Search

Phase change memory (PCM) is among the most promising candidates for the next generation of storage‐class and main memory systems in the computing era beyond Moore's law. However, the widespread installment of PCM devices is limited by the high price‐per‐bit and complex fabrication process. In this paper, it is shown that functional PCM memory devices can be printed, proving low‐cost avenues for non‐silicon memory technologies. Taking Ge‐Sb‐Te (GST) as a case study, PCM inks are prepared and optimize their structural, rheological, and printing parameters. GST layers are then printed onto PCM devices in the planar configuration, showing excellent performance, such as non‐volatility, resistivity contrast, low cycle‐to‐cycle variability, and endurance of at least 100 cycles. This paper provides a novel approach to liquid‐based engineered PCM devices through inkjet printing, enabling patterned memory layers, lower price‐per‐bit, and customizable multi‐material PCM arrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is limited data on the incidence, prevalence, and treatments for myelofibrosis (MF) in Germany. This retrospective study examined claims data from 3.3 million insured individuals, spanning from 2010 to 2021. Methods: Four sensitivity scenarios were explored to identify cases of MF. Point prevalence and cumulative incidence of MF were determined as of December 31, 2021, and within 2021, respectively. A cross‐sectional analysis used the main scenario definition of MF to identify cases and evaluate the period prevalence of patients receiving treatment for symptoms and/or splenomegaly, including first‐line (1L) Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi), second‐line, or further (2L+) MF‐related treatment therapies during 2021. The prevalence of anemia treatment was also reported. Results: The estimated standardized point prevalence of MF on December 31, 2021, was 9.9–12.4 cases per 100 000 persons, and cumulative incidence in 2021 was 1.2–1.8 cases per 100 000 persons. Standardized period prevalence in 2021 for MF patients receiving 1L JAKi and/or 2L+ MF‐related treatment was 4.0 cases per 100 000. Among these patients, 47.1%–53.7% required treatment for anemia, resulting in a period prevalence of 1.9–2.2 cases per 100 000 individuals. Conclusion: The data reveal gaps in MF treatments and the need to improve patient quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural variability of a compound class is an important criterion for the research into phosphor host lattices for phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs). Especially, nitridophosphates and the related class of imidonitridophosphates are promising candidates. Recently, the ammonothermal approach has opened a systematic access to this substance class with larger sample quantities. We present the successful ammonothermal synthesis of the imidonitridophosphate Ba4P4N8(NH)2:Eu2+. Its crystal structure is solved by X‐ray diffraction and it crystallizes in space group Cc (no. 9) with lattice parameters a=12.5250(3), b=12.5566(4), c=7.3882(2) Å and β=102.9793(10)°. For the first time, adamantane‐type (imido)nitridophosphate anions [P4N8(NH)2]8− are observed next to metal ions other than alkali metals in a compound. The presence of imide groups in the structure and the identification of preferred positions for the hydrogen atoms are performed using a combination of quantum chemical calculations, Fourier‐transform infrared, and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. Eu2+ doped samples exhibit cyan emission (λmax=498 nm, fwhm=50 nm/1981 cm−1) when excited with ultraviolet light with an impressive internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 41 %, which represents the first benchmark for imidonitridophosphates and is promising for potential industrial application of this compound class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triplet‐sensitized (by the solvent acetone) as well as the direct (λex=300–320 nm) photochemical decarboxylation of N‐phthaloylated γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivatives are versatile and high‐yielding routes to benzopyrrolizidines via intramolecular electron transfer initiated decarboxylation followed by radical coupling. The ß‐mono‐ and ß,ß'‐disubstituted N‐phthaloyl GABA derivatives 7 a–7 g, respectively, were applied as substrates. Decarboxylative photocyclization yielded hydroxy benzopyrrolizidines 8 a–8 g in high chemical yields and with moderate diastereoselectivities from the ß‐monosubstituted substrates. The analogous α‐substituted GABA derivatives 11 a–11 c were also applied as potential substrates for memory of chirality effects. The reaction quantum yields of the photodecarboxylation reactions for the parent GABA derivative 13 and for the new substrates 7 h and 11 a were determined by the quantum yield determination system (QYDS) and showed a remarkable concentration dependency indicating aggregation at higher substrate concentrations. Inhibition studies on the atherogenic human serine hydrolase cholesterol esterase showed derivatives 8 a and 8 d to exhibit a hyperbolic mode of inhibition with moderate IC50 values of about 60–80 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermetallic nanocrystals are emerging materials for energy, catalysis, and biomedical applications, but combining two or more metals at the nanoscale remains challenging. The amalgamation reaction represents a convenient method for hundreds of intermetallic compositions, as it relies on fast and efficient alloying of liquid metals into presynthesized metallic seeds. Here, Pd–Zn nanocrystals, prepared via Zn amide thermolysis on the surface of Pd nanocrystals and subsequent amalgamation alloying, are investigated. Size‐uniform nanocrystals and control over a wide range of Pd–Zn compositions are achieved. This allows deriving a phase diagram at the nanoscale, in which miscibility gaps and three phases with broad solid solutions are detected. Furthermore, the formation of homogeneous ZnO shells for Pd–Zn compositions extending beyond phase solubility limits is observed. Full chemistry control for Pd–Zn nanocrystals enables a rational choice of materials for selected energy applications, achieveing an extended lifetime of Zn‐ion batteries for Zn‐rich PdZn2 stoichiometry, superior electrocatalytic properties for nearly stoichiometric PdZn halite phase, and the stability and efficiency of high‐voltage cathodes benefiting from ZnO shell protection around Pd3Zn10 nanocrystals are reported. This paper exemplifies the multifunctionality of intermetallics Pd–Zn nanocrystals, while this methodology can be extended to many other bimetallic nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imidonitridosilicate Rb3Si6N5(NH)6, being only the second representative of this compound class, was synthesized ammonothermally at 870 K and 230 MPa. Its crystal structure was solved from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The imidonitridosilicate crystallizes isotypically with the respective potassium compound in space group P4132 with the lattice parameter a=10.9422(4) Å forming a three‐dimensional imidonitridosilicate tetrahedra network with voids for the rubidium ions. The structure model and the presence of the imide groups were verified by Fourier‐Transform infrared (FTIR) and magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy, using cross polarization 15N{1H} and 29Si{1H} MAS NMR experiments. Rb3Si6N5(NH)6 represents a possible intermediate during the ammonothermal synthesis of nitridosilicates. The characterization of such intermediates improves the understanding of the reaction pathway from ammonothermal