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The specular reflectance of a surface is an important factor that determines the gloss and glare observed from a display. This study compares several different methods for measuring specular reflectance and demonstrates their accuracy relative to a goniometric BRDF measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GLARE laminates have emerged as a favored option for the construction of fuselage and wing skins in large airliners, owing to their exceptional mechanical characteristics. Nevertheless, the incorporation of open‐hole designs poses a challenge as it disrupts the continuity of the laminates, resulting in stress concentration and subsequent damage. To investigate the impact of various layup orientations and hole sizes on the tensile properties of open‐hole GLARE laminates, this study conducted axial tensile tests. Additionally, the tensile damage process was monitored using DIC and AE techniques, enabling the identification of damage patterns and the analysis of their evolution. The results demonstrate a noteworthy decline in the ultimate strength and failure strain as the size of the opening increases. Moreover, the retention rate of failure strain displays a marked sensitivity to the layup orientation. In conjunction with observations made through DIC and SEM, the k‐means++ algorithm successfully clustered peak frequencies, thereby revealing distinct damage patterns and their corresponding frequency ranges as aluminum alloy damage [0–90 kHz], matrix cracking [104–174 kHz], fiber/matrix debonding [175–224 kHz], interlaminar delamination [234–300 kHz], and fiber fracture [304–469 kHz]. AE cumulative counts were utilized to evaluate the progression of individual damage modes. The results emphasize that matrix cracking demonstrates the most substantial cumulative counts, whereas damage to the fibers and aluminum alloy noticeably affects the load‐carrying capability of the laminate. Furthermore, the fibers/matrix debonding and interlaminar delamination, exhibit heightened susceptibility to layup orientation and hole size. Highlights: The tensile performance evaluation of GLARE laminates with open‐hole varying layup orientations and hole sizes was investigated.A combination of DIC and AE techniques was used to monitor the tensile damage process.Damage pattern was identified based on the observations of DIC and SEM.An approach based on Pearson's correlation coefficient and k‐means++ clustering algorithm was used for damage pattern recognition in GLARE laminates.AE cumulative counts were employed to assess the evolution of each damage mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass fiber‐reinforced aluminum laminate (GLARE) possesses superior impact performance than both metal and fiber‐reinforced composite. It was found previously that the low‐velocity impact (LVI) performance of GLARE is governed by aluminum at different locations. This implies that reasonably rearranging aluminum in GLARE may bring in some improvements if the functions of different aluminum are all fully played. In this view, the effect of aluminum arrangement on the LVI performance of GLARE was investigated by separately comparing eight symmetric and eight asymmetric GLARE. Finite element analysis was adopted due to its advantage in quantitatively capturing the detailed damage parameters, and it was verified by LVI tests under different impact energy. The LVI performance was elucidated from both impact resistance and energy absorption aspects, where the former included the force and damage responses, and the latter involved the energy absorbed ratio and absorption efficiency. Based on the mechanical and damage parameters, impact resistance and energy absorption factors were proposed for comprehensive characterization. It revealed that arranging aluminum symmetrically in GLARE by placing thinner aluminum in the middle is an effective way to improve its LVI performance. Highlights: Aluminum arrangement influenced evidently on the low‐velocity impact (LVI) damage degrees of glass fiber‐reinforced aluminum laminate (GLARE).Impact resistance and energy absorption factors were quantitively defined.Symmetric GLARE with thinner middle aluminum had superior LVI performance.Optimal aluminum arrangement could be simply estimated by energy dissipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study highlights the formability of hybrid nanofiller modified Glass Reinforced Laminate (GLARE) laminate, by considering the formability index, anisotropic characteristics, and surface crack length, which represent the considerations of forming capability, inherent material property, and damage tolerance, respectively. The GLARE laminates were manufactured by using hybrid fillers, multi‐walled carbon nanotube/nanoclay (MWCNT/NC), and multi‐walled carbon nanotube/Mg‐Al layered double hydroxide (MWCNT/Mg‐Al LDH). The formability analysis was carried out through the results of tensile test and Erichsen cupping test. The anisotropy of the laminate was accounted by considering the parameters, normal anisotropy, and planar anisotropy. The microscopic analysis was performed after the formability test to measure the surface crack length to interpret the forming response of the laminate with hybrid fillers. Desirability function approach (DFA) was applied to prioritize the laminates against the formability index, the anisotropy characteristics, and surface crack length. The results showed that the GLARE laminates with single filler are more suitable for forming operations than the laminates with hybrid fillers. The nanofillers with mixed morphology induced brittleness in the binder. Among the laminates with hybrid fillers, the combination of MWCNT/Mg‐Al LDH exhibited improved compliance with the forming operation. Nanofillers modified adhesives used in the fabrication of GLARE laminates proved to enhance the mechanical properties of laminates. The results of the present study showed an insight into the formability of the laminate. The understanding about the formability of GLARE laminate enables the designer to design automotive and aircraft lightweight structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annulus light source method separates specular and diffuse components of reflected glare from display surfaces. Combining it with the variable aperture source method delivers source‐size dependence. Measuring diagnostic reflection samples and ePaper with mirror‐like or scattering surfaces confirmed that the source‐size dependence of reflected glare comes from haze scatter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic ordered micropatterns in polymeric materials provide an effective approach for the on‐demand tuning of optical properties toward a smart optical