogs at a median age of 11 years (range, 7‐15 years). In 4 dogs, the condition was diagnosed after a median treatment duration of 5.75 years (range, 2.6‐10 years), while in 1 dog, the diagnosis was made concurrently. One dog had detectable thyroid autoantibodies.Hypothyroidism occurs as a rare concurrent condition in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism, potentially at any phase of treatment. Close monitoring of cTSH levels in these dogs could be beneficial, as early changes might indicate the onset of hypothyroidism. The low prevalence of detectable thyroid autoantibodies suggests that nonimmune mechanisms might contribute to thyroid dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Pre‐metastatic niche (PMN) formation is essential for metastatic development and drives organotropism. Tumour‐derived extracellular vesicles and soluble factors remodel the microenvironment of distant metastatic organs before subsequent metastasis. Dogs with osteosarcoma (OS) have proven to be excellent disease models for their human companions. Here, we show evidence of PMN formation in dogs with OS before metastasis. We necropsied and sampled lung tissues from dogs with naturally occurring treatment‐naïve OS (n = 15) and control dogs without cancer (n = 10). We further divided dogs with OS into those having lung metastases (n = 5) and those without (n = 10). We stained formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues using multiplex immunofluorescence to quantify the number of bone marrow‐derived cells, monocytes and macrophages in the lung samples from each dog. The numbers of CD204+ macrophages, CD206+ macrophages and monocytes and CD11d+ bone marrow‐derived cells (BMDCs) were significantly higher in the pre‐metastatic lung of dogs with OS (n = 10) than in control dogs without cancer (n = 10). Furthermore, the total nucleated cell (DAPI+) density was higher before metastasis than in healthy lungs. In dogs with established metastases, the number of CD11d+ BMDCs was significantly lower than in the pre‐metastatic lung, suggesting this recruitment is transient. Our study provides evidence of PMN existence in a naturally occurring cancer model similar to those observed in pre‐clinical murine models. BMDCs are recruited to the lungs before metastases have developed. Dogs with OS may represent ideal candidates for assessing new PMN‐targeting therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs interact with humans effectively and intimately. However, the neural underpinnings for such interspecies social communication are not understood. It is known that interbrain activity coupling, i.e., the synchronization of neural activity between individuals, represents the neural basis of social interactions. Here, previously unknown cross‐species interbrain activity coupling in interacting human–dog dyads is reported. By analyzing electroencephalography signals from both dogs and humans, it is found that mutual gaze and petting induce interbrain synchronization in the frontal and parietal regions of the human–dog dyads, respectively. The strength of the synchronization increases with growing familiarity of the human–dog dyad over five days, and the information flow analysis suggests that the human is the leader while the dog is the follower during human–dog interactions. Furthermore, dogs with Shank3 mutations, which represent a promising complementary animal model of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), show a loss of interbrain coupling and reduced attention during human–dog interactions. Such abnormalities are rescued by the psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). The results reveal previously unknown interbrain synchronizations within an interacting human–dog dyad which may underlie the interspecies communication, and suggest a potential of LSD for the amelioration of social impairment in patients with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional analyses are used to assess maintaining variables of behavior. Despite the large amount of research on functional analyses with humans, there are limited examples with nonhumans and even fewer studies incorporating modifications to standard methods of assessment with nonhumans. One modification that has yet to be evaluated with nonhuman animals is the trial‐based functional analysis in which control and test conditions are embedded in naturalistic environments. This study compared a standard functional analysis with a trial‐based functional analysis across different topographies of problem behavior with dogs. The results of the functional analyses corresponded for every dog. Individualized treatments were designed to reduce problem behavior. Implications of the trial‐based functional analysis include feasibility for privately owned dogs and dogs under the care of shelters. The trial‐based functional analysis offers a modification to established functional analyses that may allow increased access to the assessment of problem behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animal studied Procedure Results Conclusions To analyze bacterial isolates associated with canine bacterial keratitis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Korea, focusing on multidrug resistance (MDR) and identifying effective antibiotic combinations for clinical treatment.A total of 146 dogs diagnosed with suspected bacterial keratitis between October 2022 and October 2023 in Korea, with 157 eye samples collected for analysis.Eye samples were cultured to isolate bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Bacterial identification was conducted using Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight (MALDI‐TOF). The study assessed the efficacy of individual antibiotics and combination therapies.Bacteria were isolated in 55.4% of the samples. The most common genera were Staphylococcus species (48.5%, 48/99), Streptococcus species (13.1%, 13/99), Pseudomonas species (9.1%, 9/99), and Escherichia coli (9.1%, 9/99). Amikacin (84.8%) showed the highest antibiotic susceptibility, while doxycycline exhibited the lowest (17.2%). The most effective antibiotic combinations were amikacin‐moxifloxacin (93%). MDR isolates accounted for 52.5% (52/99) of the total bacterial samples.Staphylococcus species were the most common isolates, with 52.5% showing MDR, underscoring the need to curb antibiotic misuse. While antibiotics like amikacin demonstrated high susceptibility rates, their use should be reserved for resistant infections to prevent further resistance development. Rather than focusing solely on finding effective combinations of antibiotics, it is crucial to consider alternative treatment strategies that offer more sustainable solutions. Rather than relying on antibiotic combinations, attention should shift to sustainable alternatives to treat bacterial keratitis and reduce antibiotic dependence in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is increasing interest in the incorporation of animal‐assisted services (AAS) in therapy for adults with acquired neurogenic communication disorders. AAS have the potential to enhance speech and language therapy engagement and outcomes. However, a greater understanding of the nature and potential benefits of these interventions is needed. Aims: To describe the existing evidence for the incorporation of AAS in therapy with adults with acquired neurogenic communication disorders and to identify areas for future research. Methods & Procedures: A scoping review was conducted and reported in alignment with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses checklist extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA‐ScR). Seven databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science) and grey literature (Google) were searched. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts against eligibility criteria using Covidence software. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist guided extraction of intervention data. Main Contributions: A total of 17 studies with adults with aphasia, apraxia of speech and cognitive–communication disorders were included. While terminology varied, most interventions met the definition of animal‐assisted therapy or animal‐assisted activity and used therapy dogs. Across studies, a range of outcomes were targeted, and positive benefits were reported for participant mood, emotions, motivation and satisfaction. There were mixed, but mostly positive, benefits on social behaviour, communication and participation. Conclusions & Implications: AAS has been incorporated in therapy for adults with acquired neurogenic communication disorders, predominately with people with dementia. Across studies, communication impairments and AAS interventions were insufficiently or inconsistently described. Improved reporting would assist understanding of the potential benefits of AAS as an adjunct therapy. A quality appraisal of existing studies, and meta‐analysis of findings, is needed to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of AAS as a complementary therapy for people with acquired neurogenic communication disorders. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject: There is increasing interest and research in AAS as an adjunct to traditional speech and language therapy. Several clinical populations have been shown to benefit from the incorporation of AAS as a complementary therapy approach, including adults with acquired neurogenic communication disorders. To date there has not been a comprehensive review of literature in the area. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: This review aimed to describe what is known about AAS as an adjunct intervention for adults with acquired neurogenic communication disorders. A total of 17 studies were identified, the majority conducted with people living with dementia. Overall, consistent positive benefits of AAS were reported on participant mood, positive emotions, motivation, and satisfaction. There were mixed, but mostly positive, benefits of AAS on social behaviour, including both verbal and non‐verbal communication outcomes, and participation. What are the practical and clinical implications of this work?: These results suggest a potential therapeutic benefit for the inclusion of AAS into traditional modalities used by speech–language therapists with people with acquired neurogenic communication disorders. However, clinicians should view these findings with caution. Studies were often insufficiently or inconsistently reported, and a quality appraisal and meta‐analysis of existing studies would be needed to draw clear conclusions on the effectiveness of AAS as a complementary approach for people with acquired neurogenic communication disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oclacitinib is a novel Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that potently inhibits JAK1‐dependent cytokines involved in allergy, inflammation, and pruritus (IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐13, and IL‐31). Oclacitinib (Apoquel®, Zoetis Inc, Parsippany, NJ) is approved for the treatment/control of pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis and treatment/control of clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis in dogs at least 12 months of age. To evaluate the effectiveness of oclacitinib in dogs with flea allergy dermatitis, the JAK1 selective inhibitor was tested in a placebo‐controlled, masked, single‐dose (0.4 mg/kg) or repeat‐dose (0.4 mg/kg, twice daily for 2 weeks) study. Pruritic behaviors were quantitated by video recording, and erythema and skin lesions were assessed using a 10‐cm visual analog scale (VAS). Results showed that oclacitinib reduced pruritus by 61% as early as 1.5 h after a single oral dose compared to placebo, with an average reduction (compared to placebo) of 85% 1–5 h after dosing (0.4 mg/kg; p <.0001). Oclacitinib also significantly reduced erythema (p <.0001) and skin lesion (p <.0005) VAS scores on Day 14 compared to placebo in a repeat dose study. No adverse events were noted during the conduct of these studies. IL‐31 concentrations were elevated in the majority of dogs after flea infestation, suggesting JAK1‐dependent cytokines may drive clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis. These findings show that oclacitinib, an inhibitor of JAK1‐dependent cytokines involved in allergy and inflammation can rapidly reduce clinical signs associated with flea allergic dermatitis in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative diets for pets have gained attention in recent years due to concerns about sustainability and environmental impact. One emerging option is the inclusion of edible insects in pet food. This study aimed to survey dog (DO) and cat (CO) owners regarding their willingness to feed insect‐based pet food (IBPF) to their pets and to identify potential motivating factors. A total of 435 valid responses were evaluated, with 66% being DO and 58% CO. Of those, 24% owned both dogs and cats. About half of DO (52%) and 62% of CO were positive about IBPF. CO had a higher acceptance of IBPF than DO (p < 0.05). Moreover, both DO and CO showed a significant increase in acceptance if IBPF has been proven to provide sustainable and nutritional benefits (p < 0.01). CO adhering to a specific diet themselves showed a significantly higher acceptance of IBPF (p < 0.05), however it was independent of the type of diet. Additionally, 32% of DO and 34% of CO reported prior experience with eating edible insects themselves, and a positive entomophagy experience increased DO's (p = 0.108) and CO's (p < 0.01) acceptance of IBPF. Furthermore, the interest in entomophagy resulted in increased acceptance of IBPF by both DO and CO who had not yet tried insects (p < 0.01). In conclusion, pet owners demonstrated a favourable perception of IBPF and showed a willingness to incorporate these products into their pets' diets. CO displayed a more positive perception compared to DO, suggesting a beneficial focus on the feline niche. To enhance overall acceptance, emphasizing sustainability and conducting further research to establish the nutritional benefits of IBPF are crucial. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for pet food manufacturers and marketers to develop strategies and products aligned with the preferences and needs of pet owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3‐year‐old crossbreed dog (case 1) and a 3‐month‐old German Shorthaired Pointer (case 2) were presented for acute signs of encephalopathy. A portosystemic shunt (PSS) was suspected based on clinical context and laboratory exam results and was confirmed on computed tomography (CT) angiography in both cases. A left‐sided azygos (case 1) and right‐sided azygos (case 2) continuation of an interrupted caudal vena cava (CVC) and a situs ambiguous (SA) were also observed and considered as incidental findings. Both dogs underwent PSS surgical correction. Postsurgical follow‐up imaging procedures suggested concomitant primary hypoplasia of the portal vein (PHPV) in both cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the possibility of vertical alveolar ridge augmentation by means of activation of the periosteum. Materials and Methods: Six adult male Beagle dogs were used for the study. All premolars and first molars were extracted, and one vertical saucer‐shaped bony defect was created on each side of the mandible. After 3 months of healing, full‐thickness muco‐periosteal flaps were elevated, and one distraction device was placed on each side of the mandible. The distraction plate was left submerged, and the activation mechanism connected to the distraction rod was exposed intra‐orally. The protocol of periosteal activation (PP: periosteal 'pumping') was initiated after a latency of 7 days. The alternation of activation and relaxation at the rate of 0.35 mm/12 h during 5 days was followed by the sole activation of 0.35 mm/12 h for 5 days (PP group). Devices were left inactivated on the contralateral control side of the mandible (C group). All animals were euthanized after 8 weeks of consolidation. Samples were analysed histologically and by means of micro‐CT. Results: New mature lamellar bone was formed over the pristine bone in all groups. More intensive signs of bone modelling and remodelling were observed in the PP group compared to the C group. Mean new bone, bone marrow, connective tissue and total volumetric densities were greater in the PP group (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). No differences were observed in the relative area parameters. Total tissue volume and bone volume were higher in the PP group (p = 0.031 and p = 0.076, respectively), while the bone mineral densities were higher in the C group (p = 0.041 and p = 0.003, respectively). Trabecular number, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation values were similar between the two groups. Conclusions: Regeneration of vertical alveolar bone ridge defects may be enhanced by activation of the periosteum, without the application of bone grafting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most prevalent subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in domestic dogs, with many similarities to its human counterpart. The progression of the disease is rapid, and treatment must be initiated early to achieve cancer remission and extend life. This study examined the relationship between progression‐free survival (PFS) and microRNA (miRNA) expression in dogs with DLBCL. miRNAs are small non‐coding RNA molecules that typically regulate gene expression post‐transcriptionally. They are involved in several pathophysiological processes, including the growth and progression of cancer. Based on the analysis of small RNA sequencing (sRNA‐seq) data, we validated a group of miRNAs in lymph nodes from 44 DLBCL‐affected dogs with known outcomes. We used quantitative PCR to quantify their expression and report a specific subset of miRNAs is associated with decreased PFS in dogs with DLBCL. The miR‐192‐5p and miR‐16‐5p expression were significantly downregulated in dogs with increased PFS. These results indicate that miRNA profiling may potentially identify dogs with DLBCL that will experience poor outcomes following treatment. Identifying specific miRNAs that correlate with the progression of canine DLBCL could aid the development of individualized treatment regimens for dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To establish ultrasonographic measurements of the prostatic dimension‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratios including the prostatic volume‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratio in healthy, intact male dogs and compare these ratios between healthy dogs and dogs affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Materials and Methods: Healthy dogs (n = 75) and dogs affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 104) were included in the study. Prostate length, width, average height and aortic luminal diameter were measured from ultrasonographic images. In addition, prostatic volume was calculated, and prostatic volume‐to‐aortic luminal diameter were also compared. Results: In healthy dogs, aortic luminal diameter was significantly associated with bodyweight and the prostatic width while body condition scores, prostate length and prostatic average height were not associated. Prostatic dimension‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratios and prostatic volume‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratio was not significantly different among dogs with different