solutions to nitrides. Thus, the ammonothermal synthesis is an alternative approach to the well‐established high‐temperature synthesis leading to the compound class of nitridosilicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imidonitridosilicate Rb3Si6N5(NH)6, being only the second representative of this compound class, was synthesized ammonothermally at 870 K and 230 MPa. Its crystal structure was solved from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The imidonitridosilicate crystallizes isotypically with the respective potassium compound in space group P4132 with the lattice parameter a=10.9422(4) Å forming a three‐dimensional imidonitridosilicate tetrahedra network with voids for the rubidium ions. The structure model and the presence of the imide groups were verified by Fourier‐Transform infrared (FTIR) and magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy, using cross polarization 15N{1H} and 29Si{1H} MAS NMR experiments. Rb3Si6N5(NH)6 represents a possible intermediate during the ammonothermal synthesis of nitridosilicates. The characterization of such intermediates improves the understanding of the reaction pathway from ammonothermal solutions to nitrides. Thus, the ammonothermal synthesis is an alternative approach to the well‐established high‐temperature synthesis leading to the compound class of nitridosilicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggression has multiple benefits and is often coupled with other behaviors ("behavioral syndromes"). The level of aggressiveness is influenced by an adaptive benefit–cost ratio suggesting that benefits should outweigh the costs of aggression. Here, we assess if several behaviors are coupled in two behaviorally different populations (aggressive, peaceful) of the high‐elevation ant Tetramorium alpestre. For three weeks, we collected colony fragments and analyzed boldness, exploring, foraging, and risk‐taking behaviors. We hypothesized that the aggressive population is bolder, more explorative and risk‐prone, and forages more food than the peaceful population. To test whether (a) the combination of experiments and parameters used yields a good setup, (b) populations differ behaviorally, and (c) populations display behavioral syndromes, we assessed (a) the frequency of repeatable behaviors of each experiment, (b) the behavioral means among populations, and (c) the behavioral repeatability, respectively. We found that (a) boldness and exploring were most repeatable and represent a good experimental setup, (b) the aggressive population was bolder and more explorative and risk‐prone than the peaceful population, (c) boldness and exploring behaviors were highly repeatable in both populations, thus corroborating our hypothesis. The results suggest that boldness, exploring, and risk‐taking but not foraging are presumably coupled with aggression and indicate the presence of behavioral syndromes in this ant. Under specific ecological conditions, aggression may be coupled with other behaviors and important for finding food. Aggression is probably adaptive in T. alpestre, possibly indicating that selection favors aggression at least partially, which may counteract the complete loss of intraspecific aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogenization of molecular catalysts within a porous solid acting as macroligand can advantageously open access to enhanced stability and productivity, and thus to more sustainable catalytic process. Herein, a porous organic polymer (POP) made through metal‐free polymerization using bipyridine repeating units is reported. This N‐rich POP is an efficient macroligand for the heterogenization of molecular rhodium complexes. The intrinsic catalytic activity of the heterogenized catalyst is slightly higher than that of its homogeneous molecular counterpart for formic acid production as a unique carbon‐containing product. The heterogenization of the rhodium catalysts enables recycling for a total productivity of up to 8.3 g of formic acid per gram of catalyst after 7 reuses using visible light as the sole energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous polymers have great potential as versatile, chemically stable catalyst supports. Yet, shaping of the resulting powders remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate the use of suspension polymerisation to design micrometre‐sized porous polymers beads containing metal binding sites. The good accessibility of the binding sites ensures high catalytic activity, which is demonstrated for two model reactions: photochemical CO2 reduction and transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones. Importantly, the shaping of the host material does not affect the catalytic activity of the active site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population size is an important parameter to monitor for species conservation and management. This is especially important for rare and endangered species, as declines can give information about anthropogenic impacts and the need for new conservation measures. To estimate population size, various methods of analysis can be used, for which sample size is an important factor. Sample size is particularly important to consider when applying non‐invasive sampling strategies such as sampling faeces or feathers/hairs as a source of DNA, as a means to limit disturbance and stress for the species of concern. We investigated a Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix population in the eastern part of the Alps, in East Tyrol (Austria), and estimated population size using two approaches: capture–recapture and rarefaction. With a set of 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers, we identified genotypes from faeces and feathers (backed up with 23 tissue samples) and checked for population substructure and gene flow among sampling sites. We estimated population size using four different models from the two approaches (molecular capture–recapture: TIRM, TIRMpart; rarefaction: hyperbolic function – Kohn, exponential function – Eggert). To evaluate the impact of sample size on the estimations, we used the full dataset of 500 samples ('complete' dataset) and half the dataset of 250 samples ('half' dataset). We also estimated the population size for each sex separately using complete and half datasets to check for sex‐specific differences in population size. We found similar results in three of four models (capture–recapture: capwire TIRM, capwire TIRMpart; rarefaction: rarefaction Kohn). Using just half of the data increased the uncertainties in the estimation of population size in all models used and deviations were particularly large in females, which indicated a sex bias. Only the complete dataset of males had an observation rate of more than two observations/individual, and this observation rate meets the recommendation for using the capwire models. This indicates that, for species with different sex‐specific detectability, larger sample sizes do not generally imply higher observation rates. We conclude that calculating the observation rates and population‐size estimations for each sex separately can improve overall population‐size estimation, especially in species with biased sex ratios and those that exhibit sex‐specific behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Angewandte Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The catalytic activity of multifunctional, microporous materials is directly linked to the spatial arrangement of their structural building blocks. Despite great achievements in the design and incorporation of isolated catalytically active metal complexes within such materials, a detailed