material. In this study, it is shown that glaring patterns exhibiting strong anisotropic light diffusion can be developed at specific locations in nematic liquid‐crystal elastomers with light‐sensitive azobenzene units. Glaring originates from the stripe domains of the nematic directors that self‐organize in light‐irradiated regions after a simple uniaxial stretching and releasing process without any complicated lithographic technique. The nematic order transiently reduced by the photo‐induced cis azobenzene isomers unlocks entropic elasticity, which induces local uniaxial shrinkage that causes buckling of the directors forming stripe domains. The written pattern on the film is tangibly visible with the backlight owing to the difference in anisotropic light diffusion. Furthermore, this pattern can be erased by light irradiation or thermal annealing. These films can be applied to optical elements for achieving augmented luminaries, security labeling, and sign‐sheeting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to examine the pupillary response in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) and secondarily to determine whether changes in the pupillary response are associated with the increased disability glare previously shown in the same patient population. Methods: This study included 60 eyes of 34 patients with MFS diagnosed in accordance with the Ghent‐2 criteria and 81 eyes of 44 controls. Pupillary response was measured with a pupillograph and disability glare with a straylight meter. Results: The patients with MFS had a significantly smaller maximum pupil size than the control group, 4.87 (4.50–5.23) mm versus 5.58 (5.25–5.90) mm (p = 0.01). In addition, they exhibited slower contraction velocities (p = 0.03) and longer re‐dilation times (p = 0.01) compared with the control group. The mean straylight value was higher in patients with MFS than controls, even when including pupillary parameters together with lens surgery, cataract, iris colour, axial length and corneal curvature as possible explanatory variables in the analysis. However, when including data from both groups, a significant negative correlation was seen between maximum pupillary diameter and straylight value (p = 0.01). The other pupillary parameters did not correlate with straylight. Conclusion: Patients with MFS had a smaller maximum pupil diameter, slower pupillary contraction and longer re‐dilation time than the controls. Despite the correlation between pupil size and straylight value, the pupillary response demonstrated in MFS eyes could not explain the increased straylight in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full display with camera (FDC),which puts the camera under display, leads the way of smart phone. In this paper, we establish a simulation model with which OLED design can be evaluated and optimized to improve the imaging quality of FDC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of reflected glare from display surfaces is often complicated by the presence of multiple scattering components. We present an annulus light source method for extracting those components in order to quantify their contributions and provide a means to better model display glare for various lighting environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work investigates the influence of hybrid particulate fillers, Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH), and nanoclay (NC), on the mechanical properties and formability of glass laminate AA5052 epoxy composites (GLARE). The composite laminates were prepared by varying the weight percentage (i.e., 3, 4, and 5 wt%) of the hybrid fillers in the epoxy resin. The conventional hand layup technique was utilized for the fabrication of the laminates. The tensile test samples were prepared in different orientations with respect to the rolling direction (i.e., 0°, 45°, and 90°) to address their anisotropic nature. The flexural, impact, lap shear, and formability tests were conducted as per ASTM and IS standards. The Erichsen cupping test was performed to study the formability of the composite laminates. For each test, the results were compared with that of the laminates containing individual LDH filler, NC filler, and no filler material. The results showed that the composite laminate with 5 wt% of LDH + NC hybrid filler exhibited enhanced tensile properties, impact energy, and lap shear strength while the laminate of 4 wt% LDH + NC filler possessed better flexural properties. The formability of the composite laminates with hybrid LDH + NC fillers was observed to be lower than that of the laminates with individual filler materials and laminate without any filler. The variation observed in the test results was justified by investigating the failure mechanism of the composite laminates using a scanning electron microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the activities of ISO TC159 SC4 WG2 in the field of measurement of display reflectance as required for rating of ergonomic display performance since 1995, covering ISO 9241‐7, 13406‐2 and the series 9241‐30x. The shortcomings of the methods are introduced and improvements are proposed. We also summarize the state of measurement methods for reflective displays in general in IEC TC110. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply analysis of the point‐spread function for evaluation of details of directional variations of display reflectance in the vicinity of the specular direction. This approach is used for obtaining more data on the effect of light sources with different apertures in the specular direction as a basis for ergonomic rating and for separation of disturbing display reflections from intended information‐carrying reflection components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black level is an important attribute in electronic displays. However, when viewing images, glare impairs sensitivity to black. Previous studies of the impact of glare generally used simple backgrounds, and only simulated image‐based glare. In this study, a psychophysical experiment conducted explores black sensitivity with complex images on OLED displays. The results correlate with an existing glare model [1], provide new black sensitivity data, and serve as the basis for a proposed model predicting black sensitivity for displayed images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate differences in the objective and subjective visual quality of patients with high myopia following implantable collamer lens V4c (ICL V4c) versus small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) early postoperatively. Methods: This prospective analysis included 94 eyes of 57 patients (8 males) in the ICL V4c group (mean spherical equivalent (SE), −8.07 ± 1.03 dioptres (D)) and 103 eyes of 57 patients (13 males) in the SMILE group (mean SE, −7.85 ± 0.78 D). Refractive parameters and wavefront aberrations were recorded preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Subjective visual quality was scored with the Quality of Vision questionnaire, and operation satisfaction was evaluated 6 months postoperatively. Results: At 6 months postoperatively, the efficacy index was 1.17 ± 0.16 in the ICL and 1.09 ± 0.20 in the SMILE group; the safety index was 1.21 ± 0.18 in the ICL and 1.12 ± 0.16 in the SMILE group. A significant increase in total higher‐order aberrations (HOAs) in both the ICL and SMILE groups was observed, but to a lesser degree in ICL (p < 0.05). In the ICL group, trefoil significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas in the SMILE group, coma, trefoil and spherical aberration significantly increased (p < 0.05). Glare, haloes and blurred vision had the highest incidences after both types of surgery, and postoperative haloes were significantly more common following ICL; 96.1% of ICL‐treated and 94.9% of SMILE‐treated patients were satisfied with their visual outcomes. Conclusion: ICL V4c caused lower HOAs induction than SMILE. Despite the postoperative visual disturbances, both ICL and SMILE provided good efficacy, safety, predictability and high satisfaction in correcting high myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work is focused on development of epoxy based fiber metal laminate (FML) that comprised of multi‐walled carbon nano‐tube (MWCNT), glass fiber, and aluminum metal sheet. The hand layup technique was employed to fabricate the sandwich FML with different weight percentages (3, 4, and 5 wt%.) of MWCNT. The mechanical properties of the developed FMLs were determined through tensile, flexural, lap shear, and hardness tests following ASTM and IS standards. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the failure mechanism of composites. The FML with MWCNT offered superior tensile and shear properties up to the addition of 4 wt%. The MWCNTs were found to be agglomerated in the epoxy when added more than 4 wt%. The FML's showed larger deformation before complete failure in shear mode with respect to the addition of MWCNTs. However, there was no considerable improvement recorded in the flexural and impact behavior of the FML composition. The addition of MWCNT fillers in the epoxy turned it more brittle and exhibited comparatively less deformation before failure in flexural mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyse in depth the associations between objectively measured corneal higher‐order aberrations (HOAs) and subjectively perceived visual quality after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) as quantified with the standardized and clinically validated quality of vision (QOV) questionnaire. Methods: This cross‐sectional study included patients after bilateral simultaneous SMILE for the treatment of myopia and/or myopic astigmatism with plano target refraction. Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam HR; Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) was used to objectively quantify corneal HOAs. The standardized and validated QOV questionnaire was employed to gauge patients' subjectively perceived visual quality regarding frequency, severity and bothering effect of visual disturbances. Results: A total of 394 eyes of 197 patients with a mean age of 32.4 ± 7.7 years and a mean postoperative follow‐up of 24.3 ± 14.1 months were included. SMILE induced a statistically significant (p < 0.001) increase in spherical aberration (0.074 ± 0.131 µm), coma (0.142 ± 0.179 µm), trefoil (0.018 ± 0.067 µm) as well as in total HOAs (0.191 ± 0.176 µm). Surgically induced and postoperative levels of HOA showed no correlation with the three QOV scores representative of overall visual symptom frequency, severity and bothering effect (all R2 values ≤ 0.016). In addition, the associations between specific visual symptoms (e.g. starburst) and singular HOA terms (e.g. haloes) were very weak (all Rho values ≤ 0.164). Conclusions: Small incision lenticule extraction induced significant amounts of corneal HOAs that, however, showed no clear relationships to patient‐reported QOV or specific long‐term visual symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effect of halloysite clay nanotubes (HCNTS) on the mechanical properties of glass reinforced aluminum laminate (GLARE) as a very popular fiber metal laminate (FML). GLARE (3/2) with quasi‐isotropic lay‐up, [Al/[(0°/90°)/(45°/−45°)]s/Al/[(0°/90°)/(45°/−45°)]s/Al], filled with different wt% ofHCNTs (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 wt%) were fabricated using hand lay‐up followed by compression molding. Tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the fabricated GLAREs were evaluated. The failure of the specimens was examined using field emissionscanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and visual inspection. Test results demonstrated that the incorporation of HCNTs improves the mechanical properties of GLARE. Among the studied wt%, the inclusion of 1 wt% of HCNTs to GLARE leads to maximum improvements of 35.67%, 8.50%, 28.85%, 50.47%, 50.27%, 30.43%, and 51.52% in tensile strength, tensile strain, Young's modulus, modulus of toughness, flexural strength, flexural strain, and impact strength, respectively, was attained by adding 1 wt% of HCNTs to GLARE compared to pristine GLARE. Meanwhile, increasing HCNTS content to 3 wt% reverse the trend. FESEM showed that, HCNTS are well dispersed in epoxy. However, a higher weight fraction of HCNTS in epoxy, that is, 3 wt% leads little agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, airports' interest in solar photovoltaics (PVs) is increasing. It is a way to lower the burden of energy costs and to show environmental stewardship. This paper aims to study the application of PVs in the airport environment. Solar projects in airport areas across the world were studied to find the techno‐economic and environmental aspects of airport‐based solar PV application. The favorable factors for solar PV are observed to be effective land utilization, low height profile, versatility, flexibility, and mature silicon PV technology. The major considerations for airport‐based solar PV applications were glare occurrence, radar interference, and penetration into airspace. Airport's weather and soil conditions, selection of PV technology, glare impact, site selection, and grid interconnection issues were the technical challenges. It was observed that economic factors such as reduced energy cost, life cycle cost, and sustainability grants and incentives make solar projects in airports attractive. Carbon mitigation and achievement of sustainability