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Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of retagliptin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) inadequately controlled with metformin. Materials and Methods: This multicentre, phase 3 trial consisted of a 16‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled period, where patients with HbA1c levels between 7.5% and 11.0% were randomized to receive either once‐daily (QD) retagliptin 100 mg (n = 87) or placebo (n = 87), both as an add‐on to metformin. The primary endpoint was the change in HbA1c from baseline to week 16. Results: At week 16, the least squares mean change in HbA1c from baseline, compared with placebo, was −0.82% (95% CI, −1.05% to −0.58%) for the retagliptin 100 mg QD group (P <.0001) per treatment policy estimand. Significantly higher proportions of patients in the retagliptin 100 mg QD group achieved HbA1c levels of less than 6.5% (11.5%) and less than 7.0% (26.4%) compared with those receiving placebo (0% and 4.6%; P =.0016 and P <.0001, respectively) at week 16. Retagliptin 100 mg QD also lowered fasting plasma glucose and 2‐hour postprandial plasma glucose levels. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) during the treatment period was similar between the two groups. However, slightly higher proportions of increased lipase and increased amylase in the retagliptin 100 mg QD group were observed. No patients discontinued treatment permanently because of AEs, and no episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were reported. Conclusions: Retagliptin 100 mg QD as an add‐on therapy to metformin offers a new therapeutic option for treating Chinese patients with T2D inadequately controlled by metformin alone, and is generally well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study conducted in China that explores the treatment satisfaction of individuals with type 2 diabetes who were treated with dulaglutide, a medication used to lower blood sugar levels. The study found that participants reported high levels of satisfaction with dulaglutide, indicating that it may be a beneficial treatment option for individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Chinese population. Factors such as longer treatment duration, lower HbA1c levels, weight loss, absence of adverse events, and the convenience and ease of use of the medication were associated with higher treatment satisfaction. The study suggests that high treatment satisfaction may lead to improved adherence and better clinical outcomes for individuals with type 2 diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

Background: There is evidence indicating that atherosclerosis is associated with periodontitis, especially in those with diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether glycemic control influences such association. Methods: Cross‐sectional data on 214 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus were obtained including results of basic laboratory tests, a periodontal examination, and carotid measurements. The association of periodontal parameters and carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) or carotid plaque (CP) was evaluated in subgroups. Results: Mean cIMT was significantly correlated with mean PLI, mean BI or number of PD ≥4 mm in the whole sample and the group with poor glycemic control. In the group with good glycemic control, however, only the number of PD ≥4 mm was associated with mean cIMT. A multiple logistic regression analysis also revealed that each 1 increase in mean PLI, mean BI or number of PD ≥4 mm was correlated with an increased cIMT in the whole sample. Conclusions: In addition to confirming the relationship between periodontitis and atherosclerosis, our study found a stronger association in groups with poor glycemic control compared to those with good glycemic control, suggesting that blood glucose modifies the association between periodontitis and arterial injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deepening of aging in China, the prevalence of diabetes in older people has increased noticeably, and standardized diabetes management is critical for improving clinical outcomes of diabetes in older people. In 2021, the National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Society of Geriatrics, and Diabetes Professional Committee of Chinese Aging Well Association organized experts to write the first guideline for diabetes diagnosis and treatment in older people in China, the Guideline for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly in China (2021 Edition). The guideline emphasizes that older patients with diabetes are a highly heterogeneous group requiring comprehensive assessment and stratified and individualized management strategies. The guideline proposes simple treatments and de‐intensified treatment strategies for older patients with diabetes. This edition of the guideline provides clinicians with practical and operable clinical guidance, thus greatly contributing to the comprehensive and full‐cycle standardized management of older patients with diabetes in China and promoting the extensive development of clinical and basic research on diabetes in older people and related fields. In the past 3 years, evidence‐based medicine for older patients with diabetes and related fields has further advanced, and new treatment concepts, drugs, and technologies have been developed. The guideline