body condition scores either in healthy dogs or dogs affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia, except prostatic volume‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratio in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic dimension‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratios were significantly higher in benign prostatic hyperplasia while prostatic volume‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratio significantly higher in healthy dogs. Prostatic dimension‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratios demonstrated medium to high sensitivity and specificity when distinguishing between healthy dogs and dogs affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatomegaly, should be considered when the prostatic dimension‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratios increase. The calculated cut‐off values were 3.68, 4.46 and 3.06 for prostate length‐to‐aortic luminal diameter, prostatic width‐ to‐aortic luminal diameter and prostatic average height‐to‐aortic luminal diameter, respectively. Clinical Significance: The prostatic dimension‐to‐aortic luminal diameter ratios could be useful to evaluate the size of the prostate in dogs, as it is unaffected by the body condition scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracheal collapse is a chronic and progressively worsening disease; the severity of clinical symptoms experienced by affected individuals depends on the degree of airway collapse. Cutting‐edge automated tools are necessary to modernize disease screening using radiographs across various veterinary settings, such as animal clinics and hospitals. This is primarily due to the inherent challenges associated with interpreting uncertainties among veterinarians. In this study, an artificial intelligence model was developed to screen canine tracheal collapse using archived lateral cervicothoracic radiographs. This model can differentiate between a normal and collapsed trachea, ranging from early to severe degrees. The you‐only‐look‐once (YOLO) models, including YOLO v3, YOLO v4, and YOLO v4 tiny, were used to train and test data sets under the in‐house XXX platform. The results showed that the YOLO v4 tiny‐416 model had satisfactory performance in screening among the normal trachea, grade 1–2 tracheal collapse, and grade 3–4 tracheal collapse with 98.30% sensitivity, 99.20% specificity, and 98.90% accuracy. The area under the curve of the precision–recall curve was >0.8, which demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy. The intraobserver agreement between deep learning and radiologists was κ = 0.975 (P <.001), with all observers having excellent agreement (κ = 1.00, P <.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient between observers was >0.90, which represented excellent consistency. Therefore, the deep learning model can be a useful and reliable method for effective screening and classification of the degree of tracheal collapse based on routine lateral cervicothoracic radiographs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Esomeprazole use is increasing in dogs, but the gastrointestinal adverse events associated with q12h dosing necessitate pharmacodynamic evaluation of a reduced dose and frequency of administration.To compare the efficacy of 2 doses of (q24h) esomeprazole in raising intragastric pH in dogs.Nine healthy, client‐owned dogs, >20 kg.Prospective, randomized, double blinded, crossover study. Esomeprazole (0.5 or 1 mg/kg q24h) was orally administered for up to 5 days per treatment arm, and the mean percentage time intragastric pH was ≥3 (MPT3) and ≥4 (MPT4) for 24 hours periods were compared to pretreatment pH using a continuous pH monitoring system. Dogs failing to reach pH goals (MPT3 ≥75%, MPT4 ≥66%) with once daily dosing received esomeprazole 1 mg/kg PO q12h to determine if a higher dose would improve acid suppression.No significant difference in the MPT3 or MPT4 was identified between treatments for any time point (P > .05). Both doses increased the MPT pH ≥3 and 4 median [range] (0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg) on days 1 (MPT3: 76.8% [44‐100], 69.2% [28.2‐100]; MPT4: 65.6% [16.7‐99.3], 54.9% [14.9‐93.3]; P = .0009) and 2 (MPT3:77.2% [27.4‐100], 75.4% [49.4‐89.5]; MPT4: 66.3% [15.5‐100], 59.7% [33.8‐81.2]; P = .0005) of PPI treatment compared to pretreatment (MPT3: 58.3% [0.02‐93.9], 52.6% [6.1‐94.7]; MPT4: 25.2% [0‐86.8], 32.4% [1.8‐89.3]). Six dogs (66%, [0.36, 0.97]) reached pH goals established in humans with q24h dosing.Both q24h PO esomeprazole doses were effective in raising intragastric pH, despite high intersubject variability, but 33% of dogs required q12h dosing to reach pH goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis/Objectives Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with internal hydrocephalus do not necessarily have high intraventricular pressure (IVP).Not all reported MRI findings indicate high IVP and some clinical signs might be associated with elevated IVP and syringomyelia.Fifty‐three dogs.Cross‐sectional study. Clinical signs and MRI findings were evaluated for an association of IVP >12 mm Hg and syringomyelia.High IVP was associated with obtundation OR 4.64 (95% CI 1.27‐16.93) (P = .02), head tilt OR 6.42 (95% CI 1.08‐37.97) (P = .04) and nystagmus OR 8.24 (95% CI 1.44‐47.07) (P = .02). Pain was associated with syringomyelia OR 3.4 (95% CI 0.98‐11.78) (P = .05). The number of affected ventricles was associated with high IVP OR 2.85 (95% CI 0.97‐8.33) (P = .05) and syringomyelia OR 12.74 (95% CI 2.93‐55.4) (P = .0007). Periventricular edema OR 24.46 (95% CI 4.54‐131.77), OR 7.61 (95% CI 1.91‐30.32) (P < .0002, P = .004) and signal void sign OR 17.34 (95% CI 4.01‐74.95), OR 4.18 (95% CI 1.16‐15.02) (P < .0001, P = .03) were associated with high IVP and syringomyelia. The probability for syringomyelia is lower with disruption of the internal capsule OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.05‐0.72) (P = .01) and higher VBR OR 0.25 (95% CI 0.1‐0.63) (P = .004).Previously reported MRI findings are not predictive of high IVP. Clinical signs and MRI findings should be used to make a diagnosis of internal hydrocephalus in dogs with or without high IVP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal‐related crimes have increased with an increase in the number of pets worldwide, underscoring the importance of animal‐related biological evidence at crime scenes. Evidence obtained in cases involving dogs and cats often includes a mixture of human and animal DNA. In this study, we developed a method using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to simultaneously identify and quantitatively detect human, dog, and cat DNA in mixed samples. HLA‐DRA was chosen as a human‐specific marker, OR6D7 as a dog‐specific marker, and FLAI‐K as a cat‐specific marker. The species specificity of each target was confirmed using 14 control DNA samples from 11 mammals and 3 birds. Sensitivity tests determined the limit of detection to be 0.0008 ng/μL for human DNA and 0.00061 ng/μL for dog and cat DNA. In the mixture test, each DNA sample was independently and accurately detected in samples containing trace amounts of all three types of DNA. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of applying ddPCR to forensic case samples from dog‐ and cat‐related incidents. We have presented a reliable method for the accurate identification and quantification of human, dog, and cat DNA simultaneously, offering possibilities for advancements in forensic DNA analysis and related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis Animals Methods Results Conclusion and Clinical Importance Oxidative stress is a potential contributor to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression but has not been evaluated in dogs and cats with CKD.Oxidative stress is higher in animals with CKD compared with healthy controls and decreases with the advancing CKD stage. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and intensity of oxidative stress in dogs and cats at different CKD stages.Sixty dogs and 30 cats with naturally acquired CKD; 10 dogs and 14 cats, healthy controls.Analytical cross‐sectional study. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the urinary concentration of F2‐isoprostane (uF2‐IsoPs) normalized to urinary creatinine.Urinary F2‐isoprostanes normalized to urinary creatinine of healthy dogs and of dogs with CKD Stages 1 to 4 was 3.3 ng/mg, 4.7 ng/mg (range, 1.0‐73.4), 2.4 ng/mg (range, 0.4‐7.8), 0.52 ng/mg (range, 0.01‐2.9), and 0.37 ng/mg (range, 0.01‐0.6), respectively. Urinary F2‐isoprostanes differed among CKD stages (P < .001), but not compared with controls. uF2‐IsoPs of healthy cats and cats with CKD Stages 1 to 4 was 0.68 ng/mg (range, 0.2‐1.4), 0.97 ng/mg (range, 0.4‐1.8), 0.6 ng/mg (range, 0.002‐2.0), 0.94 ng/mg (range, 0.3‐2.3), and 0.2 ng/mg (range, 0.01‐0.4). Urinary F2‐isoprostanes differed among stages (P = .05) but not compared with healthy controls.Oxidative stress might be present in dogs and cats with CKD. Its magnitude declines as the disease progresses, therefore, it should be considered a potential therapeutic target mostly at the early stages of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document contains the proceedings of the 34th Symposium of the European College of Veterinary Neurology and the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, featuring abstracts of research presentations on various topics related to veterinary neurology. Studies discussed include the efficacy of azathioprine and prednisolone in treating meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin in dogs, the genetic origin of metabolic disorders in Yorkshire terriers, and the removal of intracranial foreign bodies in dogs. The