understanding of their atomic‐level structure and the local environment of the active species remains a fundamental challenge, especially when these latter are hosted in non‐crystalline organic polymers. Here, we show that by combining computational chemistry with pair distribution function analysis, 129Xe NMR, and Dynamic Nuclear Polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy, a very accurate description of the molecular structure and confining surroundings of a catalytically active Rh‐based organometallic complex incorporated inside the cavity of amorphous bipyridine‐based porous polymers is obtained. Small, but significant, differences in the structural properties of the polymers are highlighted depending on their backbone motifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to molecularly engineer materials is a powerful tool toward increasingly performing heterogeneous catalysts. Porous organic polymers stand out as photocatalysts due to their high chemical stability, outstanding optoelectronic properties and their easy and tunable syntheses. In photocatalysis, the insertion of photosensitizing π‐extended molecules into molecularly well‐defined donor‐acceptor junctions is supposed to increase the catalytic activity, but yet remain experimentally underdeveloped. This study presents a pyrene‐based Covalent Triazine Framework (CTF) synthesized through a polycondensation approach, which was designed to contain a molecularly‐defined pyrene‐triazine‐bipyridine donor‐acceptor‐acceptor triad as the repetition unit of the CTF. The CTF is an efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from water reaching a significant production rate of 61.5 mmolH2/h/gcat. Moreover, the same CTF can easily be used as porous macroligand for an organometallic Rh complex to efficiently catalyze the carbon dioxide photoreduction into formic acid under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstruction of species histories is a central aspect of evolutionary biology. Patterns of genetic variation within and among populations can be leveraged to elucidate evolutionary processes and demographic histories. However, interpreting genetic signatures and unraveling the contributing processes can be challenging, in particular for non‐model organisms with complex reproductive modes and genome organization. One way forward is the combined consideration of patterns revealed by different molecular markers (nuclear vs. mitochondrial) and types of variants (common vs. rare) that differ in their age, mode, and rate of evolution. Here, we applied this approach to RNAseq data generated for Machilis pallida (Archaeognatha), an Alpine jumping bristletail considered parthenogenetic and triploid. We generated de novo transcriptome and mitochondrial assemblies to obtain high‐density data to investigate patterns of mitochondrial and common and rare nuclear variation in 17 M. pallida individuals sampled from all known populations. We find that the different variant types capture distinct aspects of the evolutionary history and discuss the observed patterns in the context of parthenogenesis, polyploidy, and survival during glaciation. This study highlights the potential of different variant types to gain insights into evolutionary scenarios even from challenging but often available data and the suitability of M. pallida and the genus Machilis as a study system for the evolution of sexual strategies and polyploidization during environmental change. We also emphasize the need for further research which will be stimulated and facilitated by these newly generated resources and insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral vectors for gene therapy, such as recombinant adeno‐associated viruses, are produced in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. However, the presence of the SV40 T‐antigen‐encoding CDS SV40GP6 and SV40GP7 in the HEK293T genome raises safety issues when these cells are used in manufacturing for clinical purposes. We developed a new T‐antigen‐negative HEK cell line from ExcellGene's proprietary HEKExpress,® using the CRISPR‐Cas9 strategy. We obtained a high number of clonally‐derived cell populations and all of them were demonstrated T‐antigen negative. Stability study and AAV production evaluation showed that the deletion of the T‐antigen‐encoding locus did not impact neither cell growth nor viability nor productivity. The resulting CMC‐compliant cell line, named HEKzeroT,® is able to produce high AAV titers, from small to large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgical abdominal emergencies in calves are associated with a guarded prognosis and have the potential for complex metabolic derangements including acid‐base imbalances. Objectives: To perform a comprehensive analysis of acid‐base status and to assess the prognostic relevance of preoperative clinicopathologic variables in calves undergoing abdominal surgery. Animals: Hospital‐based study samples of 535 (dataset 1; DS1) and 83 calves (dataset 2; DS2). Methods: Retrospective (DS1) and prospective (DS2) case series. Results: In DS1, acidemia (pH <7.33) was present in 49.9%, whereas alkalemia (pH >7.37) was present in 30.7% of calves. Plasma L‐lactate, chloride, and serum inorganic phosphorus concentration accounted for 51.9%, 11.6% and 9.4% of the variation of venous blood pH, respectively. Classification tree analysis indicated that a negative outcome (death or euthanasia during hospitalization) was associated with venous pO2 ≤33.6 mm Hg, anion gap >18.3 and >22.9 mEq/L, serum albumin concentration ≤36.5 and ≤29.4 g/L, serum urea concentration >4.4 mmol/L, and plasma ionized calcium concentration ≤1.26 mmol/L. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of this model was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.82‐0.89, P <.001) and the resulting sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of nonsurvival at the optimal probability cut‐point of 0.5 was 89.8% and 65.7%, respectively. In DS2 the model had a similar sensitivity and specificity of 90.5% and 70%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Clinicopathologic imbalances and associated changes of acid‐base status are common in calves with surgical abdominal emergencies and have clinical utility for the prediction of a negative postoperative outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracellular dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpnNs) have been known for decades but the functional role remains enigmatic. Diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A) is one of the most prominent examples, and its intercellular concentration was shown to increase upon cellular stress. By employment of previously reported Ap3A‐based photoaffinity‐labeling probes (PALPs) in chemical proteomics, we investigated the Ap3A interactome in the human lung carcinoma cell line H1299. The cell line is deficient of the fragile histidine triade (Fhit) protein, a hydrolase of Ap3A and tumor suppressor. Overall, the number of identified potential interaction partners was significantly lower than in the previously investigated HEK293T cell line. Gene ontology term analysis revealed that the identified proteins participate in similar pathways as for HEK293T, but the percentage of proteins involved in RNA‐related processes is higher for H1299. The obtained results highlight similarities and differences of the Ap3A interaction network in different cell lines and give further indications regarding the importance of the presence of Fhit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ant Plagiolepis taurica Santschi, 1920 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) is a typical