editorial committee promptly updated the first edition of the guideline and compiled the Guideline for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly in China (2024 Edition). More precise management paths for older patients with diabetes are proposed, for achieving continued standardization of the management of older Chinese patients with diabetes and improving their clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photothermal immunotherapy can provide an efficient and convenient strategy for cancer treatment by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) to generate vaccine‐like functions in situ, which highly relies on suitable photothermal agents with superior photothermal effect. Herein, a novel diradical‐featured organic small‐molecule photothermal material (TTD‐TPE) based on 4,6‐di(2‐thienyl)thieno[3,4‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazole and tetraphenylethylene is developed to exhibit near‐infrared (NIR) absorption of 808 nm, high photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) of about 75%, and superior photoacoustic imaging (PAI) property in nanoparticle. The excellent photothermal effect of TTD‐TPE nanoparticles originates from the integrated synergic effect of D–A interactions, diradical character, and excited‐state intramolecular motion, which not only ablates the primary tumor by localized high temperature but also transforms the primary tumor into vaccine in situ through ICD to inhibit the growth of distant and metastatic tumors, demonstrating the huge potential in photothermal immunotherapy. Thus, this finding encourage researchers to develop superior organic small‐molecule photothermal materials to boost the simple but useful modality for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To our knowledge, this is the first real‐world study to investigate the safety and effectiveness of a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: This prospective, observational, post‐marketing study conducted at 46 hospitals in China included adults with T2DM prescribed dulaglutide in routine clinical practice. The primary endpoint was the incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious AEs in patients who received ≥1 dose of dulaglutide, for up to 24 weeks. Exploratory endpoints included changes in patient‐reported glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight. Post hoc analyses and multivariate regression were also performed. Results: From 20 January 2020 to 24 November 2021, 3291 patients received dulaglutide and entered the safety analysis. TEAEs were reported in 1333 (40.5%) patients; the most commonly reported were nausea (n = 193, 5.9%), diarrhoea (n = 183, 5.6%) and decreased appetite (n = 179, 5.4%). serious AEs were reported in 160 (4.9%) patients. TEAEs led to treatment discontinuation in 212 (6.4%) patients. The mean absolute change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24 was −1.65% (p <.001). Greater reductions in HbA1c at week 24 were observed in patients with T2DM duration ≤5 years (p =.002), baseline HbA1c ≥8.5% (p <.001), and without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (p =.002). The mean absolute change in body weight from baseline at week 24 was −2.62 kg (p <.001). Conclusion: Dulaglutide showed a safety profile consistent with previous reports and significantly reduced HbA1c in a real‐world setting. These findings support the clinical use of dulaglutide and inform the individualized treatment of patients with T2DM in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, associating with the A‐H formulation, we have developed a comprehensive ionospheric absorption model by incorporating the latest version of geomagnetic model, the atmospheric and ionospheric model as the background. Based on the absorption model, the ionospheric stratification theory is utilized to explore the trend of the total absorption for extraordinary (X) wave with frequency and elevation angle. We found that the factor of local time has a greater impact on the trend of total absorption variation than other factors—solar activity, season, and latitude, attributing to the variation of electron collision frequency. During the two different local times (daytime and night), the trends of the total absorption have distinct differences. In the daytime, it is worth noting that the reflection heights and the peaks of the absorption coefficient both mainly occur in Layers D and E. Therefore, the non‐deviative absorption dominates the variation of the total absorption. On the other hand, the occurrence of Pedersen ray results in inflexion points arising in the curves of absorption versus frequency or elevation angle. Another interesting phenomenon is the dominant role of deviative absorption at night. At night, the reflection heights mainly occur in Layer F, and the absorption coefficient of Layer F begins to exceed the peak levels of Layers D and E when the frequency or elevation angle is larger than certain values. Hence, the total absorption will grow as a result of the increase in deviative absorption with the increase in reflection height and absorption coefficient. Key Points: The greater difference of trend of total absorption variation occurs in the diurnal cycle than that in solar activity, season, and latitude, attributing to the variation of electron collision frequencyIn daytime, the non‐deviative absorption dominates the trend of the total absorption, while