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Repeated epidemics caused by bacterial and fungal diseases pose a threat to global crop yields and food security, therefore, updating the structure of existing microbicides and improving the pesticide bioavailability are challenging tasks, perhaps planning to develop versatile supramolecular antimicrobial materials. Here, a low‐cost multifunctional supramolecular complex, named FT6@β‐CD, is constructed by host‐guest encapsulation of a thienyl‐engineered ingredient (FT6) into β‐cyclodextrin. This integrated architecture can significantly reduce the bounce and splash behaviors of droplets, improve the wetting performance, and eventually acquire excellent foliar deposition and targeted delivery. Whereafter, FT6@β‐CD can inhibit the transcription of type III secretion system (T3SS)‐associated genes, hypersensitive reaction, and final pathogenicity from a destructive pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Importantly, at a lower dosage of 200 µg mL−1, FT6@β‐CD presented excellent in vivo control effects (protection 48.1%, curative 50.1%) against Xoo, remarkably better than the commercial bactericidal formulation thiodiazole‐copper. Additionally, other supramolecular antifungal materials (FT24/FT25@HP‐β‐CD/β‐CD/Me‐β‐CD) constructed in this study can effectively treat Botryosphaeria dothidea and Botrytis cinerea with higher control efficiencies of 86.8% and 90.1% at 200 µg mL−1, respectively. This study provides a bright guidance for developing low‐cost, green, and eco‐friendly supramolecular microbicides for controlling agricultural diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Extending working life is considered as an important initiative to respond to the population aging and pension payment dilemma. This study aimed to investigate whether work after retirement is related to improved health‐related quality of life. Methods: We used two waves of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011 and 2018. Work after retirement was ascertained based on self‐reported retirement and work status, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) was measured with the three‐level EuroQol five‐dimensions. The impact of work after retirement on HRQOL was analyzed using the propensity score matching with difference‐in‐difference approach. Results: A total of 1043 retirees were included. The results showed that work after retirement was associated with significant improvement in HRQOL among retirees (β = 0.072, P < 0.001). Heterogeneity analyses did not show specificity on sex (P for sex interaction >0.05), but older‐aged retirees seemed more sensitive to the benefits of work after retirement on HRQOL than their younger‐aged counterparts (≥65 years: β = 0.167, P < 0.001 vs <65 years: β = −0.047, P > 0.05; P for age interaction = 0.010). Conclusions: Work after retirement shows a positive impact on HRQOL among community‐dwelling adults in China. Policy‐makers should take the health of retirees into account when implementing policies related to delayed retirement, and reduce health inequity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 722–729. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School bullying is a worldwide problem. Although previous studies examined the association between different lifestyle behaviors and bullying victimization, the complex co‐occurrence of these behaviors was not identified, and their association with the risk of being bullied remains unclear. We aimed to identify the behavioral patterns of adolescents and to explore their association with bullying victimization. This cross‐sectional study employed data from the "Surveillance for Common Diseases and Health Risk Factors among Students" project implemented in Jiangsu Province of China in 2019, and a total of 25,379 school‐enrolled students were included. We used a latent class analysis to identify behavioral patterns and a regression mixture model to explore various demographic characteristics, such as age, sex, and family structure in relation to bullying victimization across different patterns. We considered respondents having targeted behaviors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, sugar consumption, no fruit consumption, low physical activity, electronic media use, and insufficient sleep. Four behavioral patterns were identified, including the "adolescents without apparent targeted behaviors" (19.65%), "substance and electronic media users" (12.76%), "typical electronic media users" (54.49%), and "typical substance users" (8.10%). The risk of being bullied was the highest in the "substance and electronic media users" (probability: 0.33), tripled that in "adolescents without apparent targeted behaviors" (odds ratio: 3.60, 95% confidence interval: 3.01–4.30). Risk of being bullied was reduced for those "substance and electronic media users" living with a nuclear family. Behavioral patterns and their association with being bullied differ between groups of school‐aged adolescents. To better inform decision‐making based on the current real‐world findings, the implementation of bullying prevention programs could target specific