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Background: Persistent pelvic pain (PPP) is a complex and often debilitating condition. While widely accepted to be multifactorial in nature, the precise aetiology of PPP remains elusive. In many cases, women who undergo laparoscopy for PPP will have no visible pathology identified (a 'negative' laparoscopy). Currently, there are no consensus guidelines which outline the recommended management following a negative laparoscopy, and the woman's experiences and outcomes are not widely known., Aims: This review aims to identify and summarise the literature surrounding the experiences of women with PPP who have a negative laparoscopy; specifically, their outcomes of pain, quality of life (QoL), satisfaction with care, and their overall management., Materials and Methods: A systematic search of the electronic databases Ovid Medline, PubMed and Embase was performed. Studies in English exploring the outcomes of women with PPP following a negative laparoscopy were included., Results: Four studies consisting of a total of 200 women were included. Results were inconsistent. Three studies concluded that the majority of women with PPP had persistent pain following a negative laparoscopy. A single study found that pain significantly improved after negative laparoscopy. QoL outcomes varied, with two studies reporting a positive impact and two studies reporting a deleterious impact on QoL following a negative laparoscopy., Conclusions: The impact on pain outcomes and QoL following a laparoscopy that does not diagnose pathology remains unknown, and the available evidence is insufficient to guide evidence-based practice. This review highlights a significant gap in our understanding of surgical management for PPP., (© 2023 The Authors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Background: An incidental finding of a thickened endometrium on ultrasound in the postmenopausal patient without bleeding is a common presentation to gynaecological services; however there is limited evidence to guide clinical practice as to when hysteroscopic evaluation and endometrial sampling is required., Aims: To determine the endometrial thickness at which endometrial sampling is indicated in asymptomatic postmenopausal women referred with thickened endometrium on ultrasound., Materials and Methods: A single-centre retrospective case series of postmenopausal women without bleeding undergoing hysteroscopy was conducted. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between a range of variables and pre-malignant or malignant pathology and endometrial thickness. The optimal endometrial thickness threshold was identified to maximise model sensitivity., Results: A total of 404 postmenopausal women were included in this study, having undergone a hysteroscopy at the study site between 1 July 2008 and 30 June 2018. The mean (SD) age of patients at presentation was 65 (9.09) years and the mean body mass index was 29.86 kg/m 2 (6.52). Of these women, nine (2.2%) were diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma and seven (1.7%) had endometrial hyperplasia with atypia. The most common histopathological finding was of a benign endometrial polyp (153: 37.9%). When including hyperplasia with or without atypia in histopathology of interest, a cut-off of ≥9 mm provides the greatest sensitivity (83.3%) and specificity (63.8%) for a diagnosis of pre-malignant or malignant pathology (classification accuracy of 64.8%; area under the receiver operating characteristic: 0.7358, 95% CI: 0.6439, 0.8278) in this cohort., Conclusions: Using an endometrial thickness of ≥9 mm can be used as a cut-off for endometrial sampling in postmenopausal women without bleeding., (© 2022 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Background: Endometriosis affects one in nine Australian women of reproductive age, and is often associated with pain and infertility. However, many women may be asymptomatic, or present with alternative symptoms., Aim: To identify reasons for initial specialist referral among patients with endometriosis., Material and Methods: Patients were identified as having endometriosis intraoperatively based on International Classification of Diseases coding. Operation reports were reviewed and graded for severity of disease. This cohort was then retrospectively audited to identify reasons for initial referral to the general gynaecology, endosurgery, gynae-oncology, reproductive medicine outpatient departments (OPD) at the Mercy Hospital for Women in Melbourne between 1 February 2015 and 31 December 2016., Results: Three hundred patients were identified as having endometriosis at laparoscopy, including 90 women with Stage IV disease. Patients were a mean (SD) age of 33.1 (7.6) years. While pain remained a common reason for referral (61.7% of referrals), 36.7% of women with Grade IV disease did not have pain included in their referral letter. Severe disease was associated with increased age (regression coefficient 0.05; 95% CI: 