at night, the deviative absorption plays a dominant role at the high frequency or high elevation angle (when the frequency or elevation angle are larger than the certain values)The occurrence of Pedersen ray results in inflection points arising in the curves of absorption versus frequency or elevation angle [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) on prediabetes with overweight/obesity. Methods: A search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was performed to identify randomised controlled trials (up to 4 July 2022) which evaluated the effect of GLP‐1RA on prediabetes with overweight/obesity. Results: Eight hundred and nine articles were retrieved (80 from PubMed, 481 from Embase, 137 from Cochrane library, and 111 from Web of Science) and a total of 5 articles were included in this meta‐analysis. More individuals in GLP‐1RAs group regressed from prediabetes to normoglycemia than individuals in the placebo group (OR = 4.56, 95% CI:3.58, 5.80, P = 0.004); fewer individuals in GLP‐1RAs group were diagnosed with diabetes than those in the placebo group (OR = 0.31, 95% CI:0.12,0.81, P = 0.017). Results from five studies showed that GLP‐1RAs significantly reduced fasting glucose (mean difference = −0.41 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.58, −0.25, P < 0.00001), with an acceptable heterogeneity (I2 = 42%). Conclusions: The present meta‐analysis suggested that GLP‐1RA significantly improves glucose metabolism, reduces systolic blood pressure and body weight in prediabetes with overweight/obesity. It could also prevent the development of diabetes and reverse abnormal glucose metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dusty plasma is generally defined as a plasma system containing a large number of nano‐ or micron‐sized dust particles. Its plasma properties and propagation properties of wave travel through it is of great scientific significance to the understanding of many fundamental problems in space physics and astrophysics. Based on previous studies on rocket exhaust and Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes, fluid mechanics and dust microphysics are combined to simulate the ionospheric plasma structure generated by neutral gases and charged aerosols using fluid theory and kinetic theory. The Total Electron Content of the in‐situ detection beacon is simulated and compared with the experimental phenomenon given in Charged Aerosol Release Experiment by Bernhardt et al. The ray tracing algorithm is used to simulate the path deflection of the radio wave when it passes through the artificial disturbance area generated by the gas‐solid mixture, and the simulation results of ionosonde and analysis are given. Since the neutral gas expands substantially isotropically after being released, the resulting depleted structure is an approximately isotropic sphere, or an acorn‐like structure. The solid particles are constrained by the nozzle, and particles will distribute within a spray angle, and the depletion structure will appear as a "broom‐like" or "cone‐like" structure. If the size of dust particles is small enough, the particle movement will be restricted by the geomagnetic field, resulting in a "squid‐like" ionospheric structure. Because of the fishtail‐like sharp boundary, radio waves passing through it are deflected in a specific path, which is markedly different from the effect of pure neutral gas injected into the ionosphere. Plain Language Summary: Many studies have focused on ionospheric disturbances caused by natural dust of polar mesospheric clouds or by ionospheric pollutants. However, practical physical scenarios usually have both neutral gases and charged aerosols, whose total contribution to the plasma after injection into the ionosphere and wave propagation through the disturbance have rarely been studied. In this paper, the fluid theory and kinetic theory are used to simulate the ionospheric plasma disturbance structure by combining the fluid mechanics and the dust microphysics. The Total Electron Content of the in‐situ detection, the path of radio waves through the disturbance and the vertical ionogram produced by the injection of neutral gas and dust particles are also simulated. Key Points: An analytic solution model of the ionospheric disturbance produced by artificial neutral gas‐dust particles mixture injection is establishedThe motion of charged dust particles and evolution of ionospheric depletion caused by mixture injection are simulatedThe perturbed Total Electron Content and the path deflection of radio wave passing through the disturbance region are simulated and analyzed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case study of a 54-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension who presented with left-sided weakness and slurred speech. The patient was diagnosed with an acute ischemic stroke and received antiplatelet therapy. Further investigations revealed a subclavian artery web, a rare condition that can lead to thrombosis and embolic stroke. The case highlights the importance of multiplanar reconstructions in accurately diagnosing arterial webs. The patient remained stroke-free during a 1.5-year follow-up period. [Extracted from the article]