behavioral patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast are very common phenomena in China and have been proposed as possible causes of overweight/obesity, but the results of former studies remain inconsistent. Objective: To investigate the individual and joint association of insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast with overweight/obesity among children and adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China. Methods: Participants were 36 849 students aged 8–17 years from the 2019–2020 project "Surveillance for common disease and health risk factors among students." Self‐reported insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast were ascertained by self‐reported sleep duration and breakfast habit. Overweight/obesity was assessed according to the gender‐ and age‐specific body mass index. We used logistic regression models to explore the association of sleep and breakfast with overweight/obesity, and stratification analyses to test age or gender differences. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity was 33.2%. Insufficient sleep (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.03–1.16) or skipping breakfast (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.07–1.21) was associated with overweight/obesity. Compared to participants with 'sufficient sleep and breakfast', ORs were 1.25 (95% CI = 1.15–1.35) for those with 'both insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast'. The separate and joint association of sleep and breakfast with overweight/obesity remained generally consistent across different age and gender subgroups, except that the 8–12‐year‐olds group and female students appear more susceptible. Conclusions: Insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast were jointly associated with overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. Appropriate attention should be paid to these modifiable behaviours including sleep and breakfast in the context of the rapidly growing obesity epidemic among children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our work overcomes the long‐standing challenge to achieve comprehensive improvements in thermo/mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), especially for impact toughness, strength, ductility, stiffness, and heat resistance. Simple deformation or microfibrillation of spherulites can create excellent thermo/mechanical properties making PLA compete against conventional petrochemical‐based polymers. It was performed by pressure‐induced‐flow (PIF) processing, and produced typical deformed spherulite structure and brick‐mud structure. It was found that the critical deformation degree of spherulites was around 2.7, beyond which spherulites would fragment. Through three transition stages of spherulite structures, deformed spherulite structures, and brick‐mud structure, PLA exhibited an enhancement of orientation, storage modulus and glass transition temperature. And a substantial increase was proved in impact strength (105.6 kJ/m2), tensile strength (148.4 MPa) and elongation at break (107.7%), which can be comparable to most engineering plastics. Both the deformed spherulite structures and the brick‐mud structures can enhance the impact toughness of PLA by increasing the fracture path of cracks. Besides, the evolution of the microstructure for a sandwich structure during PIF‐processing was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the digestion of pectic polysaccharide from Brassica rapa L. (BRP) in vitro and its effect on the intestinal microbiota in cyclophosphamide (Cy)‐treated mice were investigated. As a result, the molecular weight (Mw) of BRP was significantly decreased after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and content of reducing sugars (CR) was significantly increased (P < 0.05), implying that BRP was gradually degraded under gastrointestinal digestion conditions in vitro. In vivo, both 50 or 200 mg kg−1·BW/d of BRP significantly improved SCFAs concentrations that decreased by Cy treatment (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, BRP enriched the alpha‐diversity of intestinal microbiota and altered the microbial composition with an increase of Lactobacillus and a decrease of Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Oscillospira (P < 0.05). Besides, BRP intervention was conducive to the recovery of mouse body weight, thymus and spleen indices, and contributed to improve the intestinal barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Children with 5‐alpha‐reductase deficiency (5α‐RD) and hypospadias present with micropenis, which makes it difficult to obtain sufficient tissue for urethral reconstruction. Objective: We investigated the therapeutic effects of oral testosterone undecanoate and established a standard androgen treatment protocol for patients with 5α‐RD with micropenis. Methods: Patients with 5α‐RD were treated with oral testosterone undecanoate for 3 months as a course. All patients were treated with no more than 3 courses. If the penile length (PL) reached 2.5 cm (the minimum criterion for surgery) or greater than or equal to −2.5 standard deviations (SDs) (lower