goals through solar PV installation emphasized the environmental stewardship of airports. From case studies, it was understood that prior planning, glare assessment, and careful implementation are essential for the success of airport‐based solar PV farms. Airport‐based solar PV has immense scope in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate associations between older drivers' perceived vision‐related night‐driving difficulties and night‐time driving performance measured on a closed‐road circuit. Methods: Participants included 26 older drivers (71.8 ± 6.3 years) who reported vision‐related night‐driving difficulties assessed with the vision and night driving questionnaire (VND‐Q). High‐contrast, photopic visual acuity (VA) and ratings of discomfort glare (de Boer scale) were also assessed. Night‐time driving performance was measured on a closed‐road circuit that involved recognition, hazard avoidance and lane‐keeping tasks in the absence and presence of intermittent glare. Generalized linear mixed models investigated the relationship between VND‐Q scores and overall driving performance scores, as well as with discomfort glare ratings and VA. Results: Greater levels of vision‐related night‐driving difficulties (VND‐Q scores) were significantly associated with poorer night‐driving performance (p = 0.003); the association was even stronger for driving performance in the presence of intermittent glare (p = 0.001). Reduced VA was associated with poorer night‐driving performance (p = 0.022) but the association was weaker than for the VND‐Q scores. In contrast, ratings of discomfort glare were not significantly associated with driving performance (p = 0.14). Conclusion: The VND‐Q was significantly associated with night‐time driving performance and provides a useful instrument for assessing vision‐related night‐driving difficulties which can be incorporated into clinical vision assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of legislative television as a transparency initiative has been welcomed in an increasing number of democracies. The impact of television cameras on parliamentary behavior, however, has received scant attention in systems where personal vote‐earning attributes are thought to be of little importance (e.g., closed‐list proportional representation). Additionally, studies examining this relationship relied exclusively on over‐time variation in legislative behavior (i.e., before and after the introduction of television into parliament), which arguably has important deficiencies in demonstrating the true effect of legislative television. Capitalizing on a unique quasi‐experimental setting, the present study aims to close these gaps in the literature by analyzing parliamentary activities in Turkey, where the legislative television was restricted to 3 days per week (Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday) in 2011 after almost two decades of continuous 7‐day operation. Results based on original data sets of parliamentary activities from the pre‐ and postreform periods (2009–11 and 2011–13) indicate that the varying presence of television cameras exacerbated the effect of electoral and reputation‐building motivations on parliamentary behavior, encouraging electorally unsafe and junior MPs to shift their constituency focus to the televised proceedings. The results offer important implications for the study of legislative transparency and constituency representation in party‐list proportional representation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typical liquid crystal display (LCD) uses the liquid crystal to selectively modulate a constant backlight to produce an image for viewing. The Bosch Virtual Visor reuses this concept by employing a liquid crystal display as a sun visor to selectively block environmental light in an automotive setting. Instead of producing images for viewing, the Virtual Visor is designed to maximize a driver's ability to see the equivalent of its backlight — the scene in front of the driver. This requires perception and comprehension of the dynamic lighting conditions both inside and outside of the vehicle, and dynamic adaptation to each unique driver. The end result is a 90% improvement in visibility through the sun visor, dramatically improving driver visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of uncorrected astigmatism on night driving performance on a closed‐road circuit. Methods: Participants included 10 drivers (mean age 24.4 ± 7.0 years), with low to moderate bilateral astigmatism (0.75–1.50 DC), who were regular contact lens (CL) wearers. Vision and night driving performance were assessed in a cross‐over design with a toric CL and a best‐sphere spherical CL. Binocular visual function measures included photopic and mesopic visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), mesopic motion sensitivity and glare tests (Mesotest®II and Halometer). Night‐time driving performance was assessed on a closed‐road circuit, which included measures of sign recognition, hazard detection and avoidance, pedestrian recognition distances, lane keeping, speed and overall driving score. Results: Correction of astigmatism with toric CL significantly improved mesopic VA, photopic and mesopic CS, mesopic motion sensitivity, and reduced glare (p < 0.05), compared to the spherical CL; there were no significant effects of visual correction type on photopic VA. Correction of astigmatism using toric CL resulted in significant improvements in night driving performance, compared to driving with spherical CL, particularly for sign recognition, avoidance of low contrast hazards, increased pedestrian recognition distances and overall driving score (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Correction of low to moderate levels of astigmatism had significant positive effects on night‐time driving performance and related tests of visual performance. This has important implications for optical corrections to improve night road safety of drivers with astigmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, specular reflection is the key factor for ambient contrast ratio calculation under complex illumination in real life. A subjective experiment of visual performance is executed with two surface treatments under two lighting conditions. The subjective rating results of legibility and comfort are positive with ACR results under specular illumination [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typical liquid crystal display (LCD) uses the liquid crystal to selectively modulate a constant backlight to produce an image for viewing. The Bosch Virtual Visor reuses this concept by employing a liquid crystal display as a sun visor to selectively block environmental light in an automotive setting. Instead