Diabetes and metabolic perturbation are global health challenges. Sleep insufficiency may trigger metabolic dysregulation leading to diabetes. However, the intergenerational transmission of this environmental information is not clearly understood. The research objective was to determine the possible effect of paternal sleep deprivation on the metabolic phenotype of the offspring and to investigate the underlying mechanism of epigenetic inheritance. Male offspring of sleep‐deprived fathers exhibit glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin secretion. In these SD‐F1 offspring, a reduction in beta cell mass and proliferation of beta cells were observed. Mechanistically, in pancreatic islets of SD‐F1 offspring, we identified alterations in DNA methylation at the promoter region of the LRP5 (LDL receptor related protein 5) gene, a coreceptor of Wnt signaling, resulting in downregulation of downstream effectors cyclin D1, cyclin D2, and Ctnnb1. Restoration of Lrp5 in the pancreas of SD‐F1 male mice could improve impaired glucose tolerance and expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D2, and Ctnnb1. This study might significantly contribute to our understanding of the effects of sleeplessness on health and metabolic disease risk from the perspective of the heritable epigenome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To present the results of an exploratory analysis of the BEYOND V study in which Chinese individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2D) received short‐term intensive insulin therapy (SIIT) during study run‐in (prior to randomization) using a basal‐first insulin titration method. Materials and methods: This was exclusively an exploratory analysis of the 7‐ to 10‐day run‐in period of BEYOND V. Participants were hospitalized and had oral therapies withdrawn (except metformin). They received SIIT with once‐daily insulin glargine and three‐times‐daily premeal insulin glulisine, titrated daily from a total starting dose of 0.4 to 0.5 units/kg/d, first adjusting insulin glargine to achieve fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L (79 to 119 mg/dL), then insulin glulisine to achieve pre‐meal blood glucose of 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L. Key outcomes were the proportions of participants achieving FBG and 2‐hour postprandial blood glucose (PBG) targets. Results: Overall, 397 entered the run‐in (mean 54.2 years, 235 males [59.2%]). At the end of SIIT, 374/396 participants (94.4%) had both FBG <7.0 mmol/L (<126 mg/dL) and 2‐hour PBG <10 mmol/L (<180 mg/dL) and 282/396 (71.2%) had both FBG <6.1 mmol/L (<100 mg/dL) and 2‐hour PBG <10 mmol/L. The mean first time taken to achieve FBG <7 mmol/L, 2‐hour PBG <10 mmol/L, and both, was 4.35, 3.88, and 5.04 days, respectively. Hypoglycaemia occurred in 99 participants (24.9%). There was no severe hypoglycaemia. Conclusions: Titrating basal insulin first is an effective and safe method of SIIT in individuals with T2D, rapidly achieving target glucose levels with a relatively low rate of hypoglycaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ionospheric storm forecasting method was proposed using a deep learning algorithm, LSTM (long short‐term memory). We used the perturbation index to denote the level of an ionospheric storm, deduced from foF2 data, and helped to remove most of the local time and seasonal variations in the ionosphere. In constructing the model, a number of correlated factors were used as inputs, including the properties of coronal mass ejections, solar flare bursts, interplanetary conditions, and geomagnetic and ionospheric states, and the output was whether an ionospheric storm occurred locally in the next 24 hr. Data sets from 2007 to 2014 were used to train the model, and those from 2015 to 2016 were used for validation. The results showed that the model behaved well in most events. The mean precision rate, recall rate, accuracy, and F1 score of the model were 71.7%, 59.7%, 92.7%, and 65.0% in northern China and 78.9%, 56.3%, 96.3% and 65.0% in southern China, respectively. The LSTM forecasting model performed better than other models such as persistence, multiple‐layer perceptron and support vector machine models. Case studies also showed good performance during geomagnetic storms of different strengths. We believe that this model can be beneficial for functional ionospheric storm operation. Plain Language Summary: An ionospheric storm forecasting method was proposed using a deep learning algorithm, namely, LSTM (long short‐term memory). The model was trained using an ionospheric measurement data set in China. It was shown that the forecasting model performed better than the persistence, multiple‐layer perceptron and support vector machine models. Key Points: A deep learning method is used to build a forecasting model for ionospheric stormA normalized index perturbation index is used to denote if there occur an ionospheric storm or not, which is deduced from the ionospheric foF2 dataThe long short‐term memory model has a better performance than other models such as persistence, support vector machine and multiple‐layer perceptron model [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: To estimate the prevalence, and patient clinical and demographic profile, as well as risk factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Beijing, China. Materials and Methods: Hospitalized adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were consecutively screened and invited for an overnight polysomnography from four hospitals in Beijing, China, from May 2016 to February 2017. We used the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2012 