document also covers cases of encephalopathy in a European brown bear cub, mycotic discospondylitis in a German Shepherd, and oligodendroglioma in a boxer, among other neurological conditions in dogs and cats. Additionally, the establishment of a companion animal brain bank in the UK and the socioeconomic burden of intervertebral disc herniation in dogs are discussed. [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACT CCNU (1‐[2‐chloroethyl]‐3‐cyclohexyl‐1‐nitrosurea), lomustine, is an oral alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subgroup. The dose‐limiting toxicity of CCNU is neutropenia most frequently documented 7 days after its administration. Use of prophylactic antimicrobials to prevent chemotherapy‐related febrile neutropenia (FN) and its associated morbidity and mortality has been well‐documented in human oncology, but this information is limited in the veterinary literature. The purpose of this multi‐institutional retrospective study was to assess whether antimicrobial prophylaxis reduced the risk of FN approximately 7 days after CCNU administration in tumour‐bearing dogs. A secondary goal was to identify risk factors for fever development in neutropenic dogs. Two hundred dogs were included in the study. One hundred and fifty‐three dogs (76.5%) were neutropenic at the first post‐CCNU recheck. One hundred and six (69.3%) dogs received prophylactic antimicrobials and 47 (30.7%) did not. Of the 106 dogs on prophylactic antimicrobials, 8 (7.5%) developed FN. Of the 47 dogs in the no‐prophylactic antimicrobials group, 4 (8.5%) developed FN. Use of prophylactic antimicrobials did not reduce the risk of development of FN (p = 0.84). Older age (> 9 y), lower weight and body surface area, and pre‐treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy were significantly associated with development of FN (p = 0.009, p = 0.023, p = 0.015 and p = 0.01). Patients with a lower absolute neutrophil count, and a higher VCOG‐CTCAE v2 neutropenia grade were also at an increased risk of developing FN (p = 0.01, p < 0.001). Additional studies may help establish guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in dogs treated with CCNU, especially for those at high‐risk for FN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Demodicosis is common in dogs and is caused by proliferation of commensal Demodex canis mites.To evaluate the efficacy of sarolaner in combination with moxidectin and pyrantel (SMP) for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in dogs.One hundred and thirty dogs with generalised demodicosis.In two separate randomised masked studies (laboratory and field studies), dogs received monthly oral SMP or afoxolaner + milbemycin oxime (AM). In the laboratory study, dogs received three monthly treatments with biweekly mite counts and clinical evaluations. In the field study, mite counts and clinical evaluations were performed monthly and treatments were administered until two consecutive skin scrapings were negative.Both products were tolerated well. In the laboratory study, mite counts for SMP were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced by 88.8% on Day (D)14, by 99.2% on D29, and no live mites were detected thereafter with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.96) between the two treatment groups. In the field study, SMP provided 92.4%, 98.1%, 100% and 100% reduction in arithmetic mean live mite counts on D30, D60, D90 and D120, and was non‐inferior to the control product on D30 and D60. Clinical signs of demodicosis improved in all dogs.Monthly administration of SMP was effective for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in dogs as it eliminated Demodex mites after two monthly treatments in the laboratory study, and at most after three monthly treatments in the field study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis/Objectives Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common skin disorder in dogs, wherein allergens are presumed to exert a significant influence. The prevalence of allergen sensitisation in dogs with suspected cAD remains inadequately investigated in France.This study aimed to analyse allergen‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E test results from French dogs with suspected cAD, exploring potential risk factors influencing sensitisation.The study included 25,451 client‐owned dogs presented with clinical signs of cAD between January 2016 and December 2022. The study population consisted of 226 pure breeds and 915 cross‐bred dogs of both sexes, with a mean age of 4.4 (±2.8) years.Data collection involved the compilation of results from canine serological allergen‐specific IgE ELISA tests, using a 23 allergen composite panel. The influence of breed, sex, age, geographical area and sampling season on IgE test outcomes subsequently was analysed.Of the 25,451 analysed samples, 75.6% exhibited significant serum IgE concentrations in response to at least one of the tested allergens, with 67.9% testing positive for mites and 39.8% for pollens. Breed, sex, age, geographical area and sampling season were identified as significant risk factors influencing sensitisation patterns.This study provides insights into the prevalence and risk factors associated with allergen sensitisation in dogs with suspected cAD. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective diagnosis and tailored management strategies in veterinary practice. The findings underscore the need for personalised approaches in addressing cAD, considering individual patient characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Several behaviors occur in the aftermath of within‐group conflicts. These include spontaneous affiliation toward the victim from an uninvolved third party. When third‐party affiliations reduce the stress of the victim, this behavior has been defined as consolation. Given the absence of previous reports, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of third‐party post‐conflict affiliation when dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) observe their owners arguing. We carried out two studies varying the intensity and the duration of the dispute. Affiliative behaviors toward each of the owners were registered, as well as stress‐related behaviors. Our findings support the existence of third‐party affiliation from dogs toward their owners during and after a conflict between them, evidenced as higher rates of victim‐directed affiliative behaviors in the experimental condition versus the control, in both studies. Moreover, dogs exhibited more stress‐related behaviors in the experimental condition compared to the control, but only in the second study, which suggests these stimuli were experienced as aversive, even though they were not aimed at the dogs. In addition, in the second study dogs displayed aggressor‐directed behaviors that could be interpreted as appeasement. Finally, there was no evidence that the level of the bond between the dog and each owner acts as a modulator of affiliative behavior. Further studies are required to expand our understanding of these abilities of dogs and its effects on the emotional state of the victim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Materials and Methods Results Conclusions To evaluate the success and failure rate of photoactivated chromophore for keratitis—corneal cross‐linking (PACK‐CXL) therapy in a single population of dogs and cats. To identify the usefulness of the PACK‐CXL based on ulcer depth and establish a cutoff at which this procedure could be recommended. To analyze the influence of the different variables in corneal healing time and to report the presence of secondary endothelial damage and cataract formation.Medical records of dogs and cats with presumptive infectious keratitis which underwent accelerated epithelium‐off PACK‐CXL between 2016 and 2023 were reviewed and analyzed.Records for 369 animals were included, and the overall success rate for healing was 97% (range 4–74 days and no rescue procedure). The second success (re‐epithelialization <30 days and no rescue procedure) rate was 86%, and a total of 40 eyes needed more than 1 month for the corneal repair. Corneal ulcers were classified in three categories based on the depth: 0%–33% (46%), 34%–66% (37.4%), and 67%–100% (16.5%). The cutoff at which PACK‐CXL had a higher probability of failure was with ulcer depth >66.5%. Animals who suffered from keratomalacia and hypopyon at presentation, or were treated with topical serum or gentamicin after PACK‐CXL showed an increase in epithelial healing time (EHT). Increasing age, brachycephalic conformation, keratomalacia alone, and deeper ulcers were identified as risk factors for the treatment outcome. Secondary endothelial injury or cataract formation was not noted in this study.Accelerated PACK‐CXL is a non‐invasive, adjunctive treatment to medical therapy, which can be used in presumed infectious keratitis with a high probability of success. However, it is important to take in consideration the patient age, skull conformation, presence of keratomalacia, and the ulcer depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Animals Methods Results Conclusion and Clinical Importance Limited information is available regarding the clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of neosporosis in adult dogs.Describe the clinical signs, laboratory findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, treatment and outcome in adult dogs (>6 months) diagnosed with neosporosis based on consistent clinical signs and positive serology (titer ≥1 : 800) at a referral hospital in Sydney, Australia.Twenty‐one client‐owned dogs.Retrospective case series of affected dogs between 2010 and 2023. Survival times were determined from onset of clinical signs to date of death or censoring.Clinical