of producing images for viewing, the Virtual Visor is designed to maximize a driver's ability to see the equivalent of its backlight – the scene in front of the driver. This requires perception and comprehension of the dynamic lighting conditions both inside and outside of the vehicle, and dynamic adaptation to each unique driver. The end result is a 90% improvement in visibility through the sun visor, dramatically improving driver visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging display technologies are proposing monitors for medical imaging with an extended dynamic range of luminance. Those devices offer the opportunity to extend the range of visual information displayed, but the limits of the human visual system (HVS) in perceiving such information can cancel the advantages. To investigate this problem, we present a set of experiments, to assess the visual response of the HVS to controlled high dynamic range (HDR) content. They analyse the effects of glare. Using a typical HDR display, tailored for medical imaging applications, they first study the dependence of the visible dynamic range from the inter-ocular glare, induced by different backgrounds, then the effect of glare on the detection of test elements on medical radiographic images. Finally, they assess the influence of luminance-equivalent backgrounds with different structure in the detection of test patches. The results of the experiments confirm the glare as a major player in influencing visual information detection. Glare has a significant impact in limiting the amount of visual information actually perceived, consequently limiting analysis capabilities of such images. This confirms the importance of investigating and considering the characteristics of human vision in the design and test of HDR imaging systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The effect of cataract and other media opacities on functional vision is typically assessed clinically using visual acuity. In both clinical and basic research, straylight (the functional result of light scattering in the eye) is commonly measured. The purpose of the present study was to determine the link between these two measures: is visual acuity in cataract and other media opacities related to straylight? Methods Interdependence between acuity and straylight is addressed from three different points of view: (1) Methodological: can acuity differences affect the measurement value of straylight, and vice versa? (2) Basic optics: does the optical process of light scattering in the human eye affect both straylight and visual acuity? (3) Statistical: how strongly are acuity and straylight correlated in the practice of important clinical conditions? Experimental and theoretical aspects will be considered, with a focus on normal ageing and cataract formation. Results (1) Methodological: testing potential effects of acuity, artificially manipulated with positive trial lenses, showed no effect on measured straylight values. Since light scattering in the eye involves a low percentage of the light and has large angular spreading, contrast reduction due to straylight is limited, resulting in virtually absent acuity effects. (2) Basic optics: light scattering from the human donor eye lens is found to have virtually no effect in the centre of the point-spread-function, also for cataractous lenses, resulting in virtually absent acuity effects. (3) Statistical: literature data on straylight and visual acuity show a weak correlation for the important groups of normal ageing and cataract populations. Conclusions The point-spread-function of the normal ageing and cataractous human eye is built upon two rather independent basic parts. Aberrations control the central peak. Light scattering controls the periphery from about 1° onwards. The way acuity and straylight are measured ensures no confounding between them. Statistically within the normal ageing and cataract populations, visual acuity and straylight vary quite independently from each other. Visual acuity losses with cataract and other media opacities are not due to straylight, but caused by aberrations and micro-aberrations. Straylight defines disability glare, and causes symptoms of glare, haloes, hazy vision etc. Overall, visual acuity and straylight are rather independent aspects of quality of vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the sun gradually lowers over the horizon, prey species with more sun in their eyes should have more difficulty in visually monitoring their surroundings for threats and thus experience a higher predation risk. In a unique setting, I could examine changes in antipredator behaviour in a prey species, the semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla, facing attacks by peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus, which originated from the general direction of the lowering sun. I predicted gradual changes in antipredator behaviour as sun glare becomes more problematic later in the day. As the day progressed, sandpipers occurred in sparser groups when the sun glared but not when clouds obscured the sun, suggesting that fewer individuals engaged in risky foraging. Pecking rate and foraging success decreased later in the day when the sun glared but not otherwise implying an increase in vigilance at the expense of foraging. When more sun hit their eyes, sandpipers also moved faster suggesting increased skittishness. The sun glare effect might be relevant to any species foraging in open areas not only when the sun sets but also when it rises especially if predators can target prey species at these vulnerable times. The temporal gradient in predation risk that the sun glare effect creates might thus apply broadly and have important consequences for antipredator vigilance, foraging efficiency, and habitat use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KURARAY proposes intermediate screen composed of microlens array for augmented reality head‐up display. The microlens array screen which has accurate mirror matrix enables to reduce negative impact by ambient light. KURARAY's screen will bring safer and more comfortable drive to all automotive drivers near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an RGB OLED display, we applied a paired comparison method to evaluate visual preference of OLED images and LCD emulations with varied backlight zone spacing and panel contrast. We also evaluated the impact of a glare source. Panel contrast was the strongest factor in determining image quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) exhibit a constellation of sensory and perceptual impairments, including hyporeactivity to external input. However, individuals with SSD also report subjective experiences of sensory flooding, suggesting sensory hyperexcitability. To identify the extent to which behavioural indices of hyperexcitability are related to non-psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia, we tested a non-clinical population measured for schizophrenia-like traits (schizotypy), and a behavioural measure of sensory hyperexcitability, specifically the number of illusions seen in the Pattern Glare Test. Two samples totaling 913 individuals completed an online version of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Brief Revised (SPQ-BR) and the Pattern Glare Test. Individuals with higher schizotypy traits reported more illusions in the Pattern Glare Test. Additionally, one of the three SPQ-BR factors, the disorganized factor, significantly predicted the number of illusions reported. These data illustrate the potential for research in non-clinical samples to inform clinically relevant research., (© 2022 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