polysomnography recording techniques and scoring criteria to identify the type of apnea and the severity of OSAS. The χ2‐test was used to evaluate differences between groups regarding the prevalence, and demographic and other clinical parameters. Results: A total of 735 patients were found eligible for the study, of whom 309 patients completed the overnight polysomnography. The mean age of the patients was 58.2 ± 10.9 years, and most (67.3%) were men. The prevalence of overall (apnea hypopnea index ≥5/h), moderate‐to‐severe (apnea hypopnea index ≥15/h) and severe (apnea hypopnea index ≥30/h) OSAS was 66.3% (95% confidence interval 60.8–71.6%), 35.6% (95% confidence interval 30.3–41.2%) and 16.5% (95% confidence interval 12.5–21.1%), respectively. Central and mixed apnea contributed 12% to all sleep‐disordered breathing. With the aggravation of OSAS, the combined prevalence for central, mixed and obstructive apnea increased from 57% to 70%. We found OSAS to be associated with older age, obesity, self‐reported snoring and apnea, and diabetes complications. Conclusions: Guidelines on screening and treatment of OSAS among hospitalized patients with diabetes are needed to direct the routine practice for diabetes endocrinologists for optimal clinical care of such patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of basal insulin glargine 100 units/ml (Gla) + 2‐3 oral antihyperglycaemic drugs (OADs) with twice‐daily premixed insulin aspart 70/30 (Asp30) + metformin (MET) after short‐term intensive insulin therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes in China. Materials and Methods: This open‐label trial enrolled insulin‐naïve adults with type 2 diabetes and an HbA1c of 7.5%‐11.0% (58‐97 mmol/mol) despite treatment with 2‐3 OADs. All participants stopped previous OADs except MET, then received short‐term intensive insulin therapy during the run‐in period, when those with a fasting plasma glucose of less than 7.0 mmol/L and 2‐hour postprandial glucose of less than 10.0 mmol/L were randomized to Gla + MET + a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor or twice‐daily Asp30 + MET. If HbA1c was more than 7.0% (>53 mmol/mol) at week 12, participants in the Gla group were added repaglinide or acarbose, at the physician's discretion, and participants in the Asp30 group continued to titrate insulin dose. The change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24 was assessed in the per protocol (PP) population (primary endpoint). Results: There were 384 enrollees (192 each to Gla and Asp30); 367 were included in the PP analysis. The threshold for non‐inferiority of Gla + OADs versus Asp30 + MET was met, with a least squares mean change from baseline in HbA1c of –1.72% and –1.70% (–42.2 and –42.1 mmol/mol), respectively (estimated difference –0.01%; 95% CI –0.20%, 0.17% [–0.1 mmol/mol; 95% CI –2.2, 1.9]). Achievement of HbA1c less than 7.0% (<53 mmol/mol) was comparable between the groups (60% vs. 57%). The proportion of participants with any (24% vs. 38%; P =.003), symptomatic (19% vs. 31%; P =.007) or confirmed hypoglycaemia (18% vs. 33%; P <.001) was lower in the Gla + OADs group. Conclusions: Compared with Asp30 + MET, Gla + 2‐3 OADs showed similar efficacy but a lower hypoglycaemia risk in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes who had undergone short‐term intensive insulin therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cover image is based on the Original Article Retagliptin as add‐on therapy to metformin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: A multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 trial by Lixin Guo MD et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.15601..By Lixin Guo; Fengsheng Tian; Li Liu; Mingwei Chen; Chengxia Jiang; Shuangqing Li; Cong Liu; Yawei Zhang; Jie Qin; Dongni Yu; Yicen Zong and Wei DaiReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Since it is difficult for clinicians to make a decision among the various types of antidiabetic medications due to their great discrepancy in mechanisms, pharmacological properties, and cardiovascular/renal protection, a relatively "precision" or personalized hypoglycemic treatment suggestion is practical for type 2 diabetes (T2D) management in adults. This expert consensus makes some recommendations based on the characteristics of adult T2D patients without clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) by evidence from large‐scale clinical trials. The main consideration for initiating antidiabetic medications is the safety and benefits for prevention of target organ damage, such as CVD and CKD. The choice of personalized glucose‐lowering therapy regarding target organ protection is based on the various effects of antidiabetic medications, patients' clinical characteristics and their key risks, as well as the sociological factors. According to the effects on glucose reduction, cardiovascular protection, renal benefit, body weight change, hypoglycemic risk, and liver function impact, the antidiabetic medications are recategorized in this consensus. Combined with the glucose control target and the different effects of hypoglycemic agents, a significant body of recommendations have been developed for optimal T2D management according to the risk factors for atherosclerotic CVD, heart failure, CKD, primary fatty liver, and hypoglycemia. This consensus gives detailed guidance on personalized