signs varied, and were indicative of generalized myopathy (6 dogs), multifocal intracranial disease (7 dogs), myelopathy (4 dogs), polyneuropathy (2 dogs) and single cases of focal myopathy and cerebellar disease. Serum creatine kinase activity was markedly increased (median, 3369 U/L) in most dogs. The most common MRI abnormalities were multifocal intracranial abnormalities (7/13 dogs) and muscle changes (5/13 dogs) whereas T2‐weighted cerebellar abnormalities (2/13 dogs) and cerebellar atrophy (1/13) were less common. Treatment response was complete (resolution to normal) in 8 dogs, incomplete (persistent neurological deficits) in 6 dogs, but there was minimal response in 7 dogs. Thirteen dogs (62%) were alive after 6 months and 12 dogs (57%) alive after 1 year. Relapse was common, with 4 dogs experiencing at least 1 relapse event during the follow‐up period.Adult‐onset neosporosis is uncommon and has variable clinical presentations. Treatment response also is variable, and relapse can occur, even among patients that respond completely to initial treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis/Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusion and Clinical Importance Dorsomedian nasopharyngeal masses with benign macroscopic appearance are frequently observed during retrograde nasopharyngoscopy, particularly in brachycephalic breeds, but are not well described.To characterize these masses, assess their frequency, and identify the potential factors associated with their presence.Dogs that underwent retrograde nasopharyngoscopy at a private hospital.Medical records between November 2019 and October 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs were included if suitable nasopharynx images were available for review. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with these masses.One‐hundred ninety‐eight dogs met the inclusion criteria of which 47.9% (95/198) had a dorsal nasopharyngeal mass. The masses measured <10%, 10%‐30%, and >30% of the nasopharyngeal height in 64.2% (61/95), 28.4% (27/95), and 7.4% (7/95) of cases, respectively. Univariable analysis identified associations between the presence of a nasopharyngeal mass and several factors: brachycephalic conformation (P < .001), sleep disturbances (P = .04), presence of laryngeal collapse (P = .01), and aberrant caudal turbinates (P = .04). However, according to the multivariable analysis, only the association between the presence of a mass and brachycephalic conformation was significant (odds ratio = 2.3 [1.1; 5.0], P = .03).Dorsomedian nasopharyngeal masses were common in the studied dog population. These masses are mostly small and have the same appearance across breeds. Brachycephalic conformation appears to be associated with the presence of a mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Information regarding response rate to tigilanol tiglate for mast cell tumors in dogs is limited.Report the response rate and durability of tigilanol tiglate intratumoral treatment in dogs with mast cell tumors presented to veterinary oncologists.One hundred forty‐nine dogs; 151 individual tumors.Multicenter, retrospective survey‐based study. Veterinary oncologists subscribed to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) oncology listserv were solicited for information from dogs treated with tigilanol tiglate. An electronic survey was used to collect information at initial treatment, 1 month and 1 year after treatment.Most tumors were cutaneous, occurred on the limbs and were cytologically low grade. Seventy‐five percent of dogs achieved a complete response after 1 dose of tigilanol tiglate 1 month after treatment. This response was durable at 1 year in 64% of dogs for which data were available (n = 88). Wound formation, an expectation after treatment, occurred after a median of 7 days (range, 1‐91 days), with a median wound area of 4.71 cm2 (range, 0.09‐100 cm2). Wounds took a median of 30 days to heal completely (range, 14‐154 days). A moderate association between tumor volume and wound size was confirmed.Tigilanol tiglate is an effective local treatment option for mast cell tumors in dogs with a predictable clinical course and response. Because of the unique mode of action and clinical course, client education and careful case selection is necessary before electing tigilanol tiglate for local treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance The relationship between collapse and a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism is not well understood in dogs.To assess the prevalence of episodes of collapse in dogs screened for hypoadrenocorticism, and to assess the prevalence of confirmed hypoadrenocorticism in dogs presenting with reported collapse.Seventy‐three client‐owned dogs with resting cortisol concentrations were measured and presented to a University teaching hospital for collapse.Retrospective review of medical records of dogs at a single center.The prevalence of episodes of collapse in dogs that had a resting cortisol measurement was 73/856 (8.5%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 6.7%‐10.6%). Resting cortisol concentration was <2 μg/dL (<55 nmol/L) in 19 dogs. Cortisol concentration after ACTH stimulation was <2 μg/dL (<55 nmol/L) in 1 of the 73 dogs in this cohort, consistent with a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism, giving a prevalence estimate of hypoadrenocorticism of 1.3% (95% CI, 0.15%‐6.2%). In 8 dogs with an initial resting cortisol concentration <2 μg/dL (<55 nmol/L), hypoadrenocorticism was excluded based on a repeat resting cortisol concentration >2 μg/dL (>55 nmol/L). The most common diagnosis was vasovagal syncope (10/73), followed by sick sinus syndrome and third‐degree atrioventricular block (2/73). The final diagnosis was unknown in 24/73 dogs.Hypoadrenocorticism was the final diagnosis in 1 of 73 dogs presented to a teaching hospital either in a collapsed state or with a previous history of episodes of collapse. No dog presenting as cardiovascularly stable for intermittent collapse was found to have hypoadrenocorticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Peripheral nodal B‐cell lymphomas (PNBCL) represent the most common presentation of lymphomas in dogs. Multiagent CHOP (C = cyclophosphamide, H = hydroxydaunorubicin [Doxorubicin], O = Oncovin, P = prednisolone)‐based chemotherapy protocols have been widely accepted as gold standard 1st‐line treatment. CHOP‐25 and CHOP‐19 are most commonly prescribed but have never been directly compared.Our primary aim was to compare outcomes of dogs diagnosed with PNBCL, treated using a 1st‐line CHOP‐19 or CHOP‐25 protocol. A secondary objective was to determine the impact of protocol‐related variables on outcomes.Five hundred two dogs from 16 European oncology referral centers. One hundred fifty‐five dogs were treated with CHOP‐19 and 347 dogs with CHOP‐25.Retrospective, multicentric cohort study of dogs diagnosed with PNBCL between 2014 and 2021.The 6‐month, 1‐year, and median progression‐free survival (PFS) were 56.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.2‐65.0), 14.1% (95% CI, 9.4‐21.0), and 196 days (95% CI, 176‐233) with CHOP‐19; and 56.4% (95% CI, 51.4‐61.9), 17% (95% CI, 13.4‐21.6), and 209 days (95% CI, 187‐224) with CHOP‐25. The 1‐year, 2‐year and median overall survival (OS) were 36.9% (95% CI, 29.7‐46.0), 13.5% (95% CI, 8.6‐21.1), and 302 days (95% CI, 249‐338) with CHOP‐19; and 42.8% (95% CI, 37.7‐48.7), 15.4% (95% CI, 11.7‐20.4), and 321 days (95% CI, 293‐357) with CHOP‐25. No significant difference in PFS and OS was found between the 2 protocols.Our study confirmed similar outcomes for dogs with PNBCL treated with 1st‐line CHOP‐19 or CHOP‐25. Both protocols therefore could be used as a standard of care in future trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Intradermal allergen testing (IDAT) is commonly used to formulate allergen‐specific immunotherapy, a pillar treatment for canine atopic dermatitis. Many sedatives have shown histaminergic or anti‐histaminergic effects and thus been deemed unsuitable for IDAT.The goal of this study was to determine whether, in healthy dogs, dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) or a 1:20 combination of medetomidine and vatinoxan (Zenalpha) will affect intradermal reactions compared to unsedated dogs.Ten privately owned healthy dogs were enrolled in this equivalence study.Wheal formation was subjectively and objectively assessed in conscious then sedated dogs. Dogs were randomly sedated with either Dexdomitor (dexmedetomidine [0.5 mg/m2]) or Zenalpha (medetomidine [1 mg/m2/vatinoxan] 20 mg/m2) intramuscularly. Once sedated, five 10‐fold histamine (100–0.01 μg/mL) and compound 48/80 (200–0.02 μg/mL) dilutions were intradermally injected into the lateral thorax. The study was repeated on the opposite side with the alternative sedation 1 week later. Quality of sedation, cardiorespiratory function and rectal temperature were recorded every 5 min.There was no difference in the median values of the reactions with either sedative when compared to unsedated dogs. Dexdomitor and Zenalpha achieved an equivalence in both subjective and objective scoring systems for all concentrations tested. A faster median time to sedation (10 vs. 18 min, p = 0.013) was seen with Zenalpha compared to Dexdomitor. Although both sedatives depressed the cardiovascular function, such parameters were less affected by Zenalpha than by Dexdomitor (p ≤ 0.001).Owing to the lack of effects on wheal formation, both sedatives are appropriate for sedating dogs undergoing IDAT. Although, such results should be validated in allergic dogs. Zenalpha may induce more rapid and reliable sedation than Dexdomitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The causative agent of canine heartworm disease, Dirofilaria