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Objective: Our aim was to generate baseline optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of retinal thickness in female Beagles and to determine how these are affected by meridian, eccentricity, and age. Methods: Twenty‐three female Beagles, including six puppies (<6 months old), six mature (1.8‐8.2 years old), and 11 elderly dogs (>11 years old) were studied. Both retinas of each dog were scanned (in 4 principal meridians) using the Heidelberg Spectralis following ophthalmic examination, refraction, and sedation. In each eye and each meridian, total retinal, outer retinal, and nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness were measured from the disc rim up to 6 mm peripherally. Results: The canine retina is thickest dorsally and thinnest ventrally. Total retinal, outer retinal, and NFL thickness decrease progressively and significantly as a function of eccentricity. The greatest eccentricity‐dependent thinning occurs dorsally. This thinning is due mostly to NFL tapering, while the eccentricity‐dependent change in outer retinal thickness is more moderate, especially in the lateral meridian, possibly due to the presence of the visual streak. The retina is thickest in puppies, but there were no significant differences between mature and elderly dogs. Conclusions: Our results provide normative values for total, outer, and inner retinal thickness in female dogs and may facilitate OCT use in the diagnosis of canine glaucoma and inherited retinopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Compare CXL treatment with medical treatment alone in horses with stromal, ulcerative keratitis. Animals studied: 24 horses (24 eyes) with stromal, ulcerative keratitis were included. Procedure: 12 horses were initially treated with CXL, and 12 horses were given conventional medical treatment. Topical medical treatment was added to horses in the CXL group if necessary. Parameters including cytology, microbial growth, time to fluorescein negativity, and time to inhibition of stromal melting were evaluated. Results: After the first day of treatments, a decrease in inflammatory signs and pain from the eye was observed in both groups. Stromal melting ceased within 24 hours regardless of treatment. CXL treatment alone was sufficient in 3 horses with noninfectious, superficial stromal ulcerations. Clinical signs of impaired wound healing were seen after 3‐14 days in corneas with suspected or proven bacterial infection treated with CXL only, most likely because of insufficient elimination of bacteria deeper in the corneal stroma or because of re‐infection from bacteria in the conjunctiva. The average decrease in stromal ulcer area per day after onset of treatment was almost identical between the groups, and no significant difference in time to fluorescein negativity was found. Conclusions: We consider CXL a possible useful adjunct treatment of corneal stromal ulcers in horses, especially for melting ulcers and as a potential alternative to prophylactic antibiotic treatment for noninfected stromal ulcers. However, CXL should not be used alone for infected or suspected infected stromal ulcers, because topical antibiotics were required in all horses with proven infectious keratitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate age‐associated changes of flash visual evoked potentials (FVEPs) in sedated horses. Animal studied: Twenty‐eight clinically healthy Standardbred Warmblooded trotters, aged 36 hours to 28 years. Procedures: Light‐adapted FVEPs and FERGs were recorded (An‐vision RETIport, Roland‐consult, Germany) in response to flash stimuli. Sedation was obtained using alpha‐2‐agonists intravenously. Akinesia of the eyelids was induced and pupils were dilated. Results: Reproducible FVEPs and FERGs were readily recorded from all foals and horses. The FVEP waveform included up to four positive components (P1‐P5) and two negative components (N1 and N2) and FVEP waveform morphology was similar across all age groups. Some differences in peak times and amplitudes associated with increasing age were observed. FVEP amplitudes recorded from newborn foals were well above the amplitudes observed in normal adult horses and FVEP peak times were somewhat shorter. In adult horses, a significant increase in P4 peak time and a gradual decrease in amplitudes, mainly for N2P4, were seen across the life‐span. Conclusions: The overall equine FVEP waveform was similar across the normal life‐span of the horse in our cross‐sectional study. We found that the visual system of the foal seems to be well developed already at birth. Furthermore, our results showed a decrease in amplitudes and increase in some peak times with increasing age. We recommend that age‐matched controls should be used when evaluating foals and young horses in clinical practice, whereas horses over the age of three years can be compared to other adult horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jämthund is the fourth most common breed in Sweden with approximately 1600 pups registered each year. Although it has been known that some adult dogs go blind, so they cannot hunt, the Jämthund dog has historically not been screened for hereditary eye diseases. This report describes nine Swedish Jämthund dogs with retinal degeneration. These dogs represent all Jämthund dogs diagnosed with progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) by the Swedish Eye Panel and registered with the Swedish Kennel Club from January 1998 to September 2008. The dogs were examined with indirect opthalmoscopy and slitlamp biomicroscopy. Additionally, electroretinograms (ERGs) following ECVO guidelines were performed in two dogs (one affected and one normal) and the eyes from three affected dogs were examined by light-microscopy postmortem. Typical findings were bilateral symmetric generalized retinal degeneration with tapetal hyper-reflectivity, attenuation of blood vessels and pigment clumping in the nontapetal fundus. These retinal findings progressed with time in two dogs after re-examination. Visual impairment, especially under dim light