species of the Eurasian steppes, a large grassland dominated biome that stretches continuously from Central Asia to Eastern Europe and is represented by disjunct outposts also in Central and Western Europe. The extent of this biome has been influenced by the Pleistocene climate, and steppes expanded recurrently during cold stages and contracted in warm stages. Consequently, stenotopic steppe species such as P. taurica repeatedly went through periods of demographic expansion and severe isolation. Here, we explore the impact of these dynamics on the genetic diversification within P. taurica. Delimitation of P. taurica from other Plagiolepis species has been unclear since its initial description, which raised questions on both its classification and its spatiotemporal diversification early on. We re‐evaluate species limits and explore underlying mechanisms driving speciation by using an integrative approach based on genomic and morphometric data. We found large intraspecific divergence within P. taurica and resolved geographically coherent western and eastern genetic groups, which likewise differed morphologically. A morphometric survey of type material showed that Plagiolepis from the western group were more similar to P. barbara pyrenaica Emery, 1921 than to P. taurica; we thus lift the former from synonymy and establish it as separate species, P. pyrenaica stat. rev. Explicit evolutionary model testing based on genomic data supported a peripatric speciation for the species pair, probably as a consequence of steppe contraction and isolation during the mid‐Pleistocene. We speculate that this scenario could be exemplary for many stenotopic steppe species, given the emphasized dynamics of Eurasian steppes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plant root architecture plasticity in response to biotic stresses has not been thoroughly investigated. Infection by endoparasitic cyst nematodes induces root architectural changes that involve the formation of secondary roots at infection sites. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating secondary root formation in response to cyst nematode infection remain largely unknown.We first assessed whether secondary roots form in a nematode density‐dependent manner by challenging wild‐type Arabidopsis plants with increasing numbers of cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii). Next, using jasmonate‐related reporter lines and knockout mutants, we tested whether tissue damage by nematodes triggers jasmonate‐dependent secondary root formation. Finally, we verified whether damage‐induced secondary root formation depends on local auxin biosynthesis at nematode infection sites.Intracellular host invasion by H. schachtii triggers a transient local increase in jasmonates, which activates the expression of ERF109 in a COI1‐dependent manner. Knockout mutations in COI1 and ERF109 disrupt the nematode density‐dependent increase in secondary roots observed in wild‐type plants. Furthermore, ERF109 regulates secondary root formation upon H. schachtii infection via local auxin biosynthesis.Host invasion by H. schachtii triggers secondary root formation via the damage‐induced jasmonate‐dependent ERF109 pathway. This points at a novel mechanism underlying plant root plasticity in response to biotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objectives: The Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) is a patient self‐reporting questionnaire for clinical diagnostics and patient‐reported outcome (PRO), which may assess the symptoms and the effect on the quality of life in women with acute cystitis (AC). The current study aimed to create a validated Spanish version of the ACSS questionnaire. Material and Methods: The process of linguistic validation of the Spanish version of the ACSS consisted of the independent forward and backward translations, revision and reconciliation, and cognitive assessment. Clinical evaluation of the study version of the ACSS was carried out in clinics in Spain and Latin America. Statistical tests included the calculation of Cronbach's α, split‐half reliability, specificity, sensitivity, diagnostic odds ratio, positive and negative likelihood ratio, and area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: The study was performed on 132 patients [age (mean;SD) 45.0;17.8 years] with AC and 55 controls (44.5;12.2 years). Cronbach's α of the ACSS was 0.86, and the split‐half reliability was 0.82. The summary scores of the ACSS domains were significantly higher in patients than in controls, 16.0 and 2.0 (p < 0.001), respectively. The predefined cut‐off point of ≥6 for a summary score of the "Typical" domain resulted in a specificity of 83.6% and a sensitivity of 99.2% for the Spanish version of the ACSS. AUC was 0.91 [0.85; 0.97]. Conclusions: The validated Spanish ACSS questionnaire evaluates the symptoms and clinical outcomes of patients with AC. It can be used as a patient's self‐diagnosis of AC, as a PRO measure tool, and help to rule out other pathologies in patients with voiding syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New catechol‐based porous polymers were synthesized and used as platforms for the heterogenization of molecular Cu complexes. The resulting Cu@CatMP‐1 materials proved to be highly stable and performing catalysts for the oxidation of secondary alcohols with turnover numbers up to 6000, about 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the current relevant state of the art, using catalyst loadings as low as 25 ppm of Cu. The solid catalyst proved to be recyclable for over 10 runs without detectable metal leaching and has been scaled to the gram scale. The coordination of Cu to catechol within the polymer has been evidenced by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene glycol (EG) is obtained by a novel, two‐step approach combining a biotechnological and a heterogeneously catalyzed step. First, microalgae are cultivated to photobiocatalytically yield glycolic acid (GA) by means of photosynthesis from CO2 and water. GA is continuously excreted into the surrounding medium. In the second step, the GA‐containing algal medium is used as feedstock for catalytic reduction with H2 to EG over a Ru/C catalyst. The present study focuses on the conversion of an authentic algae‐derived GA solution. After identification of the key characteristics of the algal medium (compared to pure aqueous GA), the influence of pH, numerous salt additives, pH buffers and other relevant organic molecules on the catalytic GA reduction was investigated. Nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing organic molecules can strongly inhibit the reaction. Moreover, pH adjustment by acidification is required, for which H2SO4 is found most suitable. In combination with a modification of the biotechnological process to mitigate the use of inhibitory compounds, and after acidifying the algal medium, over Ru/C a EG yield of up to 21 % even at non‐optimized reaction conditions was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyst nematodes (CNs) are an important group of root‐infecting sedentary endoparasites that severely damage many crop plants worldwide. An infective CN juvenile enters the host's roots and migrates towards the vascular cylinder, where it induces the formation of syncytial feeding cells, which nourish the CN throughout its parasitic stages. Here, we examined the role of glutathione (l‐γ‐glutamyl‐l‐cysteinyl‐glycine) in Arabidopsis thaliana on infection with the CN Heterodera schachtii. Arabidopsis lines with mutations pad2, cad2, or zir1 in the glutamate–cysteine ligase (GSH1) gene, which encodes the first enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, displayed