immitis, requires specific temperature conditions to mature within its mosquito vector, and therefore (re‐)infect a canid host. Suitable temperature conditions are not continuously met for locations where most (>97%) Australians and their pet dogs live. The length of the disruption in the transmissibility of D. immitis varies greatly across Australia, and to some degree, between years. We developed an online dashboard ‘Transmission Tracker – Dirofilaria’ that processes near real‐time temperature records across Australia and allows users to enquire about historical and current weather suitability for canine heartworm transmission at any Australian postcode of their interest. This information allows veterinarians to access when, and for how long, heartworm may be transmitted at a specific location, assess the associated risk of infection and advise on a patient‐dependent dirofilariosis prevention plan for their canine patients and guardians. Our dashboard is publicly accessible at: https://heartworm-mapping.adelaide.edu.au/shiny/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Anal sac impaction is common in dogs. Manual expression may be effective, yet recurrence can be problematic. To facilitate physiological emptying of the sacs, it is important to maintain bulky stool consistency.The study evaluated if supplementation with a complementary feed product formulated as a chew containing Bacillus velezensis C‐3102 and fibre sources, reduced anal sac impaction recurrence.Thirty‐five client‐owned dogs with anal sac impaction were enrolled.Prospective, randomised, negative controlled field clinical trial with 22 dogs receiving the chew orally for 90 consecutive days and 13 dogs with no treatment. Dogs were evaluated on Day (D) 30, 60, 90 and 120 for the presence of clinical signs of anal sac impaction and the need to empty the sacs. Any animal that required manual expression of the sacs was classified as a failure and was withdrawn from the study.The cumulative percentage of failures in the untreated group increased steadily from the first follow‐up visit on D30 (15%) to the last visit on D120 (61.5%). However, in the group receiving the chew the cumulative percentage of failures increased at a much slower rate and stabilised at 19% from the D90 visit (last administration day) until the end of the study on D120, with statistically significant differences (p = 0.025). Animals receiving the chew also showed reduction in clinical signs.The probiotic and fibre chew was a safe and effective management option for recurrent anal sac impaction in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Animals Methods Results Conclusion and Clinical Importance Minimally invasive approaches are the standard for treatment of upper urinary tract uroliths in humans.To describe the medical dissolution of upper urinary tract uroliths in a series of dogs and report clinical outcomes.6 female dogs (9 kidneys).Retrospective case series. A review of medical records in dogs that underwent medical dissolution of upper urinary tract uroliths utilizing diet, administration of antibiotics, and double‐pigtail ureteral stent(s) placement, when indicated, was performed. Medical management was generally continued for 4 weeks beyond urolith dissolution. Information on biochemical, microbiological, imaging, and clinical outcomes before and after dissolution were recorded.Six dogs (9 kidneys) were included with bilateral (3) or unilateral (3) nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, or a combination. A ureteral stent(s) was placed endoscopically in 5/6 dogs (6/9 kidneys) for obstructive ureterolithiasis (n = 5) or a nonobstructive massive nephrolith (n = 1). All dogs had a positive urine culture of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius with a median urine pH of 7.25 (range, 6.5‐8) and 4/5 had pyonephrosis. All dogs had initial evidence of urolith dissolution at a median of 1.1 months (range, 0.42‐5.9), with complete dissolution of ureteroliths at a median of 3.9 months (range, 1.5‐7.6), nephroliths at 5.3 months (range, 1.5‐7.6), and lower urinary tract uroliths at 0.87 months (range, 0.42‐5.9). Stents were removed in 3/6 once dissolution was documented. The median follow‐up time was 519 days (range, 177‐2492 days).Medical dissolution and decompression of upper urinary tract struvite uroliths should be considered a minimally invasive treatment for dogs before more invasive options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known of helminth parasites in Micronesia in archaeological contexts. This study presents a parasitological analysis of soil and sediment samples from Ebon Atoll in the Marshall Islands, eastern Micronesia. Microscopic eggs of the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) nematode Toxocara canis, which could have adversely affected the health of local people as well as their dogs, were found at two sites, in one example in habitation layers dated to 1830–1625 calBP (95% CI), extending the date for the known presence of dogs in the Marshall Islands by at least 600 years. This study represents the first confirmed evidence of pre‐European helminth parasites in Micronesia. As similar Melanesian and Polynesian studies have previously been reported, the study also completes the initial, pre‐contact helminth record for the three main island regions of Oceania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin 27 (IL‐27) is a cytokine that regulates susceptibility to Leishmania infantum infection in humans and experimental models. This cytokine has not yet been described in canine leishmaniasis (CanL). Therefore, we investigated whether IL‐27 has a regulatory role in CanL. The EBI3 and p28 subunits of IL‐27 were measured in splenic leukocytes culture supernatant from dogs with CanL and compared to control dogs. We also correlated EBI3 and p28 levels with IL‐21, anti‐L. infantum antibodies and parasite loads. We performed functional assays followed by IL‐27 blockade and measured parasite loads, production of cytokines in splenic leukocytes culture supernatant, and the expression of PD‐1, CTLA‐4, phospho‐Stat‐1/3, T‐bet, GATA3 and nitric oxide production (NO). Both IL‐27 subunits increased in the supernatant of dogs with CanL compared to control dogs. EBI3 and p28 levels showed a moderate positive correlation with IL‐21 (r = 0.67, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.45, p < 0.012, respectively), and the EBI3 subunit was positively associated with anti‐L. infantum IgG antibodies (r = 0.38, p < 0.040) and parasite load (r = 0.47, p < 0.009). IL‐27 and IL‐21 participate of immune responses in CanL. IL‐27 may be associated with the failure of immunity to control parasite replication via upregulation of the expression of PD‐1, CTLA‐4, T‐bet and NO in splenic leukocytes from dogs with CanL. These findings suggest that the pathways regulated by IL‐27 are involved in CanL pathogenesis in the host, and may be targets for new therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bond between humans and dogs is precious and has been treasured since ancient times. Dog ownership is linked to numerous health benefits, such as increased physical activity and social functioning and decreased depression and cardiovascular events. However, dogs can transmit zoonotic diseases to humans, many of which present with cutaneous findings. This review summarizes the dermatologic manifestations, transmission routes, diagnosis, and treatment of zoonotic diseases transmitted by dogs, including vector‐borne, bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. This review emphasizes the significance of clinicians obtaining a comprehensive exposure history when patients exhibit a rash of unknown origin. Such an approach can provide valuable epidemiological clues related to diagnosing a zoonotic disease transmitted by a pet dog. Furthermore, identifying the dog as an infection source and subsequent veterinary treatment can help prevent recurrent infections in dermatologic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ichthyoses comprise a large heterogeneous group of skin disorders, characterized by generalized scaly and hyperkeratotic skin. We investigated a miniature poodle with early onset generalized scaling, dry and irregularly thickened skin, paw pad hyperkeratosis and abnormalities in hair and teeth. The clinical signs of ichthyosis were confirmed by histopathological examination, which revealed mild epidermal hyperplasia and lamellar orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. A hereditary condition was suspected and a genetic investigation was initiated. We sequenced the whole genome of the affected dog and searched for potentially causative variants in functional candidate genes for the observed phenotype. The analysis revealed a heterozygous in‐frame deletion in DSP, NC_049256.1:g.8804542_8804544del resulting from a de novo mutation event as evidenced by genotyping leukocyte DNA from both parents. The 3 bp deletion is predicted to remove one aspartic acid without disrupting the open reading frame (XM_038584124.1:c.1821_1823del, XP_038440052.1:p.