conditions, was observed in the affected dogs. ERG from one affected dog showed profoundly reduced rod responses, whereas cone responses were better preserved. Microscopic changes in the eyes from three dogs were characterized by a severe diffuse predominantly outer retinal degeneration and atrophy. Re-sequencing of the prcd-gene for eight of the nine investigated dogs revealed that none of the individuals carried disease allele that has been associated with prcd-PRA in other breeds. In conclusion, ophthalmoscopic, electroretinographic, and light-microscopic alterations observed in nine Jämthund dogs were compatible with PRA. The prcd mutation was excluded as a cause of this retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study retinal function in cats homozygous and heterozygous for a recessively inherited rod-cone degeneration. Dark-adapted electroretinograms (ERGs) were performed on early affected, heterozygous (ophthalmoscopically normal), and clinically normal, nonrelated cats. Responses to blue stimuli over a 3.9-log unit range were recorded. Lower b-wave amplitudes than normal were observed in heterozygotes and early affected cats. The amplitudes of the heterozygotes took an intermediate position between normal and early affected cats. Normalized amplitude/intensity data suggest a normal dynamic range in carriers. B-wave implicit times in carriers were comparable to those of normal cats. These results show that heterozygotes have an altered retinal function, although they are ophthalmoscopically normal. It is difficult to electrophysiologically differentiate heterozygotes from affected cats with the very early stage of retinal degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate if tonometry and gonioscopy could serve as predictors of later glaucoma development in the English Springer Spaniel, a breed prone to developing primary glaucoma. Animals studied Gonioscopy was performed on 279 English Springer Spaniel dogs, 119 males and 160 females, with clinically normal eyes. In addition, 14 dogs, five males and nine females were examined for glaucoma. Results A positive relation between pectinate ligament dysplasia (PLD) and narrowing of the relative width of the ciliary cleft (RWOCC) and also between PLD, RWOCC and age was demonstrated. The prevalence of PLD was 25.5%, which is higher than in other breeds reported. A positive association was demonstrated between PLD and glaucoma, as well as between narrowing of the RWOCC and glaucoma. Glaucoma was not observed in dogs with normal appearance of the iridocorneal angle. English Springer Spaniels related to dogs with glaucoma show more narrowing of the RWOCC and more PLD than unrelated dogs. Conclusion This study demonstrates the positive association between PLD and glaucoma, between narrowing of the iridocorneal angle and glaucoma and the effect of age on the iridocorneal angle. Mating of dogs with normal iridocorneal angles appears to reduce the presence and degree of abnormal appearance of the iridocorneal angle in the offspring. However, breeding only dogs with normal iridocorneal angles without consideration of their relationship to dogs with glaucoma is not a guarantee for preventing glaucoma in the offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To obtain a model suitable for evaluation of the anterior chamber depth (ACD) maintaining capacity of viscoelastic substances – a critical parameter in cataract surgery. Methods: ACD was estimated using an anterior segment analysis system (EAS-1000, Nidek Co Ltd, Japan). Variation was studied as an effect of batch number and eye within batch, storage, globe fixation, globe position, and repeated analyses of Scheimpflug images. Results: Considerable variation in ACD was found between eyes, batches, and as a result of prolonged storage (biological factors). Different IOPs before surgery caused significant alterations in ACD after overfilling with a viscoelastic substance. No significant differences were found when the globe position was altered or when the ACD was re-estimated repeatedly from the same photograph. Conclusion: Differences due to biological factors are more important than methodological errors caused by the Scheimpflug instrument. To reduce these variations when viscoelastics are evaluated, all measurements should be calculated as % of ACD before surgery and the anterior chamber should be overfilled with a viscoelastic solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus campbelli) were examined because of insidious globe enlargement, visual impairment and secondary altered behavior. Buphthalmos, deep anterior chambers, widely dilated pupils and poor to absent pupillary light reflexes were evident bilaterally in all four animals. Pale retinae and atrophic optic nerve heads were observed in the oldest hamsters. Light microscopic findings, including uveal atrophy, retinal atrophy (especially the inner retina), and a relative decrease in ganglion cells and optic nerve atrophy, were consistent with glaucoma. The etiology was unclear, but a genetic predisposition cannot be excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 18-month-old white boy, observed by his parents at 1–2 months age to have poor visual attentiveness and nystagmus, underwent an ophthalmological evaluation. The patient also underwent unsedated 5-channel flash visual evoked potentials (VEP) and sedated electroretinogram (ERG) testing as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and orbits. The VEP in response to monocular stimulation demonstrated occipital asymmetry and was clearly suggestive of crossed asymmetry and also showed right optic nerve hypoplasia. The MRI and fundoscopic examinations supported the findings of achiasmia and probable optic nerve hypoplasia. The patient also had decreased Teller card visual acuity, nystagmus and a variable right esotropia. Neurological examination was normal. The ophthalmological and MRI findings in this 18-month-old male patient support the diagnosis of isolated non-decussating retinal–fugal fibre syndrome as well as hypoplasia of the optic nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]