antidiabetic therapy initiation in newly diagnosed T2D adults, which attaches great importance to both glucose control and target organ protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of high‐power vehicle‐mounted log periodic dipole antenna for 8‐22 MHz use was discussed. It is shown that the antenna has a power endurance of 150 kW. With the application of the coefficients variation method, the total size of the proposal was shrunk to 12 × 18 m so that it can be mounted on a vehicle of 10 m long by an elevation tower. The voltage standing wave ratio over the entire frequency band is lower than 2.0 without utilizing any match network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new index, perturbation index (PI), was introduced to descript the regional ionospheric disturbances during storm time. Taking the statistic relative variations of foF2 for different seasons as normalized basis, we obtained the perturbation magnitude at each station. After an average process for different regional stations in latest several hours, the regional disturbance index was constructed to depict the ionospheric storm magnitude. Taking historical data from 13 stations in China between 2007 and 2017 for example, we checked out its practicability and effect to depict the ionospheric storm characteristics. It is found that the storm time ionospheric disturbance properties are preliminary represented using this index, and the local time, seasonal and some other regular variations caused by solar Extreme Ultraviolet/Ultraviolet (EUV/UV) radiation were removed remarkably. Based on this, we classified the state of ionosphere into seven grades, namely as quiet, minor positive and negative storm, median positive and negative storm, and strong positive and negative storm. It is shown a reasonable distribution of storm events with different grades, and the disturbance variation depicted by PI is well consistent with typical storm morphology. The total storm number is well related with that of geomagnetic storms, both varied versus with the solar cycles with visible lag. We argue that it is convenient to describe the ionospheric disturbances using PI index, and it is helpful for space environment scholars to study the ionospheric storms and for space weather users to monitor and assess potential impacts on their systems. Key Points: A new index PI is put forward to describe the disturbance properties of ionospheric storm. Using this index, the local time and seasonal variations are well eliminated and the storm evolutions are properly capturedThe distribution of storm magnitudes is well acceptable, and the disturbance variation depicted by PI is well consistent with typical storm morphology. The total number of storms is also well related with that of geomagnetic storms in different years, both varied versus with solar cycles with reasonable time lagThe PI index could be used to describe the ionospheric disturbances conveniently, which is helpful for space environment scholars to study the ionospheric storms, and for space weather users to monitor and assess potential impacts on their systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. High glucose‐induced mitochondrial apoptosis is involved in the loss of retinal pericytes (PCs), which is considered to be a predominant pathologic change of diabetic retinopathy (DR). A high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) serum level is associated with an increased prevalence of DR in diabetic patients. Here, we investigated whether TSH regulated glucose‐induced PCs loss through TSH‐receptor (TSHR)‐dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. First, the serum TSH level was found to be an independent risk factor for DR in Type 2 diabetic study participants (odds ratio = 2.294; 95% confidence interval: 1.925–2.733; p ≤ 0.001). Second, human PCs were treated with different concentrations of glucose, with or without bovine TSH (b‐TSH). Glucose induced mitochondrial apoptosis through various mechanisms, including through regulating the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, which could be deteriorated by costimulation of glucose and b‐TSH. Additionally, we detected functional TSHR in PCs; blocking TSHR significantly restricted TSH‐induced apoptosis. Thus, the presence of functional TSHR in human retinal PCs may facilitate the effect of high TSH on high glucose‐induced PCs loss through TSHR‐dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the parameters of the high frequency (HF) antenna and the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is studied in this paper. External and internal noise features of HF are studied and its relationship with the antenna is investigated. All the antenna parameters that influence the SNR were analyzed synthetically. The most important factor was deduced and pointed out by theoretical analysis and calculation to reveal the basis. A novel receiving HF antenna design with outstanding performance was proposed as an application of our study. Plain Language Summary: A comprehensive analysis on the noise factor and the coefficients of high frequency (HF) receiving antennas' impact on signal‐to‐noise ratio revealed the basis for antenna design and choice. A novel HF antenna design based on the study was proposed for receiving use. Key Points: The basis for receiving high frequency antenna design was revealed by synthetically analysis of the antenna and signals to noise