0.03-0.07, P < 0.01), but not with pain symptoms. Women referred with ovarian cysts or masses were more likely to be diagnosed with severe disease (regression coefficient 0.69; 95% CI: 0.37-1.01, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Although pelvic pain is not a good predictor for a diagnosis of endometriosis, it remains a common symptom among women with the disease. However, more than one in three patients with Grade IV endometriosis presented without mention of pain symptoms, encouraging clinicians to adopt a broader approach to the presenting symptoms of endometriosis., (© 2022 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Background: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a common condition which significantly impacts the quality of life and wellbeing of many women. Laparoscopy with histopathology is recommended for investigation of pelvic pain and identification of endometriosis with concurrent removal. Never-the-less, the association between endometriosis and pelvic pain is challenging, with endometriosis identified in only 30-50% of women with pain., Aims: To explore the predictors for undergoing surgery, for identifying endometriosis and endometriosis severity in a cohort of women with CPP., Materials and Methods: This study forms part of the Persistent Pelvic Pain project, a prospective observational cohort study (ANZCTR:ACTRN12616000150448). Women referred to a public gynaecology clinic with pain were randomised to one of two gynaecology units for routine care and followed for 36 months with 6-monthly surveys assessing demographics, medical history, quality of life, and pain symptoms measured on a Likert scale. Operative notes were reviewed and endometriosis staged., Results: Of 471 women recruited, 102 women underwent laparoscopy or laparotomy, of whom 52 had endometriosis (n = 37 stage I-II; n = 15 Stage III-IV). Gynaecology unit, pelvic pain intensity and lower parity were all predictors of surgery (odds ratio (OR) 0.342; 95% CI 0.209-0.561; OR 1.303; 95% CI: 1.079-1.573; OR 0.767; 95% CI: 0.620-0.949, respectively). There were no predictors identified for endometriosis diagnosis and the only predictor of severity was increasing age (OR 1.155; 95% CI: 1.047-1.310)., Conclusions: Gynaecology unit and pain intensity were key predictors of undergoing laparoscopy; however, pain severity did not predict endometriosis diagnosis or staging. These findings indicate the need to review current frameworks guiding practice toward surgery for pelvic pain., (© 2021 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

The high incidence and burden of pelvic pain are increasingly recognised in both the healthcare sector and by the general public. Current approaches to management assume that the diagnosis and remediation of identified lesions will ease this burden. The evidence base and successes in other areas of medicine would suggest that this assumption requires reconsideration., (© 2021 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Background: Persistent pelvic pain affects between 10-20% of women with a significant impact on their physical and mental health, sexual relationships, families and society. Estimates of the cost to women and the community is over $9 billion/annum. Although endometriosis is considered a leading cause of pelvic pain, no symptoms reliably allow the identification of those with and without endometriosis. Furthermore, the significance of mild endometriosis is now debated. The optimal clinical approach for pelvic pain and endometriosis remains unclear, with increasing evidence of other contributing factors such as central sensitisation. Studies to date have significant limitations due to their sample size, relatively short follow-up, and inclusion of only women with laparoscopically identified endometriosis., Aims: To undertake a real-world study of women referred with pain to gynaecology outpatients of a women's hospital and explore factors influencing three-year outcomes., Materials and Methods: Five hundred women will be randomised to one of two gynaecology units. The units will provide routine clinical care but their approaches to management of women with pelvic pain and endometriosis differ: one with skilled endoscopic gynaecologists has greater emphasis on surgery, the other, gynaecologists have more medical expertise in managing pain and menstrual problems. Participants will complete six-monthly questionnaires regarding pain and quality of life for three years. This information will not be available to clinicians. Their medical care will be followed from their medical records. The cost of outpatient care and admissions will be calculated. Data will be analysed using STATA software with appropriate post hoc tests. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR:ACTRN12616000150448)., (© 2021 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Background: Clinician and patient factors impact on the management of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) with medical, surgical or combined approaches possible, although none have proven superior., Aims: To understand the characteristics of women offered laparoscopic pelvic surgery for CPP., Materials and Methods: We performed an observational study of women referred with CPP. They were asked to complete a study questionnaire regarding their symptoms, medical history, quality of life and pain catastrophisation. Examination and ultrasound findings were collected from patient records. Gynaecologists who recommended a laparoscopy completed a survey detailing their reasoning at the time of booking. The outcomes were investigated using a Cox proportional hazards ratio (HR) model., Results: Of 211 participants, 59 (28%) were booked for laparoscopic surgery during the study timeframe. Factors increasing the rate of laparoscopy included severe dysmenorrhoea (Cox HR = 1.94; P = 0.017), unsuccessful trial of hormonal therapy (Cox HR = 1.81; P = 0.044), prior abdominal surgery (Cox HR = 1.79; P = 0.030), prior pelvic laparoscopy (Cox HR = 2.00; P = 0.007) and past diagnosis of endometriosis (Cox HR = 5.44; P = 0.010). Abnormal vaginal examination (Cox HR = 2.86; P = 0.019) and ultrasound probe tenderness (Cox HR = 2.52; P < 0.001) also increased the likelihood of surgery. Surgical and non-surgical patients did not differ in family history, quality of life or pain catastrophisation. Of gynaecologists' questionnaires, 75% were returned. Results indicated they were most influenced by the severity or duration of pain and least by examination or ultrasound findings., Conclusions: The characteristics of women booked for surgery were in keeping with the features evidence suggests increases the risk of pathology. There were some discrepancies between patient characteristics elicited in the questionnaires and those indicated by gynaecologists to influence their decision., (© 2018 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is traditionally practised in parts of Africa, the Middle East and South-East Asia. Migration has brought FGM/C to the attention of health practitioners in industrialised nations. It is not known whether FGM/C procedures are being performed in Australia and New Zealand, where legislation has been passed banning the practice., Aims: To survey RANZCOG Fellows, Trainees and Diplomates, and FGM/C education and prevention program workers, about their experience with women and children affected by FGM/C, specifically to identify whether FGM/C is being performed in Australia or New Zealand., Methods: Electronic survey distributed via e-mail to RANZCOG Fellows, Trainees and Diplomates and FGM/C program workers in Australia and New Zealand between November 2010 and February 2011., Results: 530 responses were received from RANZCOG Fellows, Trainees and Diplomates, with an overall response rate of 18.5%. Thirty-four responses were received from FGM/C program workers. Five RANZCOG respondents and two FGM/C program workers cited anecdotal evidence that FGM/C is being performed in Australia and New Zealand. 21.2% (82) of RANZCOG respondents had been asked to re-suture following delivery, and 11 respondents had done so at least once. Two RANZCOG respondents had been asked to perform FGM/C on a baby, girl or young woman., Conclusions: There is no conclusive evidence of FGM/C being performed in Australia and New Zealand, either from direct reports or children presenting with complications, although re-suturing post-delivery is occurring. Anecdotal evidence suggests that it is most likely that people other than registered health practitioners are performing FGM/C., (© 2012 The Authors ANZJOG © 2012 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Anorexia nervosa (AN) initiates an adaptive response at the level of the hypothalamus, which results in a complex interplay involving most elements of the neuroendocrine axis. Consequences of onset of disease in adolescence include amenorrhoea, pubertal arrest with potential loss of target height, and osteoporosis with reduced capacity for future attainment of peak bone mass. With recovery, delay in restoration of menses is common. Hormonal therapies for restoration of bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents have shown limited efficacy. This review will discuss the reproductive endocrine effects of AN in adolescence, and discuss new investigative tools for monitoring restoration of reproductive function and BMD in this population.

It is estimated there are over 19 million women worldwide living with HIV infection. In Australia the total number of notified cases of HIV in women has been gradually increasing (the estimated number of women newly diagnosed with HIV infection was 78 in 2000 and 94 in 2001). Management of women in pregnancy and strategies to reduce perinatal transmission is critical, but differ significantly according to resource availability. The current review examines the best available scientific evidence and current guidelines for optimal management of HIV-infected women contemplating pregnancy in Australia.