By combining two experiments, we evaluated to what extent short-term evaluation of discomfort glare is a good prediction for long-term exposure to the same lighting condition. The results indicated that glare reported after long time exposure was equal or slightly lower than what was assessed after short-term exposure, reducing the need for longer-term experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a method for determining the positions and intensities of reflections as they appear to a user on a glass display, using on a front-camera video feed. From these predicted highlights, we modify displayed content to overcome glare and improve image appearance for mobile and automotive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One central challenge in LEDs is to increase light extraction; but for display applications, other factors may have equal significance, such as ambient-light absorption, contrast, viewing angle, image sharpness, brightness, and low-glare. However, current LED structures enhance only some of the factors, while degrading the others. Here, a new organic LED (OLED) structure is proposed and demonstrated, with a novel plasmonic nanocavity, termed 'plasmonic cavity with subwavelength hole-array' (PlaCSH), and exhibits experimentally significant enhancements of all above factors with unprecedented performances. Compared to the conventional OLEDs (the same but without PlaCSH), PlaCSH-OLEDs achieve experimentally: i) 1.57-fold higher external-quantum-efficiency and light-extraction-efficiency (29%/32% without lens, 55%/60% with lens)-among the highest reported; ii) ambient-light absorption not only 2.5-fold higher but also broad-band (400 nm) and nearly angle and polarization independent, leading to lower-glare; iii) fivefold higher contrast (12 000 for 140 lux ambient-light); iv) viewing angle tunable by the cavity length; v) 1.86-fold higher normal-view-brightness; and vi) uniform color over all emission angles. The PlaCSH is an excellent optical antenna-excellent in both radiation and absorption of light. Furthermore, PlaCSH-OLEDs, a simple structure to produce, are fabricated using nanoimprint over large-area (≈1000 cm2), hence scalable to wallpaper size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three years after introduction of the first instrument for measurement of sparkle the foundations have been reconsidered and the pool of practical experience has been analyzed to provide a more detailed and complete picture of the subject matter. The following aspects are introduced and discussed: observation conditions and resulting requirements for the imaging optics, imaging of the display under test (2-dimensional sampling), analysis of spatial periods and frequencies as basis for separation of periodic and statistic intensity modulations, sparkle evaluation based on analysis of single images and difference images, spatial filtering concepts, sparkle in the frequency domain, pseudo-sparkle, scaling and bias in sparkle evaluation, verification of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that ambient light reduces the contrast ratio. However binocular human perception is often better than expected by monocular measurements. We evaluated this by subjects and adapted the measurement set-up to binocular vision. Typical mobile displays were examined and we verified the binocular visual perception of small specular light sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A replica-mask method is presented to measure the contrast of character strokes on emissive displays under carefully controlled illumination. The method accounts for veiling glare introduced into the detector by the bright areas surrounding the dark characters. A sampling sphere is used to provide a uniform diffuse surround. Measurements of the diffuse reflectances are provided with specular included and with specular excluded. For emissive displays, the contrast depends both upon the darkroom characteristics of the emissive display and its reflective characteristics. Details are provided to replicate the measurement procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a method to adjust the luminance mapping of medical images on high-dynamic-range (HDR) display devices that minimizes perceptual and hardware veiling glare effects. We utilize the DICOM grayscale standard display function to compute the maximum number of just-noticeable-differences (JND) for an HDR prototype (dual-layer LCD). Using previous findings, a unique image will be displayed with a front and back LCD panel such that the combined light modulation produces the most accurate luminance representation of the image and the least hardware glare. Next, we use an empirical, image-dependent model to analyze regions of interest in the image that may suffer from perceptual veiling glare and adjust the luminance mapping until a reasonable degradation tolerance for detection thresholds is reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of glare reflection on the surroundings from differently shaped glossy façades. The first stage of the research involved studying various forms of building façades, including rectangular and angular as well as concave and convex shapes. For the second stage, concave façades were selected, as they had been shown to generate the highest luminance values. This detailed examination of concave façades includes a mathematical analysis of the caustic curve and the formulation of geometrical conditions for its formation with supporting, custom-made software. In conclusion, this study suggests how designers can either avoid caustic curve formation or how to predict its precise position in the building's surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the results of a study that evaluates the overhead glare of the light-emitting diode (LED) luminaire in the workplace environment. It examines the LED's perceived overhead glare at various luminance levels and at different angles. The study shows that the LED luminaire consisting of a matrix of high-intensity point sources may cause overhead glare. It concludes that a point-array LED lighting generates more overhead glare than uniform lighting sources.