(Asp608del)). The DSP gene encodes desmoplakin, a desmosomal plaque protein, responsible for cell–cell adhesion to provide resistance to mechanical stress in epidermal and cardiac tissues. We hypothesize that the deletion of one amino acid in the N‐terminal globular head domain acts in a dominant negative manner and thus impairs the proper connection with other proteins. Several variants in DSP in humans and cattle have been described to result in different phenotypes associated with hair and skin abnormalities, sometimes in combination with variable cardiac and/or dental manifestations. In conclusion, we characterized a new syndromic ichthyosis phenotype in a dog and identified a de novo 3 bp deletion in the DSP gene as causal variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, psychologists have explored dynamics within the realm of human‐animal interaction. Organizational psychologists are no different; research has found that exchanges with pets and other animals have the potential to influence important work outcomes, such as performance, well‐being, and satisfaction. Relatively little is understood, however, regarding the potential spillover effects of human‐animal interaction from the non‐work to work context. To address this gap in the literature, the present research—synthesising Broaden and Build Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory—explores the daily spillover effects of morning quality time with pets on affective, behavioural, and cognitive outcomes for employees, both during and after the workday. It is also suggested that openness to experience may act as a cross‐level moderator for these daily relationships. An occupationally heterogenous daily diary sample of employed pet owners from the United Kingdom (NLevel 1 = 405, NLevel 2 = 81) was used to test these relationships. Using a mixed effects modelling approach, it was revealed that morning quality time with pets was associated with reduced Negative Affect (NA) during the workday, and reduced incivility and withdrawal upon returning home from work. Moreover, higher levels of trait openness to experience strengthened the negative relationships between daily morning quality time with pets and daily workday NA and afterwork incivility. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, type, site and breed predisposition of thoracic congenital vertebral malformations (CVM) in neurologically normal brachycephalic 'screw‐tail' dog breeds. Study Design: Retrospective case series. Animals: Neurologically normal French Bulldogs (n = 63), British Bulldogs (n = 42), Boston Terriers (n = 4) and Pugs (n = 86) presenting for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome treatment. Methods: Either a plain computer tomography scan of the thorax or lateral and dorso‐ventral digital radiographs of the thoracic vertebral column of each dog were assessed for any vertebral malformations and classed according to the Modified McMaster vertebral abnormality classification scheme proposed by Guiterrez et al. Results: The prevalence of dogs with one or more abnormal vertebrae was 96.82% in French Bulldogs, 90.47% in British Bulldogs, and 76.74% in Pugs. Pugs had significantly lower instances of CVMs than French Bulldogs. The four Boston Terriers all had vertebral malformations, but the results were not considered to be statistically significant due to their small sample size. In French Bulldogs and British Bulldogs, ventral hypoplasia (Type 3) occurred at greater rates than all other types, followed by ventral and median hypoplasia (Types 7) and symmetrical hypoplasia (Type 8). In Pugs, symmetrical hypoplasia (Type 8) was the most common and then ventral hypoplasia (Type 3). The most affected vertebrae were T6–T9 in Pugs and T5–T10 in French Bulldogs and British Bulldogs. Conclusions: The majority of neurologically normal brachycephalic 'screw‐tail' dogs assessed in this paper possessed one or more congenital thoracic vertebral malformations. Dogs with vertebral malformations were found to be more likely to have more than one affected vertebra. Sex had no effect on the prevalence of CVM. Clinical Relevance: A substantial number of neurologically normal brachycephalic 'screw‐tail' dogs suffer from congenital vertebral malformations. Thus, the need for selective breeding programmes to eliminate this hereditary condition is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of firework‐associated fear in dogs in Sydney, owner perception of their dog's response to fireworks, perceived efficacy of interventions to manage fearful behaviours and the frequency of dog owners seeking professional advice for these behaviours. Methods: Dog owners in the Greater Sydney area were invited to complete an anonymous online survey. Results: From 387 valid responses, 44.4% (171 of 385) reported their dogs were fearful of fireworks. The most common fear‐related behaviour was seeking an owner or caretaker (120 of 161, 74.5%). Most owners responded by bringing their dog inside or trying to comfort or reassure their dog. Only 22.5% of owners sought professional advice for their dog's fear of fireworks, but of these, 65.5% considered that advice to be effective. Source and breed group were significantly associated with fear of fireworks (P = 0.011, P = 0.036 respectively). Fear of fireworks was also significantly associated with fear of thunder (P < 0.0001), gunshots (P < 0.0001) and vehicles (P = 0.0009). Conclusion: Fear of fireworks and other loud noises negatively impacts canine welfare, yet only a small percentage of owners sought professional advice. There is scope for veterinarians to educate owners and raise awareness about the identification and management of noise‐associated fear and reduce the risk of escalation of fearful behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To report the clinical experience and long‐term outcome following metabone fracture stabilisation using a commercially available micro‐plating system (VetKISS, 1.0‐mm, IMEX Veterinary, USA). Materials and Methods: Consecutive, client‐owned cats and dogs weighing <7 kg, with traumatic metabone fractures stabilised using VetKISS micro‐plates were prospectively enrolled with informed owner consent. Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded. Either short‐term or long‐term clinical and radiographic follow‐up was required for study inclusion. Results: Four cats and six dogs were enrolled and operated by one of two board‐certified surgeons. Bodyweight ranged from 1.9 to 6.6 kg. Number of metabones fractured: all four (60%), three (30%) and two (10%). Anatomical alignment was restored for each metabone. External coaptation was not used in any case. Radiographic follow‐up documented clinical or bony union in all cases. Mean time to clinical union was 51 days. One major complication (screw removal) and two minor complications (partial construct failure) were observed. All patients made a complete functional recovery at the time of documented union. Long‐term follow‐up was available in five cases. No lameness (evaluated independently by both surgeons) or plate sensitivity was noted. Clinical Significance: This is the first clinical evaluation of the VetKISS for metabone fracture repair, and includes long‐term follow‐up. Results demonstrated complete functional recovery and 100% clinical union rates in all patients, with acceptable complication rates. This system can be considered for metabone repair in patients weighing <7 kg without the use of external coaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization is rapidly transforming coastal landscapes around the world, altering the structure and function of marine, intertidal, and terrestrial ecosystems. In tandem, coastal areas are hotspots for human recreation, leading to shifts in wildlife behavior and activity patterns. Together, urban development and recreational use of wildlife habitats can shape wildlife behavior, abundance, and ecosystem dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we explore the impact of urbanization and human and domestic dog activity on the structure of vertebrate scavenging assemblages and the ecosystem functions they provide in sandy beach ecosystems across 40 km of the central California coast, USA. We surveyed vertebrate scavenging assemblages using baited camera traps on 17 beaches spanning a gradient of coastal urbanization. We found that urbanization extent within small spatial scales (i.e., 1 or 3 km radii of each site) and the rate of beach visitation by domestic dogs or humans were the best additive predictors of assemblage structure. We identified pronounced urbanization‐associated shifts in the composition of vertebrate scavenger guilds but found that the rate of carrion processing was more strongly influenced by domestic dog habitat use and diel period. Scavenging activity was substantially lower on beaches with more domestic dogs, suggesting that dogs interfere with critical scavenging ecosystem functions on sandy beaches. Our results underscore the pervasive and nuanced effects of urbanization and recreation on the dynamics of land–sea connectivity and suggest a need for comprehensive consideration of cross‐ecosystem linkages in ongoing shoreline conservation and development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A high circulating total cholesterol (TC) concentration increases the risk for atherosclerosis in the domestic dog. Intake of marine foods is associated with a lowering effect on circulating TC concentration in humans and rodents, but the reported effects of marine ingredients on the TC concentration in domestic dogs has not yet been reviewed. The main aim was to investigate the effects of consuming marine ingredients on the TC concentration in domestic dogs. A systematic literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, structured around the population (domestic dogs), intervention (source and type of marine ingredients, dose, duration), comparator (control diet) and the primary outcome (circulating TC). Articles were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's tool. A meta‐analysis was conducted in Review Manager v. 5.4.1 (the Cochrane Collaboration), comprising 12 articles with 243 dogs. Consumption of marine oils resulted in a significantly lower circulating TC concentration relative to comparator groups (mean difference −0.70 mmol/L, 95% CI (−1.21, −0.18), p = 0.008), with high statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 78%). The risk of bias is unclear since few of the entries in the SYRCLE's tool were addressed. We did not identify any studies using marine proteins or marine organisms other that fish. To conclude, intake of marine oils results in a lower TC concentration in dogs, thus reducing an important risk factor for atherosclerosis in canines. This study was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42023396943. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion The aim of this pilot study was to establish a satisfactory, scientific approach to effectively compare quantitative measurements of various ocular surface parameters before and after surgical treatment in dogs suffering from distichiasis.An ophthalmic examination was conducted on 12 dogs (23 eyes) before and after surgical treatments for distichiasis, at four different time points, (t0 = before surgery, t1 = 1–2 h after surgery, t2 = 1 week after surgery, t3 = 1 month after surgery, and t4 = 6 months after surgery) between 2021 and 2022, and analyzed retrospectively. The examination included Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1), interferometry, noninvasive tear film break‐up time (NIBUT), tear meniscus size (TMS), and meibography.No statistically significant changes were found in STT‐1 (t0: 22.2 ± 6.5 mm, t2: 22.5 ± 5.7 mm, t3: 20.8 ± 5.1 mm, and t4: 22.6 mm ± 4.8 mm) before and after surgery. Mean interferometry scores showed a slight, not statistically significant, decrease from t0 to t3 and t4 (t0: 2.1 ± 0.8, t1: 2.1 ± 0.7, t2: 2.1 ± 0.9, t3: 1.8 ± 0.6, and t4: 1.9 ± 1.1). Mean NIBUT did not change significantly between time points (t0: 3.9 ± 1.3 s, t1: 4.0 ± 1.3 s, t2: 4.0 ± 1.4 s, t3: 3.5 ± 0.7 s, and t4: 3.5 ± 0.9 s). TMS showed a slight, not statistically significant increase (t0: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t1: 0.5 ± 0.3, t2: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t3: 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, and t4: 0.7 ± 0.3 mm). There were no changes in the gross morphology of the meibomian glands (MG).This pilot study could not detect a negative effect of different forms of treatment of distichiasis on the precorneal tear film parameters in dogs. However, due to the study's retrospective nature and small sample size, no definitive conclusion can be drawn regarding the changes at the different time points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusion To describe the use of coronofrontal rhytidectomy (CFR) for the treatment of severe pseudoptosis and superior entropion in dogs, and to provide guidelines for the selection of surgical technique depending on presentation.A review of medical records of dogs that underwent rhytidectomy from 2002 to 2023 was carried out, including signalment, clinical signs, type of rhytidectomy, concurrent surgical techniques, re‐interventions, post‐operative complications, follow‐up time, and outcome.Twenty dogs with a median age of 5.1 years were included in this study. English Cocker Spaniel was the most common breed (8 dogs:40%) and males were overrepresented (13 dogs: 65%). Besides pseudoptosis and visual impairment (100%), the other most common clinical signs were entropion and/or ectropion (19 dogs: 95%), conjunctivitis (17 dogs: 85%), euryblepharon (12 dogs: 60%) and non‐ulcerative keratitis (10 dogs: 50%). CFR was performed in 12 dogs (60%), frontal rhytidectomy in 5 (25%), coronal in 2 (10%), and modified shared in 1 (5%). Concurrent surgical techniques were performed in 17 dogs (85%), being lateral canthoplasty (13 dogs; 65%), and Celsus–Hotz (10 dogs; 50%) the most common. The median follow‐up time was 115 days with no complications and good outcomes reported in all dogs. At last re‐recheck, complete correction of the eyelid positioning was obtained in 92% (11/12) and 87.5% (7/8) of the cases that underwent CFR and other rhytidectomy techniques, respectively.CFR is an effective surgical treatment for severe pseudoptosis and superior entropion in dogs. The provided guidelines will assist in the selection of the most appropriate eyelid lifting technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A six‐year‐old atopic boxer presented with pigmented viral plaques on the interdigital spaces and pinnae following treatment with potent topical glucocorticoids. The lesions regressed after treatment was discontinued, and recurred each time a topical glucocorticoid was resumed. A Chipapillomavirus was amplified from lesional tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dog‐mediated rabies virus variant (DMRVV), a zoonotic pathogen that causes a deadly disease in animals and humans, is present in more than 100 countries worldwide but has been eliminated from the United States since 2007. In the United States, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recorded four instances of rabies in dogs imported from DMRVV‐enzootic countries since 2015. However, it remains uncertain whether the incidence of DMRVV among imported dogs from these countries significantly surpasses that of domestically acquired variants among domestic U.S. dogs. Aim: This evaluation aimed to estimate the number of dogs imported from DMRVV‐enzootic countries and compare the risk of rabies between imported dogs and the U.S. domestic dog population. Materials and Methods: Data from the CDC's dog import permit system (implemented during 2021 under a temporary suspension of dog importation from DMRVV‐enzootic countries) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Automated Commercial Environment system, each of which records a segment of dogs entering the U.S. from DMRVV‐enzootic countries, was analysed. Additionally, we estimated the incidence rate of rabies in dogs imported from DMRVV‐enzootic countries and compared it to the incidence rate within the general U.S. dog population, due to domestically acquired rabies variants, over the eight‐year period (2015–2022). Results: An estimated 72,589 (range, 62,660–86,258) dogs were imported into the United States annually between 2015 and 2022 from DMRVV‐enzootic countries. The estimated incidence rate of rabies was 16 times higher (range, 13.2–19.4) in dogs imported from DMRVV‐enzootic countries than that estimated for domestically acquired rabies in the general U.S. dog population. Conclusions: Preventing human exposure to dogs with DMRVV is a public health priority. The higher risk of rabies in dogs imported from DMRVV‐enzootic countries supports the need for importation requirements aimed at preventing the reintroduction of DMRVV into the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This report documents the exposure of passengers and crew of a commercial international flight to the zoonotic pathogen Brucella canis after an infected dog aborted in the passenger cabin of the aircraft. This case demonstrates the challenges associated with brucellosis screening and the risks that airline personnel, airport employees and travellers face when animals with unrecognized zoonotic infections are transported. Methods/Results: The public health investigation of this case was conducted by the Centers for Disease Control, the Illinois Department of Health and the Illinois Department of Agriculture, in collaboration with a local veterinary clinic and several academic and federal diagnostic laboratories. It included an extensive diagnostic evaluation of the dam and aborted foetuses to confirm a diagnosis of canine brucellosis. Passengers, airline personnel and staff from the veterinary clinic where the dogs were treated underwent risk assessments, and clinic staff also received detailed guidance regarding infection prevention practices. Conclusions: Animal shelters and breeding programs are recommended to screen dogs routinely for brucellosis, but it is not unusual for domestic or imported animals to have unknown health histories, including the dog's brucellosis status, at the time of purchase, adoption, or re‐homing. Testing recommendations and requirements vary by state, making it challenging for state public health and animal health agencies to monitor and respond appropriately. This case highlights the importance of Brucella spp. screening in sexually intact dogs prior to breeding, purchase, or domestic or international transportation of the dogs. The transportation of pregnant dogs may present a previously unrecognized public health threat in addition to contributing to unnecessary stress and health risks for pregnant animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal‐assisted interventions (AAIs) have the potential to enhance people's well‐being and function and are increasingly being implemented across a range of settings. This scoping review explored how AAIs have been used in adult hospital rehabilitative care. Using JBI and PRISMA‐ScR guidelines, a systematic search of four databases was undertaken. Inclusion criteria involved adults, aged >18 years, who had received AAIs in the hospital rehabilitation setting. Twenty‐two articles met the inclusion criteria. Results identified two intervention types: visitation activities (n = 8 studies) and structured therapeutic interventions (n = 14 studies). Dogs were the most common animal species. Improvements in social and emotional well‐being were reported across both types of interventions, with improvements in ambulation, motor skills, and verbal communication reported by those engaged in structured therapeutic interventions. Implementation challenges included a dependency on volunteer dog‐handlers; the need for better recording of interventions in medical records to enable evaluation; and cost, safety, infection control, and animal welfare considerations. Strengthening the planning of AAIs is fundamental for the realization of potential outcomes from human–animal interactions in hospital rehabilitative care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]