limit of normal), testosterone undecanoate was considered to be effective. Results: The median age of 90 patients with 5α‐RD was 1.7 years (0.9, 3.1 years). The baseline PL was 1.9 ± 0.6 cm before treatment. At the end of the first course, the PL of 63 patients (70%) reached 2.5 cm, and 49 patients (54%) reached greater than or equal to −2.5 SDs. After two treatment courses, the PL of 81 patients (90%) reached 2.5 cm, and 90 patients (100%) reached greater than or equal to −2.5 SDs. After three courses, the PL of all patients reached 2.5 cm, and all patients reached a PL greater than or equal to −2.5 SDs. No abnormal increase was observed in height‐SD score, weight‐SD score, or ratio of bone age to chronological age during the 1–3‐year follow‐up. Interpretation: After 3–9 months of treatment, PL increased to the target length. No severe adverse reactions were observed during follow‐up. Testosterone undecanoate was safe and effective in children with 5α‐RD with micropenis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: It has been controversial whether to adjust for current body weight while examining the relationship between birthweight and blood pressure (BP). Objective: The present study aims to partition the total effect of birthweight on BP into its direct effect and indirect effect through current body mass index (BMI). Methods: The study cohort consisted of 6251 participants who had birthweight information with 13 443 observations on BMI and BP in pre‐adolescence (4‐11 years), adolescence (12‐19 years), young adulthood (20‐30 years) and mid‐adulthood (31‐58 years). General third‐variable models were used to distinguish the mediation and suppression effects of current BMI on the birthweight‐BP association at different ages. Results: The total effect of birthweight on systolic BP measured as standardized regression coefficient (β) without current BMI included in the model was 0.003 (P =.810) in pre‐adolescents, −0.032 (P =.029) in adolescents, −0.066 (P =.002) in young adults and −0.051 (P =.023) in midlife adults. With additional adjustment for BMI, the direct effect of birthweight on systolic BP was strengthened to β = −0.066 (P =.013), β = −0.058 (P =.014), β = −0.094 (P =.020), β = −0.066 (P =.023); the suppression effects of BMI were calculated at 0.070, 0.027, 0.028 and 0.015 in the respective age groups. The decreasing trend of suppression effects with increasing age mimicked the trends of birthweight‐BMI and BMI‐BP correlations. Conclusions: Current body weight has a suppression effect, not a mediation effect, on the birthweight‐BP association, with pre‐adolescents having the greatest suppression effect. The suppression effect is predominantly determined by birthweight‐BMI and BMI‐BP correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aromatase deficiency (AD) caused by cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP19A1) variants is characterized by a deficiency in androgen‐to‐oestrogen conversion. Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and accurate management of aromatase‐deficient children. Patients and methods: We described three 46, XX aromatase‐deficient children, searched PubMed with "(aromatase deficiency) AND (46, XX OR ovaries)" and manually searched citations in identified studies for the literature review. Results: Two girls and one boy (3.4‐9.2 years) with the 46, XX karyotype presented ambiguous genitalia and maternal antenatal virilization, normal‐low height, delayed bone age, normal glucose and lipid profiles, markedly elevated follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and poor oestradiol responses to human menopausal gonadotropin stimulation. Ultrasound revealed normal‐sized uterus and ovaries with undetectable follicles. Histopathology revealed primordial follicles and few primary follicles in ovaries. One patient presented granulosa and follicular membrane cell proliferation and interstitial sclerosis. We identified four CYP19A1 variants; c.146_158del and c.344G >A were unreported. We reviewed available data from thirty 46, XX patients (0.2‐32 years). Some patients were not diagnosed until puberty/adulthood; three were initially misdiagnosed with congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia. The main characteristics were maternal antenatal virilization (21/29), ambiguous genitalia (mainly Prader IV or III, 19/23), delayed bone age (16/17), low bone mass (5/8), markedly elevated FSH levels and ovarian cysts (13/30). Conclusions: 46, XX AD is easily neglected or misdiagnosed. Ambiguous genitalia, maternal antenatal virilization and markedly elevated FSH levels are important diagnostic indicators. We described two novel variants, new histopathological features of ovaries and an early management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with steroid 5α‐reductase 2 deficiency (5α‐RD) caused by SRD5A2 (OMIM #607306) variants present variable genotypes and phenotypes. The genotype‐phenotype correlations remain unclear. Methods: We investigated genotype‐phenotype correlations of SRD5A2 variants in a large Chinese single‐center cohort. Phenotypes were categorized using the external masculinization score (EMS), urethral meatus and gonad position, and penile length‐standard deviation score. Results: Of the 130 included patients, 113 had hypospadias, and 17 had a normal urethral meatus position. Testosterone/dihydrotestosterone (T/DHT) values were not significantly associated with phenotypic severity (p = 0.539–0.989). Of the 31 SRD5A2 variants, including 10 novel variants, p.R227Q was the most prevalent (39.62%), followed by p.Q6* (16.92%), p.R246Q (13.46%), and p.G203S (10.38%). Compared to biallelic missense mutations, biallelic nonsense mutations were associated with a lower EMS and urethral meatus score (p = 0.009 and p = 0.024, respectively). Patients homozygous for p.R227Q exhibited mild and variable phenotypes, while those homozygous for p.Q6*, p.R246Q, or p.G203S showed consistently severe phenotypes. The phenotypes were variable and milder in patients with compound heterozygosity for p.R227Q and these mutations. Conclusion: T/DHT does not predict phenotype severity. The most prevalent SRD5A2 variant in Han Chinese is p.R227Q, which is associated with milder phenotypes and greater phenotypic variability. SRD5A2 variants may significantly influence phenotypic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) always show working memory deficits. However, research findings on the factors that affected the working memory in ASD and ADHD were inconsistent. Thus, we developed the present study to investigate the association of executive function (EF) with the visuospatial working memory (VSWM) in ASD and ADHD. Three groups of participants were examined: 21 children with ASD, 28 children with ADHD and 28 typically developing (TD) children as the controls. All participants completed two tests: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Corsi Block Tapping Test for measuring EF and VSWM, respectively. The WCST included four domains: categories achieved (CA), perseverative errors (PE), failures to maintain set (FMS), and total errors (TE). The findings indicated that (1) the ASD group showed poorer performance in VSWM than the ADHD and TD groups; (2) for the ASD group, VSWM was positively correlated with CA, and was negatively correlated with PE and TE; (3) for the ADHD group, FMS showed a negative relationship with VSWM; and (4) TE predicted the performance of VSWM in ASD group, while FMS predicted VSWM in ADHD group. The study results suggested that VSWM was impaired in ASD but not in ADHD. Also, the EF domains were differently correlated with the VSWM performance in ASD and ADHD. Our study suggests that we should consider different intervention targets of working memory and EF contributions in improving the cognitive capacity of ASD and ADHD. Autism Res2018, 11: 1148–1156. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay summary: The present study compared the visuospatial working memory (VSWM) in three groups of children: autism (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and typically developed children (TD). The ASD group showed poorer VSWM than the ADHD and TD groups. The total error of executive function predicted the performance of VSWM in ASD, while failures to maintain set predicted VSWM in ADHD. These findings suggested that we should consider the different working memory and executive function training targets to increase cognitive capacity of ASD and ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For China, long-term changes are detected not only in the means of eight extreme precipitation indices, but also in their distribution shapes by quantile regression. This resulted in different trends for the means and other aspects of the index distributions. The differences between changes in the means and upper/lower extremes vary with region and index. A noteworthy feature is that changes in upper tails of the index distributions across a broad area, especially in the south, are at a much higher rate than mean trends estimated by the traditional linear regression model. This has practical implications for disaster risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Two circulation index-based methods were applied to downscale summer daily rainfall at four meteorological stations in Chongqing, China. One is a regression method ( CIM) and the other a hybrid circulation classification plus regression method ( CPM). Both methods used the same three circulation indices and surface specific humidity as predictors. In the first method ( CIM), the indices and humidity were used directly as predictors and only one model was developed at each station. In the second method ( CPM), the indices were further used to define circulation patterns using the objective Lamb-Jenkinson classification scheme, and one model was built using humidity as the sole predictor for each pattern. Logistic regression was used to define rainfall probability, and a gamma distribution was fit using observations to randomly generate daily rainfall amounts. The two downscaling methods were validated and compared. The results suggest that (1) both methods yield consistently reasonable results with respect to occurrence and amount of daily rainfall, although they perform poorly in reproducing interannual and