ratioA novel high frequency receiving antenna was designed and fabricatedA comparison measurement was carried out to verify our proposal and the application [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To determine whether the new international cluster‐based classification method can be applied to Chinese inpatients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Adult patients with DM hospitalized in our tertiary care centre from January 2017 to December 2018 were included in the study. K‐means cluster analysis was done in clusters based on glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, body mass index, glycosylated haemoglobin, homeostasis model‐assessed beta cell function, insulin resistance index, and age at diagnosis of DM. Chi‐square test was used to analyse inter‐subgroup differences in DM‐related complications and family history of DM. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 1152 inpatients with DM were included in the study. Five subgroups were obtained by cluster analysis with highest proportion of population in mild obesity‐related DM subgroup (34.55%), followed by mild age‐related DM (21.55%), severe insulin deficiency DM (20.51%), severe insulin resistance DM (19.02%), and severe autoimmune DM subgroup (4.36%). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral vascular disease, diabetic ketosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and family history of DM differed significantly among the subgroups (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: This cluster‐based classification could be applied to hospitalized adult patients with DM in China. It might help in strategizing for DM patients, and hence, improve management of DM in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Observe the influence of oral nutritional agents rich in soluble dietary (enteral nutritional suspension [TPF‐DM]) on intestinal flora of elderly male subjects with malnutrition. Method: Seventy‐eight subjects with good nutrition were considered as the healthy control group. Twenty‐eight male subjects who had malnutrition and were older than 70 years were included and randomly divided into the short‐term (3 months) intervention group (n = 20) and the long‐term (12 months) group (n = 8). They were provided with enteral nutritional suspension (TPF‐DM) 500 mL/day or maximum tolerance dose, so as to observe the changes in nutrition‐related indexes and intestinal flora after the elderly take enteral nutritional suspension (TPF‐DM). Results: (1) For elderly male subjects with malnutrition, their body weight, body mass index, hemoglobin, total protein, and albumin were significantly lower than the control group with favorable nutrition. (2) There were obvious differences in intestinal flora between healthy elderly male subjects and those with malnutrition. After the treatment of enteral nutritional suspension (TPF‐DM), intestinal flora of the malnourished elderly subjects showed recovery toward the healthy elderly subjects. The obvious gradient changes of the flora were mainly in the bacteroidetes, firmicutes, and proteobacteria phyla, and the relative abundance of CAG2 clusters in the malnourished group was higher than that in the healthy control group, and the relative abundance decreased after long‐term treatment, and the change approached the healthy control group. The relative abundance of CAG3 and CAG6 clusters in the malnourished group was lower than that in the healthy control group, and the relative abundance increased after long‐term treatment, and the change approached the healthy control group. Conclusion: Malnutrition has obvious impact on intestinal flora of the elderly. Enteral nutritional suspension (TPF‐DM) not only prevents the further decline in the state of nutrition but also helps the recovery in intestinal flora of the elderly. Long‐term application can produce better effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which are important causes of disabling and death in patients with T2DM. For the prevention and management of ASCVD or CKD, cardiovascular risk factors should be systematically evaluated, and ASCVD and CKD should be screened in patients with T2DM. In this consensus, we recommended that metformin should be used as the first‐line therapy for patients with T2DM and ASCVD or very high cardiovascular risk, heart failure (HF) or CKD, and should be retained in the treatment regimen unless contraindicated or not tolerated. In patients with T2DM and established ASCVD or very high cardiovascular risk, addition of a glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) or sodium–glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor with proven cardiovascular benefits should be considered independent of individualised glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) targets. In patients with T2DM and HF, an SGLT2 inhibitor should be preferably added regardless of HbA1C levels. In patients with T2DM and CKD, SGLT2 inhibitors should be preferred for the combination therapy independent of individualised HbA1C targets, and GLP‐1RAs with proven renal benefits would be alternative if SGLT2 inhibitors are contraindicated. Moreover, the prevention of hypoglycaemia and management of multiple risk factors by comprehensive regimen, including lifestyle intervention, antihypertensive therapies, lipid‐lowering treatment and antiplatelet therapies, should be kept in mind in treating patients with T2DM