enhanced CN susceptibility, but susceptibility was reduced for rax1, another GSH1 allele. Biochemical analysis revealed differentially altered thiol levels in these mutants that was independent of nematode infection. All glutathione‐deficient mutants exhibited impaired activation of defence marker genes as well as genes for biosynthesis of the antimicrobial compound camalexin early in infection. Further analysis revealed a link between glutathione‐mediated plant resistance to CN infection and the production of camalexin on nematode infection. These results suggest that glutathione levels affect plant resistance to CN by fine‐tuning the balance between the cellular redox environment and the production of compounds related to defence against infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social world is often portrayed as being less predictable and more uncertain than the nonsocial world. People may therefore feel the need to search more for information before making a choice. However, we suggest that cognitive tools such as social projection and norm‐based expectation may help people to predict others' behaviors in the social world and thus serve as a substitute for information search. We argue that in situations where the environment affords this possibility, social uncertainty may in fact trigger less search than nonsocial uncertainty. Consistent with our expectations, findings from two experiments showed that participants sampled considerably less and systematically differently in a mini‐ultimatum game (mUG; social uncertainty) than in structurally identical lotteries (nonsocial uncertainty). Even selfish individuals sensitive to the risk of rejection did not sample more than others, let alone as much as people in lotteries. Raising the stakes strongly increased sampling effort in lotteries but not in the social game. When evaluating risks based on outcomes alone, participants also anticipated searching less in mUGs than in lotteries, indicating that they were aware of norm‐based regularities in social worlds and that they exploited those regularities to guide their expectations. The findings highlight that the structure of social environments can enable decision makers to use cognitive tools to navigate uncertainty without needing to invest in extensive search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND For several years, orbitally shaken cylindrical bioreactors (OSRs) have become a new approach for propagation of mammalian cells cultivated under suspension. With new commercial cell culture media available today, allowing exceptionally high cell densities, the identification of suitable operating conditions presents a special challenge. Balancing hydrodynamic stress and other factors in reactors, this is particularly true for gas transfer rates providing sufficient oxygen (O2) to cultures that can attain ten‐fold greater biomasses than just a decade ago. This challenge is more profound the larger the working volume of the reactor becomes. RESULT: For 10‐L working volume cylindrical OSRs, we established a computational fluid dynamics model to evaluate the impacts of different operational conditions. Both fluid velocity distributions and O2 transfer coefficients (kLa) were calculated for different filling volumes and shaking speeds. Also, hydrodynamic stress parameters were investigated considering the most critical working conditions. CONCLUSION: The fluid velocity decreased with larger working volumes and, as expected, was found to increase with higher shaking frequency. Gas transfer rates between 10 and 54 h−1 were found in working volumes from 2.5 to 10 L and under shaking frequencies from 100–160 rpm. Critically assessing the obtained data, with no liquid‐submerged gas supply, we conclude that an air flow into the head‐space of a disposable bag appears to be satisfactory under certain operating conditions to support the culture of the most sensitive mammalian or insect cell cultures towards high cell density, presently in fed‐batch cultures achieving ≤30 × 106 cells mL–1. Shear stress parameters were found to be exceptionally low. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of industrially demanded polymer precursor ethylene glycol (EG) from biomass‐accessible aqueous glycolic acid (GA) was investigated in this study. The systematic investigation of different active metals as well as, for the first time, various support materials revealed Ru/TiO2 and Ru/ZrO2 to be the most active catalysts in the heterogeneously catalyzed reduction of GA with molecular H2. Catalytic activity is enhanced by facilitated reduction of the active Ru species due to metal‐support interactions. An assessment of several other catalyst properties (metal surface area, acid properties, porosity) revealed that high metal dispersion is also beneficial. Up to 94 % GA conversion and 95 % selectivity for EG were obtained under optimized and mild reaction conditions (105 °C, 60 bar H2 pressure, 23 h, Ru/TiO2 as catalyst). This shows that the heterogeneously catalyzed reduction of biomass‐derived aqueous GA solutions can be a promising alternative for the renewable production of EG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coenagrion hylas (Trybom, 1899) has a very limited distribution in Europe, lives in very small, isolated populations, has rather specialised habitat demands, and is regarded as the rarest damselfly of Europe.Using a combination of capture‐mark‐recapture and population genetics, we aimed to evaluate the state of the populations in the Tyrolean Lech valley and to test whether exuviae from this species are usable as a DNA source. DNA was extracted from mid‐leg tibiae and exuviae and genotyped with species‐specific microsatellite markers. The results from the capture–recapture and the genetic methods were congruent.Coenagrion hylas has an unexpectedly high tendency to disperse within the valley, covering distances of up to 30 km, and lives longer than other damselflies, with an average longevity of 12 days and a maximum lifespan of at least 40 days. Low inbreeding coefficients and low ranges of genetic differentiation across sites provide evidence of panmixia, with no clear signs of inbreeding. The current population size is estimated at 1150 males based on the recapture data.We further demonstrated that exuviae deliver a sufficient amount of DNA, which will be important for future monitoring. Although C. hylas currently shows appropriate viability at most Lech valley sites, our study indicates that management measurements, such as creating stepping stone habitats, are crucial to maintain the current population status. Given the high dispersal capability of the species, such management measurements seem promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) of high temperature polymers, specifically polyaryletherketones (PAEK), is gaining significant attention for medical implant applications. As 3D printing systems evolve toward point of care manufacturing, research on this topic continues to expand. Specific regulatory guidance is being developed for the safe management of 3D printing systems in a hospital environment. PAEK implants can benefit from many advantages of AM such as design freedom, material and antibacterial drug incorporation, and enhanced bioactivity provided by cancellous bone‐like porous designs. In addition to AM PAEK bioactivity, the biomechanical strength of 3D printed implants is crucial to their performance and thus widely studied. In this review, we discuss the printing conditions that have been investigated so far for additively manufactured PAEK implant applications. The effect of processing