interdecadal variability, (2) specific humidity should be used as a predictor. Both methods were forced by two future scenarios of a global climate model ( GCM) to demonstrate the added value with two methods. The downscaled scenarios show a shift towards larger rainfall values, accompanied by more frequent dry days. This shift is mainly attributed to a change in specific humidity. Despite the similar performances of the two methods, CPM gives a higher frequency of dry days than CIM, whereas CIM produces stronger intensity of rainfall than CPM. This provides additional information about the uncertainty in the projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death in gynecologic malignancies. Profiling of endogenous metabolites has potential to identify changes caused by cancer and provide inspiring insights into cancer metabolism. To systematically investigate ovarian cancer metabolism, we performed metabolic profiling of 448 plasma samples related to epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in both positive and negative modes. These unbiased metabolomic profiles could well distinguish EOC from benign ovarian tumor (BOT) and uterine fibroid (UF). Fifty-three metabolites were identified as specific biomarkers for EOC, and this is the first report of piperine, 3-indolepropionic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde and hydroxyphenyllactate as metabolic biomarkers of EOC. The AUC values of these metabolites for discriminating EOC from BOT/UF and early-stage EOC from BOT/UF were 0.9100/0.9428 and 0.8385/0.8624, respectively. Meanwhile, our metabolites were able to distinguish early-stage EOC from late-stage EOC with an AUC of 0.8801. Importantly, analysis of dysregulated metabolic pathways extends our current understanding of EOC metabolism. Metabolic pathways in EOC patients are mainly characterized by abnormal phospholipid metabolism, altered l-tryptophan catabolism, aggressive fatty acid β-oxidation and aberrant metabolism of piperidine derivatives. Together, these metabolic pathways provide a foundation to support cancer development and progression. In conclusion, our large-scale plasma metabolomics study yielded fundamental insights into dysregulated metabolism in ovarian cancer, which could facilitate clinical diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and shed new lights on ovarian cancer pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Crosslinking copolymerization of butyl methacrylate with a small amount of divinylbenzene (DVB) was carried out using single-electron transfer-living radical polymerization initiated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and catalyzed by Cu(0)/N-ligand in N, N-dimethylformamide to produce a highly oil-absorbing gel. The polymerization, gelation process, and oil-absorbing properties were studied in detail. Analysis of monomer conversion with reaction time showed that the polymerization followed first-order kinetics for both linear and crosslinking polymerization before gelation. Higher levels of DVB led to earlier gelation and the influence of N-ligand on gelation was also significant. Under optimal conditions, oil absorption of the prepared gel to chloroform could reach 42.1 g·g−1. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3233-3239 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flammulina velutipes is one of the most popular edible mushrooms consumed all around the world. This study evaluates the antioxidant potential of four varieties of F. velutipes with different colour (snowy white, off-white, yellow, snuff colour) in terms of DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. The total phenols, phenolic acid and l-ergothioneine contents in the four varieties of F. velutipes were also determined. Extracts from yellow F. velutipes demonstrated better antioxidant activities in DPPH, hydroxyl radical and metal chelating activity and extracts from snowy white F. velutipes showed higher activity in reducing power. However, snuff colour F. velutipes exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity in all the tested assays. The antioxidant activities may be attributed to the higher phenolic acid and l-ergothioneine contents as a linear relation was observed between the two components and the antioxidant parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose produced from cotton fibers was used as substrate for synthesis of oil-absorbing materials by single electron transfer-living radical polymerization. The cellulose macroinitiator was prepared by esterification of hydroxyl group with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB), followed by grafting with butyl methacrylate (BMA) and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) to render a three-dimensional architecture. The polymerization was catalyzed by Cu(0) powder/hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and performed in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Effects of cellulose, catalyst, reaction temperature, and time were investigated in detail. The maximum oil absorption to chloroform and toluene could reach 29.0 and 15.4 g·g−1, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sn(0)-mediated