The article presents a study which explained the replica-mask method to measure the contrast of character strokes on reflective displays. The researchers developed a sampling sphere to observe the uniform hemispherical reflectances, with and without specular, of dark characters with bright background for three reflective displays and engaged a replica mask to determine the veiling-glare contribution in the camera. Results showed the same contrast as the ratio of reflectances.

The article presents the author's view on the Helmholtz-Kohlraushch (H-K) effect which is described as the influence of color purity on the perceived brightness of a color object or source. It discusses different studies from 1825 to the present on color and brightness perception and disabling glare. It shows how the H-K effect works on displays, mobile devices and phones, including perception at mesopic light levels which happened during night driving.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of impairment of visual function amongst European drivers. A total of 2422 drivers from five European countries underwent a battery of visual function tests, including tests for visual acuity (VA), visual field (VF), contrast sensitivity, straylight (glare sensitivity) and useful field of view (UFOV). Subjects belonged to the following age categories: 45-54 years; 55-64 years; 65-74 years, and ≥ 75 years. A group of subjects aged 20-30 years served as a reference group. Results were compared with current standards for the visual function of drivers in the EU. Visual acuity in 0.5% of the younger group and 5.3% of the eldest group was below the standard required for driving. Visual acuity after proper refraction adhered to the standard in the majority of cases. Visual field results were below standard or questionable in 2.7% and 2.4%, respectively, of subjects in the eldest group. In this eldest group, impaired contrast sensitivity was present in 6.3%, increased glare sensitivity in 29.5% and impaired UFOV in 21.6% of subjects, but, as there are no standards for these criteria, the exact level of prevalence depends on the definition of impairment. Prevalences of impairment of visual functions that are not included in current standards (particularly contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity) are much higher than prevalences of functions that are included (VA and VF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main concern of car headlamp manufacturers is to provide better visibility. Unfortunately by increasing the luminous intensity of the headlamp the risk of increasing discomfort glare for the other road users increases. One possibility to increase visibility and decrease glare could be the selection of a spectral power distribution for the headlamp such that it emits in wavelength regions (if such wavelengths exist) where luminous sensitivity is high, and glare sensitivity is low. For this the spectral discomfort glare sensitivity of humans under low photopic conditions has to be determined. Spectral discomfort glare sensitivity was determined using ten young observers, requesting the observers to select medium glare settings of monochromatic radiations based on the de Boer glare rating scale, both at near-foveal and 10° extra-foveal directions of the 2° diameter glare source. It was found that the spectral discomfort glare sensitivity function could not be described by a simple addition of the photopic spectral luminous efficiency function and the short wavelength cone fundamental, but that the contribution of the chromatic channels of human vision may also have to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the influence of surround luminance on the letter contrast sensitivity function. Method: The binocular contrast sensitivities of 31 young and ocularly healthy individuals were measured with letters of sizes calculated to obtain the targeted fundamental frequencies of 3, 10, 20, and 30 c deg−1, respectively; with surround luminances from 1 to 1000 cd m−2, always with a test chart background luminance of 200 cd m−2. Results: The letter contrast sensitivity increased with surround luminance up to 100 cd m−2 and decreased when surround luminance increased from 100 to 1000 cd m−2. These increments are larger for higher fundamental spatial frequencies, while decrements are similar for all frequencies. To analyse pupil size influence, results were compared with theoretical predictions obtained by combining different ocular MTFs with a typical neural function, where pupil size decrease leads to letter contrast sensitivity increments and veiling luminance causes the observed decrements. Other possible optical or neural factors that influence these values have also been considered. Conclusions: Letter contrast sensitivity function depends on surround luminance and this influence should be considered in future standardized directives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the proper luminance of HDR TV system was figured out via psychophysical experiments under different illumination and viewing conditions with a high luminance liquid crystal display. The luminance of 600cd/m2 is recommended as the reference of the highest threshold for HDR TV system to avoid discomfort glare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the relationship between lens opacity and intraocular straylight, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Methods: We investigated 2422 drivers in five clinics in different European Union (EU) member states aged between 20 and 89 years as part of a European study into the prevalence of visual function disorders in drivers. We measured visual acuity [Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart], contrast sensitivity (Pelli–Robson chart) and intraocular straylight (computerized straylight meter). Lens opacities were graded with the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS) without pupillary dilation. Participants answered the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire – 25. Results: Intraocular straylight was related more strongly to LOCS score than to both visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were correlated to each other well, but to intraocular straylight to a much lesser extent. Self-reported visual quality was best related to contrast sensitivity; night driving difficulty was best related to visual acuity. Conclusion: Straylight is found to have added value for visual function assessment in drivers, whereas if visual acuity is known contrast sensitivity has limited added value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The point spread function or PSF of the human eye encompasses hugely different domains: a small-angle, high-intensity domain, called the ‘PSF core’, and a large-angle, low-intensity domain, usually referred to as ‘straylight’. The first domain can be assessed by available double-pass or other optical techniques. For the second domain psychophysical techniques have been developed, in particular the Compensation Comparison or CC technique, recently made available for clinical application in the C-Quant instrument. We address the question of whether the psychophysical technique gives measures of straylight that are compatible with those made by optical methods. With a small adaptation the CC method can be used to assess straylight from physical light scattering samples, instead of straylight in the eye, using the same psychophysics, but without interference from the ocular straylight. The light scattered by each of seven light-scattering samples, encompassing the range of straylight values observed in human eyes, was measured by two optical methods and by the psychophysical technique. The results showed that the optical and psychophysical measurements for the seven samples were almost identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disability glare, affecting e.g. road safety at night, may result either from intraocular light scattering or from external conditions such as fog. Measurements were made of light scattering in fog and compared with intraocular straylight data for normal eyes and eyes with simulated cataract. All measurements were made with a direct compensation flicker method. To estimate light scattering levels in fog, straylight measurements were carried in a fog chamber for different densities of fog. Density was characterized by the meteorological term visibility V and ranged from 7 to 25. Test distance for measurements in the fog was constant at 5 m. Cataract eye conditions were simulated by placing a light scattering polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) filter with scatterers of submicron size in front of the normal eye. All measurements were made using each of three broad-band color stimuli – red, green and blue (produced either with LEDs or a color CRT monitor). Differences were found in both the level and the spectral characteristics of scattering under the different conditions. The measured values of the straylight parameter, s, in artificial fog showed no noticeable spectral dependence at any visibility range. Increasing the visibility range caused an exponential decrease in the straylight. Intraocular straylight measured with the clear eye showed an increase at the red and blue ends of the spectrum as compared to the green. Straylight measured using PDLC plates with different transparency levels showed a spectral dependence which decreased with wavelength. The scattering introduced by the PDLC plate therefore failed to give a valid simulation of cataract and fog conditions for polychromatic stimuli, due to its erroneous spectral dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glare is a consequence of light scattered within the human eye when looking at bright light sources. This effect can be exploited for tone mapping since adding glare to the depiction of high-dynamic range (HDR) imagery on a low-dynamic range (LDR) medium can dramatically increase perceived contrast. Even though most, if not all, subjects report perceiving glare as a bright pattern that fluctuates in time, up to now it has only been modeled as a static phenomenon. We argue that the temporal properties of glare are a strong means to increase perceived brightness and to produce realistic and attractive renderings of bright light sources. Based on the anatomy of the human eye, we propose a model that enables real-time simulation of dynamic glare on a GPU. This allows an improved depiction of HDR images on LDR media for interactive applications like games, feature films, or even by adding movement to initially static HDR images. By conducting psychophysical studies, we validate that our method improves perceived brightness and that dynamic glare-renderings are often perceived as more attractive depending on the chosen scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of an antiscatter grid and its potential benefit on image quality for a full-field digital mammography (FFDM) detector geometry at energies typical for temporal subtraction contrast-enhanced (CE) breast imaging. The signal intensities from primary, scatter, and glare were quantified in images acquired with an a-Si/CsI(Tl) FFDM detector using a Rh target and a 0.27 mm Cu filter at tube voltages ranging from 35 to 49 kV. Measurements were obtained at the center of the irradiation region of 20–80 mm thick breast-equivalent phantoms. The phantoms were imaged with and without an antiscatter grid. Based on these data, the performance of the antiscatter grid was determined by calculating the primary and scatter transmission factors (TP and TS) and Bucky factors (Bf). In addition, glare-to-primary ratios (GPRs) and scatter-to-primary ratios (SPRs) were quantified. The effect of the antiscatter grid on the signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR) was also assessed. It was found that TP increases with kV but does not depend on the phantom thickness; TP values between 0.81 and 0.84 were measured. TS increases with kV and phantom thickness; TS values between 0.13 and 0.21 were measured. Bf decreases with kV and increases with phantom thickness; Bf ranges from 1.4 to 2.1. GPR is nearly constant, varying from 0.10 to 0.11. SPR without an antiscatter grid (SPR-) ranges from 0.35 to 1.34. SPR- decreases by approximately 9% from 35 to 49 kV for a given phantom thickness and is 3.5 times larger for an 80 mm thick breast-equivalent phantom than for a 20 mm thick breast-equivalent phantom. SPR with an antiscatter grid (SPR+) ranges from 0.06 to 0.31. SPR+ increases by approximately 23% from 35 to 49 kV for a given phantom thickness; SPR+ is four times larger for an 80 mm breast-equivalent phantom than for a 20 mm breast-equivalent phantom. When imaging a 25 mm PMMA plate at the same mean glandular dose with and without an antiscatter grid, the SDNR is 4% greater with a grid than without. For an 75mm PMMA plate, the SDNR is 20% greater with a grid. In conclusion, at the higher x-ray energy range used for CE-DM and CE-DBT, an antiscatter grid significantly reduces SPR and improves SDNR. These effects are most pronounced for thick breasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]