parameters on the biomechanical strength of implants is summarized, and the bioactivity of PAEKs, along with material and drug incorporation, is also covered in detail. Finally, the therapeutic areas in which 3D printed PAEK implants are investigated and utilized are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in response to infections often activate immune responses in eukaryotes including plants. In plants, ROS are primarily produced by plasma membrane‐bound NADPH oxidases called respiratory burst oxidase homologue (Rboh). Surprisingly, Rbohs can also promote the infection of plants by certain pathogens, including plant parasitic cyst nematodes.The Arabidopsis genome contains 10 Rboh genes (RbohA–RbohJ). Previously, we showed that cyst nematode infection causes a localised ROS burst in roots, mediated primarily by RbohD and RbohF. We also found that plants deficient in RbohD and RbohF (rbohD/F) exhibit strongly decreased susceptibility to cyst nematodes, suggesting that Rboh‐mediated ROS plays a role in promoting infection. However, little information is known of the mechanism by which Rbohs promote cyst nematode infection.Here, using detailed genetic and biochemical analyses, we identified WALLS ARE THIN1 (WAT1), an auxin transporter, as a downstream target of Rboh‐mediated ROS during parasitic infections. We found that WAT1 is required to modulate the host's indole metabolism, including indole‐3‐acetic acid levels, in infected cells and that this reprogramming is necessary for successful establishment of the parasite.In conclusion, this work clarifies a unique mechanism that enables cyst nematodes to use the host's ROS for their own benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Angewandte Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A deeper understanding of COVID‐19 on human molecular pathophysiology is urgently needed as a foundation for the discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Here we applied mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics to measure serum proteomes of COVID‐19 patients and symptomatic, but PCR‐negative controls, in a time‐resolved manner. In 262 controls and 458 longitudinal samples of 31 patients, hospitalized for COVID‐19, a remarkable 26% of proteins changed significantly. Bioinformatics analyses revealed co‐regulated groups and shared biological functions. Proteins of the innate immune system such as CRP, SAA1, CD14, LBP, and LGALS3BP decreased early in the time course. Regulators of coagulation (APOH, FN1, HRG, KNG1, PLG) and lipid homeostasis (APOA1, APOC1, APOC2, APOC3, PON1) increased over the course of the disease. A global correlation map provides a system‐wide functional association between proteins, biological processes, and clinical chemistry parameters. Importantly, five SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoassays against antibodies revealed excellent correlations with an extensive range of immunoglobulin regions, which were quantified by MS‐based proteomics. The high‐resolution profile of all immunoglobulin regions showed individual‐specific differences and commonalities of potential pathophysiological relevance. SYNOPSIS: A total of 720 proteomes from 458 longitudinal serum samples of hospitalized COVID‐19 cases and 262 symptomatic controls were measured. In‐depth analysis revealed regulation of innate immune and coagulation systems and individual‐specific trajectories of immunoglobulin regions. 26% of the 502 quantified proteins are significantly changed in COVID‐19 patients.The innate immune and the coagulation systems are strongly regulated.MS‐based profiles of immunoglobulin regions allow the detection of seroconversion in a highly detailed fashion on the patient level.ITIH4 may be a prospective marker of COVID‐19 mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive species are a global threat to biodiversity, and understanding their history and biology is a major goal of invasion biology. Population‐genetic approaches allow insights into these features, as population structure is shaped by factors such as invasion history (number, origin and age of introductions) and life‐history traits (e.g., mating system, dispersal capability). We compared the relative importance of these factors by investigating two closely related ants, Tetramorium immigrans and Tetramoriumtsushimae, that differ in their social structure and invasion history in North America. We used mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite alleles to estimate the source and number of introduction events of the two species, and compared genetic structure among native and introduced populations. Genetic diversity of both species was strongly reduced in introduced populations, which also differed genetically from native populations. Genetic differentiation between ranges and the reduction in microsatellite diversity were more severe in the more recently introduced and supercolonial T. tsushimae. However, the loss of mitochondrial haplotype diversity was more pronounced in T. immigrans, which has single‐queen colonies and was introduced earlier. Tetramoriumimmigrans was introduced at least twice from Western Europe to North America and once independently to South America. Its monogyny might have limited genetic diversity per introduction, but new mutations and successive introductions over a long time may have added to the gene pool in the introduced range. Polygyny in T. tsushimae probably facilitated the simultaneous introduction of several queens from a Japanese population to St. Louis, USA. In addition to identifying introduction pathways, our results reveal how social structure can influence the population‐genetic consequences of founder events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batteries and supercapacitors are electrochemical energy storage systems which involve multiple time‐scales and length‐scales. In terms of the electrolyte which serves as the ionic conductor, a molecular‐level understanding of the corresponding transport phenomena, electrochemical (thermal) stability and interfacial properties is crucial for optimizing the device performance and achieving safety requirements. To this end, atomistic machine learning is a promising technology for bridging microscopic models and macroscopic phenomena. Here, we provide a timely snapshot of recent advances in this area. This includes technical considerations that are particularly relevant for modelling electrolytes as well as specific examples of both bulk electrolytes and associated interfaces. A perspective on methodological challenges and new applications is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Marked strong ion (metabolic) acidosis in neonatal diarrheic calves usually is corrected by IV administration of NaHCO3. The distribution space for IV‐administered bicarbonate, called the apparent bicarbonate space (ABS), appears to depend on initial plasma bicarbonate concentration (cHCO3) and varies considerably in calves. Objective: To determine whether ABS was associated with initial plasma cHCO3 and other acid‐base variables. Animals Twenty‐five neonatal diarrheic calves with acidemia and metabolic acidosis. Methods: Prospective observational study using a convenience sample. Calves received NaHCO3 (10 mmol/kg) and glucose (1.4 mmol/kg) IV in a crystalloid solution at 25 mL/kg over 60 minutes. The ABS (L/kg) was calculated at 4 time points over 2 hours after the end of the infusion. The relationship between ABS and initial acid‐base variables was characterized using nonlinear, linear, and stepwise regression. Results: The median value for ABS calculated from the initial plasma cHCO3 increased from 0.53 L/kg (range, 0.40‐0.79) at the end of IV infusion to 0.96 L/kg (range, 0.54‐1.23) 120 minutes later. Data obtained at the end of infusion provided the best fit to initial plasma cHCO3 and jugular venous blood Pco2, such that: ABS = 0.41 + 1.06/cHCO3 and ABS = 0.87‐0.0082 × Pco2. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The observed median value for ABS of 0.53 L/kg in our study was similar to the empirically used value of 0.6. However, ABS values varied widely and were increased in calves with severe metabolic acidosis. We therefore recommend calculating ABS using the initial plasma cHCO3 or venous blood Pco2, if respective measurements are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) column‐averaged dry‐air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) to constrain CO2 fluxes during the 2018 Kilauea volcano eruption. CO2 enhancements (ΔXCO2) of 1–2 parts per million were observed far downwind of the eruption coincident with elevated sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations. The estimated CO2 emission rate was 77.1 ± 49.6 kilotons per day (kt day−1) on 11 July 2018 with most of the uncertainty from modeled winds and XCO2 retrievals. This emission rate is higher compared to flux estimates made with ground‐based measurements (30–40 kt day−1). However, cross‐sectional flux estimates made using OCO‐2 XCO2 observations will inherently be larger than ground‐based measurements near the source as these estimates comprise all sources of CO2 in the vicinity of the eruption (e.g., vegetation and soil burning). This study for the first time uses satellite XCO2 data ~200 km downwind to estimate CO2 emissions from a major volcanic eruption. Plain Language Summary: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that plays a predominant role in climate change. Volcanoes emit CO2 and play a role in the global carbon cycle; however, the amount of CO2 they emit is highly uncertain. One of the main reasons for this uncertainty is the limited amount of volcanic emission measurements available to estimate these CO2 emissions. Satellites retrieving CO2 have an advantage over ground‐based measurements as they have the potential to obtain data over the entire globe. After the launch of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) satellite in 2014, spaceborne observations of volcanic CO2 were possible. This study uses OCO‐2 measurements of CO2 to estimate emissions during the 2018 Kilauea volcano eruption and is the first to trace satellite CO2 data downwind from the source of a major volcanic eruption. Here we show that the Kilauea volcano eruption emitted large amounts of CO2 and OCO‐2 proved capable to observe the large atmospheric concentrations associated with these emissions. Key Points: Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 retrievals were applied to estimate CO2 emissions during the 2018 Kilauea volcano eruptionA CO2 emission rate of 77.1 ± 49.6 kt day−1 was estimated from volcanic and other emission sources on 11 July 2018This study is the first attempt to use satellite retrieved CO2 data far downwind of a major volcanic eruption to estimate emissions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since the discovery of nucleic acids 150 years ago,[1] major achievements have been made in understanding and decrypting the fascinating scientific questions of the genetic code.[2] However, the most fundamental question about the origin and the evolution of the genetic code remains a mystery. How did nature manage to build up such intriguingly complex molecules able to encode structure and function from simple building blocks? What conditions were required? How could the precursors survive the unhostile environment of early Earth? Over the past decades, promising synthetic concepts were proposed providing clarity in the field of prebiotic nucleic acid research. In this Minireview, we show the current status and various approaches to answer these fascinating questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial flagellar motility is controlled by the binding of CheY proteins to the cytoplasmic switch complex of the flagellar motor, resulting in changes in swimming speed or direction. Despite its importance for motor function, structural information about the interaction between effector proteins and the motor are scarce. To address this gap in knowledge, we used electron cryotomography and subtomogram averaging to visualize such interactions inside Caulobacter crescentus cells. In C. crescentus, several CheY homologs regulate motor function for different aspects of the bacterial lifestyle. We used subtomogram averaging to image binding of the CheY family protein CleD to the cytoplasmic Cring switch complex, the control center of the flagellar motor. This unambiguously confirmed the orientation of the motor switch protein FliM and the binding of a member of the CheY protein family to the outside rim of the C ring. We also uncovered previously unknown structural elaborations of the alphaproteobacterial flagellar motor, including two novel periplasmic ring structures, and the stator ring harboring eleven stator units, adding to our growing catalog of bacterial flagellar diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Interactions between plant‐parasitic nematodes and their hosts are mediated by effectors, i.e. secreted proteins that manipulate the plant to the benefit of the pathogen. To understand the role of effectors in host adaptation in nematodes, we analysed the transcriptome of Heterodera sacchari, a cyst nematode parasite of rice (Oryza sativa) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). A multi‐gene phylogenetic analysis showed that H. sacchari and the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae share a common evolutionary origin and that they evolved to parasitise monocot plants from a common dicot‐parasitic ancestor. We compared the effector repertoires of H. sacchari with those of the dicot parasites Heterodera glycines and Globodera rostochiensis to understand the consequences of this transition. While, in general, effector repertoires are similar between the species, comparing effectors and non‐effectors of H. sacchari and G. rostochiensis shows that effectors have accumulated more mutations than non‐effectors. Although most effectors show conserved spatiotemporal expression profiles and likely function, some H. sacchari effectors are adapted to monocots. This is exemplified by the plant‐peptide hormone mimics, the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION‐like (CLE) effectors. Peptide hormones encoded by H. sacchari CLE effectors are more similar to those from rice than those from other plants, or those from other plant‐parasitic nematodes. We experimentally validated the functional significance of these observations by demonstrating that CLE peptides encoded by H. sacchari induce a short root phenotype in rice, whereas those from a related dicot parasite do not. These data provide a functional example of effector evolution that co‐occurred with the transition from a dicot‐parasitic to a monocot‐parasitic lifestyle. Significance Statement: This is the first study that tackles the issue of host adaptation in plant‐parasitic nematodes. This is a topic of high scientific interest as 'host‐jumps' (adaptation of a pathogen to a new host) are of fundamental importance to plant sciences in general, and global food security in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article illustrates how the Yamal‐Nenets, a group of reindeer pastoralists in West Siberia, perceive a series of recent natural disasters to be connected to one another through a conspiracy – i.e. caused