single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) of acrylonitrile (AN) with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) as initiator and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as ligand in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was studied. The polymerization obeyed first order kinetic. The molecular weight of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) increased linearly with monomer conversion and PAN exhibited narrow molecular weight distributions. Increasing the content of Sn(0) resulted in an increase in the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution. Effects of ligand and initiator were also investigated. The block copolymer PAN- b-polymethyl methacrylate with molecular weight at 126,130 and polydispersity at 1.36 was successfully obtained. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel high oil-absorbing crosslinked gel was synthesized by copolymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA) with a small amount of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) crosslinker using single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) initiated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and catalyzed by Cu(0)/hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The polymerization followed first-order kinetics as indicated by linear increase of monomer concentration with reaction time. Effects of reaction temperature, crosslinker, initiator, and catalyst on the oil-absorbing properties of the crosslinked gel were investigated in detail. The oil absorptions of the crosslinked gel to chloroform, toluene could reach 51.9, 34.5 g/g, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Design Sample Measurements Results Conclusions To investigate temporal trends in childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity in Jiangsu Province, China, evaluating the effects of age, period, and birth cohort.Cross‐sectional study.Participants were 210,168 students aged 6–17 years from the five waves of the consecutive cross‐sectional Jiangsu provincial surveillance project in 2017–2021.Overweight/obesity was assessed according to the sex‐ and age‐specific body mass index. We used age‐period‐cohort (APC) analysis to explore the temporal trends of overweight/obesity and to estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on the prevalence.The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity has increased from 32.08% to 38.60% between 2017 and 2021. The 6–9‐year‐old group and the 10–13‐year‐old group were significantly associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity, in contrast to 14–17‐year‐olds. The pandemic was also significantly associated with a much higher risk. The cohort 2000–2003 was associated with higher risk, and such association continued until the cohort 2012–2015, denoting a significantly lower risk.Despite an increasing trend in the prevalence of overweight/obesity, especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic, the latest cohort effect was significantly associated with a lower risk. We recommend continuous efforts on preventive interventions and more research about prevalence trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The temporal relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is not well established. This study aims to examine the temporal sequence between T2DM and LVH/cardiac geometry patterns in middle-aged adults. Methods and Results The longitudinal cohort consisted of 1000 adults (682 White individuals and 318 Black individuals; 41.1% men; mean age, 36.2 years at baseline) who had data on fasting glucose/T2DM, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and relative wall thickness collected twice at baseline and follow-up over 9.4 years on average. The cross-lagged path analysis model in 905 adults who did not take antidiabetic medications and the longitudinal prediction model in 1000 adults were used to examine the temporal relationships of glucose/T2DM with LVMI, LVH, relative wall thickness, and remodeling patterns. After adjustment for age, race, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index, heart rate, hypertension, and follow-up years, the path coefficient from baseline LVMI to follow-up glucose was 0.088 ( P =0.005); the path from baseline glucose to follow-up LVMI was -0.009 ( P =0.758). The 2 paths between glucose and relative wall thickness were not significant. The path analysis parameters did not differ significantly between race, sex, and follow-up duration subgroups. Incidence of T2DM was higher in the baseline LVH group than in the normal LVMI group (24.8% versus 8.8%; P =0.017 for difference). Incidence of LVH and concentric LVH was higher in the baseline T2DM group than in the group without T2DM (50.0% versus 18.2% for LVH [ P =0.005 for difference]; 41.7% versus 12.6% for concentric LVH [ P =0.004 for difference]), with adjustment for covariates. Conclusions This study suggests that the temporal relationship between T2DM and LVH is likely bidirectional. The path from LVMI/LVH to glucose/T2DM is stronger than the path from glucose/T2DM to LVMI/LVH.