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CO2 conversion to formic acid in a single‐step reaction was investigated by incorporating MoSe2 nanoparticles into a cryogel‐based reactor system, resulting in a formate dehydrogenase (FDH) enzyme‐mimicking system. MoSe2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the microwave synthesis method, and they took part as the cofactor of the enzymatic system. Following, in combination with MACys‐Ru(bipyr)2‐MACys, MoSe2 nanoparticles were used as the cofactor of the conversion reaction in the MACys‐Ru(bipyr)2‐MACys‐co‐p(HEMA) cryogel column‐based reactor system. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy. The conversion reaction was monitored using high‐pressure liquid chromatography, and the parameters affecting the conversion yield (e.g., pH change and reusability of the reactor) were investigated. The results showed that the obtained mimic FDH‐based CO2 conversion column system worked like a reactor in the conversion of CO2 into formic acid. Besides, the developed cryogenic reactor provided a reusable single‐step conversion reaction with a high yield at room temperature in mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An immunosensor is based on the signal measurement obtained upon the reaction of an antibody antigen complex. It plays a significant role in various fields such as environmental analysis, production monitoring, drug detection or screening, veterinary medicine, and animal food. In this study, an antibody crosslinked graphen oxide (GO)‐based potentiometric sensor has been developed for fast, simple, and economical detection of clenbuterol. In this context, the photosensitive amino acid bound GO platform is synthesized and used for the preparation of electrode material. Then, polymeric structure is characterized by infrared spectroscopy, and the performance of immunonano platform prepared by potentiometric sensor is evaluated. The effect of pH, response time, selectivity, and sensitivity is investigated. Under the optimized conditions, a simple and rapid method for the determination of clenbuterol from milk sample is established by immuno‐potentiometric sensor. The detection limit has found to be 0.87 × 10−9 mmol L−1 for this immuno‐potentiometric sensor. This immuno‐potentiometric sensor has optimum pH at 7.0, a wide linear response (1.0 × 10−2 to 1.0 × 10−9 mmol L−1), rapid response time (2 Min) and 36 weeks operational lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most important components copying DNA molecules in the PCR system, Taq DNA polymerase has a high processivity, however, lower persistence when compared to other polymerases. Studies for the enhancement of stability of Taq DNA polymerase is of great importance. The present study describes the integration of PCR application of cross-linked Taq DNA polymerase enzyme in a nanochamber using a ruthenium based MATyr-Ru-(bipyr)2)-MATyr monomer hapten prepared by photosensitive microemulsion polymerization technique. The conjugation and cross-linking have achieved using our previously invented Aminoacid (monomer) Decorated and Light Underpining Conjugation Approach (ANADOLUCA) method. Microemulsion polymerization media has prepared by dispersing PVA in deionized water. The nano enzyme could be easily prepared at room temperature, in daylight and under nitrogen atmosphere using ruthenium based photosensitive cross-linking agents. The nano copy machine particles (nano Taq DNA polymerase) are very stable against more acidic or more basic conditions, high temperatures and could be reusable in PCR analysis for many times without any deformation in their structures. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:119-123, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes preparation and use of novel labeled and antibodious polymeric nanolabels (anti-alpha fetoprotein cross-linked nanolabels) as an immunogenic and semisynthetic nanolabel with potential prognostic and therapeutic roles for hepatoma cancer. Specificity, uptake, and binding efficiencies of the nanolabel have been examined in a human hepatosarcoma cell line HepG2, a human colorectal cell line DLD-1, and a mouse myoblast cell line C2. Labeling of the cells has been performed by treating live and fixed cells with varying concentrations of the nanolabels and then, the cells have been examined under a fluorescence microscope. In addition, all cell lines have also been labeled using FITC-conjugated nanotrastuzumab to compare the results obtained with those of the binding of the FITC-nanoanti-alpha fetoprotein nanolabels. Results show that FITC-conjugated anti-alpha fetoprotein cross-linked nanolabels have been taken up by both live and fixed cells and have efficiently and specifically labeled HepG2 cells at a quite low concentration. Taken all together, the results indicate that the novel targeted nanoimaging tools and technique demonstrated their ability to detect the distribution of the nanolabels as probes in hepatoma cells. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29: 472-479, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysozyme (Lys), also known as muramidase or N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase, is a family of enzymes that damage bacterial cell walls by catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,4-β-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl- D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl- D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrins. In this study, Lys was enhanced with a photosensitive facility by ruthenium chelate based monomers with a photosensitization and conjugation approach [amino acid (monomer) decorated and light underpinning conjugation approach]. Then, photosensitive Lys was allowed to interact with methacryloyl amido tyrosine (MATyr) monomer, which included tyrosine parts in its structure similar to those in the Lys structure. Two different types of cryogels including Lys-MATyr in their macropores were synthesized, Lys-MATyr cryogel and Lys-MATyr-clay cryogel. These two materials were used for the measurement of the antibacterial activity on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The effects of the modified Lys on Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus were determined with a dilution plate method. The effects on Escherichia coli and S. aureus were determined with a turbidity method. According to the data, the Lys-MATyr-clay modified embedded cryogel was effective on Gram-positive bacteria, and the Lys-MATyr modified embedded cryogel was so effective on Gram-negative bacteria. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture and conversion systems based on the combination of biomimetic systems with nano enzymes have been developed. The effectiveness of the developed system has been investigated toward CO 2 conversion. For this aim, nano ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) enzyme that plays role in the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis has been synthesized in 93 nm size according to AmiNoAcid (monomer) Decorated and Light Underpinning Conjugation Approach (ANADOLUCA) method. Enzymatic activity of synthesized nano RuBisCO enzyme has been spectrophotometrically determined by the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) at the end of the reaction between CO 2 and d-ribulose-1,5 biphosphate with the catalysis of RuBisCO enzyme at 340 nm. The effect of substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and Mg 2+ ion concentration on the conversion reaction have investigated comparatively with nano and free RuBisCO enzyme. Besides this, the reusability feature of synthesized nano RuBisCO enzyme in conversion of CO 2 reaction is indicated. When all data were evaluated, it has been seen that the nano RuBisCO enzyme is effective on the conversion of CO 2 into 3-PGA and can be used for CO 2 capture and conversion systems repeatedly without any deformation in its structure., (© 2020 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)