by the agency of malevolent human forces which are beyond the pastoralists' control. Recent fieldwork during the peak of the global Covid‐19 epidemic served as a trigger for this observation. Their self‐confidence in the robustness of their lifestyle and their embeddedness within their natural environment is so strong that Yamal‐Nenets nomads believe only evil forces – not nature – can stop them from being mobile. Alongside Covid‐19, they interpret the severe consequences of natural disasters, such as iced pastures, related reindeer starvation and the outbreak of anthrax as man‐made attempts to reduce the number of people and animals in the tundra. The blame they place on humans for these disasters takes place in the context of hitherto unseen gas industry developments in the area. Such interpretations may become a general pattern for changing perceptions of the world by remote indigenous populations when deprived of their once customary shamanic dialogue with the spirits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Unrealistic comparative optimism (UO), as the erroneous judgement of personal risks to be lower than the risks of others, could help explain differences in diabetes self‐management. The present study tested the hypothesis that individuals with type 2 diabetes who underestimate their comparative heart attack risk, have a lower adherence regarding recommended self‐management. Methods: We used data from individuals with type 2 diabetes participating in the German KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg) GEFU 4 (self‐administered health questionnaire 2016) study. UO was estimated by comparing participants' subjective comparative risk for having a heart attack within the next 5‐years (ie, “higher than others,” “average,” “lower than others”), with their objective comparative 10‐year cardiovascular disease risk based on the Framingham equations. We estimated binary logistic and linear regression models to analyze which characteristics were associated with UO and to test the association between UO and participants' self‐management behaviors (ie, regular self‐monitoring of body weight, blood sugar, and blood pressure, regular foot care, keeping a diabetes diary, and having a diet plan), and their sum score, respectively. All models were adjusted for socio‐demographic and disease‐related variables. Results: The studied sample included n = 633 individuals with type 2 diabetes (mean age 70.7 years, 45% women). Smokers and males were more likely to show UO than nonsmokers and females. Furthermore, a higher blood pressure and a higher body mass index were associated with a higher likelihood of UO regarding heart attack risk. However, UO was not significantly associated with patient self‐management. Conclusions: Unfavorable health behavior and risk factors are associated with UO. However, our results suggest that UO with regard to perceived heart attack risk may not be a relevant factor for patient self‐management in those with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wolbachia, intracellular endosymbionts, are estimated to infect about half of all arthropod species. These bacteria manipulate their hosts in various ways for their maximum benefits. The rising global temperature may accelerate species migration, and thus, horizontal transfer of Wolbachia may occur across species previously not in contact. We transinfected and then cured the alpine fly Drosophila nigrosparsa with Wolbachia strain wMel to study its effects on this species. We found low Wolbachia titer, possibly cytoplasmic incompatibility, and an increase in locomotion of both infected larvae and adults compared with cured ones. However, no change in fecundity, no impact on heat and cold tolerance, and no change in wing morphology were observed. Although Wolbachia increased locomotor activities in this species, we conclude that D. nigrosparsa may not benefit from the infection. Still, D. nigrosparsa can serve as a host for Wolbachia because vertical transmission is possible but may not be as high as in the native host of wMel, Drosophila melanogaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant‐parasitic cyst nematodes induce hypermetabolic syncytial nurse cells in the roots of their host plants. Syncytia are their only food source. Cyst nematodes are sexually dimorphic, with their differentiation into male or female strongly influenced by host environmental conditions. Under favourable conditions with plenty of nutrients, more females develop, whereas mainly male nematodes develop under adverse conditions such as in resistant plants. Here, we developed and validated a method to predict the sex of beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) during the early stages of its parasitism in the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We collected root segments containing male‐associated syncytia (MAS) or female‐associated syncytia (FAS), isolated syncytial cells by laser microdissection, and performed a comparative transcriptome analysis. Genes belonging to categories of defence, nutrient deficiency, and nutrient starvation were over‐represented in MAS as compared with FAS. Conversely, gene categories related to metabolism, modification, and biosynthesis of cell walls were over‐represented in FAS. We used β‐glucuronidase analysis, qRT‐PCR, and loss‐of‐function mutants to characterize FAS‐ and MAS‐specific candidate genes. Our results demonstrate that various plant‐based factors, including immune response, nutrient availability, and structural modifications, influence the sexual fate of the cyst nematodes. Sedentary plant‐parasitic cyst nematodes are among the most damaging pests in agriculture. Cyst nematodes are dimorphic, but mechanism of sex determination is not clearly understood. Here, we identified host factors and genes that influence the sexual fate of the cyst nematodes. Manipulation of these factors will provide new options for control of cyst nematodes in crop plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular‐level structuration of two full photosystems into conjugated porous organic polymers is reported. The strategy of heterogenization gives rise to photosystems which are still fully active after 4 days of continuous illumination. Those materials catalyze the carbon dioxide photoreduction driven by visible light to produce up to three grams of formate per gram of catalyst. The covalent tethering of the two active sites into a single framework is shown to play a key role in the visible light activation of the catalyst. The unprecedented long‐term efficiency arises from an optimal photoinduced electron transfer from the light harvesting moiety to the catalytic site as anticipated by quantum mechanical calculations and evidenced by in situ ultrafast time‐resolved spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of catalytically active centers into a solid support without any loss of performance compared to the homogeneous analogue remains a major challenge. In this context, solid macroligands can be regarded as the key element to combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Porous materials such as periodic mesoporous organosilica, metal‐organic frameworks, porous organic polymers or covalent‐organic frameworks fulfill all requirements of a macroligand acting as a solid ligand of a molecular complex. They all can be tuned at the molecular scale to adapt the properties of the catalyst for a given application. This important feature also allows to directly compare different macroligands, regardless of their nature, and to choose the most appropriate for a target application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]