and ASCVD, HF or CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of suppression of insulin secretion in the treatment of obesity.Methods: A search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (up to January 1, 2020) that used drugs that directly suppress insulin secretion (diazoxide or octreotide) in the treatment of obesity. The extracted data were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis.Results: A total of seven randomized controlled trials were included, with four using diazoxide and three using octreotide to suppress insulin secretion. Suppression of insulin secretion significantly reduced fasting insulin level (mean difference: -3.94 mIU/L; 95% CI: -7.40 to -0.47) but slightly increased fasting blood glucose level (mean difference: 0.48 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.72). Following the suppression of insulin secretion, significant reductions in body weight (mean difference: -3.19 kg; 95% CI: -5.71 to -0.66), BMI (mean difference: -1.65 kg/m2 ; 95% CI: -2.41 to -0.90), and fat mass (mean difference: -5.92 kg; 95% CI: -8.28 to -3.56) were observed compared with placebo in the pooled data. No significant difference in fat-free mass was observed (mean difference: 0.56 kg; 95% CI: -0.40 to 1.52).Conclusions: Results suggest that suppression of insulin secretion may lead to reduced body weight and fat mass with slightly increased blood glucose in individuals with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To conduct an overall safety assessment of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT‐2) inhibitors used for the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), including ketoacidosis, genital infection, volume depletion, liver and kidney injury events, cardiovascular events, diarrhea and severe hypoglycaemia. Materials and Methods: We searched three databases (Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library) for randomized controlled trials that treated T1D by using SGLT‐2 inhibitors from 2000 to 5 March 2020. Results: Of the 1653 articles identified that fit our search criteria, 22 studies included qualitative‐based results, eight of which were randomized clinical trials that included quantitative‐based results. Compared with the control group, the SGLT‐2 inhibitors treatment group was found to have had an increased incidence of ketoacidosis (P <.00001, OR 4.34, 95% CI [2.37, 7.96], I2 = 18%), events leading to discontinuation (P <.0001, OR 1.76, 95% CI [1.34, 2.31], I2 = 0%), genital infection (P <.00001, OR 3.64, 95% CI [2.82, 4.70], I2 = 0%), volume depletion (P =.006, OR 2.10, 95% CI [1.23, 3.59], I2 = 4%) and diarrhoea (P =.008, OR 1.64, 95% CI [1.14, 2.36], I2 = 0%). However, according to subgroup analysis, the risk of diarrhoea was dose‐related. The incidence of urinary tract infection, cardiovascular events, renal events, liver injury and fracture was not significantly different for the treatment group compared with the control group. Conclusions: Despite showing some promise as a treatment approach, the application of SGLT‐2 inhibitors for patients with T1D should be considered with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an improved model associated with a three‐dimensional heating model with a stratified DC approach model considering inhomogeneity of ionosphere to study the distributions of characteristic parameters of lower ionosphere during long‐period modulation heating in the polar region. The distributions of Pederson conductivity, Hall conductivity, and excitation current are discussed in detail. The distributions of Pedersen conductivity reveal that the electron temperature plays more important role in spatial distribution of Pedersen conductivity, and the electron density has a small effect on the distribution of Pedersen conductivity. The distributions of Hall conductivity exhibit that the main contribution of the negative disturbance of Hall conductivity comes from the temperature‐dependent electron collision frequency and the positive disturbance comes from electron density. The distributions of excitation current indicate that the amplitude variation of excitation current is dominated by the Pedersen conductivity and Hall conductivity, and the shape variation (the rotation of long axis) of excitation current is dominated by Hall conductivity. Above all, these findings suggest that the difference between steady‐state time scale of electron temperature (milliseconds) and that of electron density (minutes) will greatly administrate the distributions of Pedersen conductivity and Hall conductivity. Excitation current, which leads to the generation of ultralow frequency/extremely‐low frequency/very low frequency, will be further affected. Finally, the estimated amplitude of the magnetic field in model is consistent with the previous experimental results in the long period modulation heating, which proves the accuracy of the model. The amplitude of magnetic field can reach several hundreds of pT at the modulation period of 50 s. Key Points: We present an improved model associated with a three‐dimensional heating model with a stratified DC approach modelThe distributions of Pederson conductivity, Hall conductivity, and excitation current are discussed in detailThe difference between steady‐state time scale of electron temperature and density will administrate the distributions of conductivities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a leading cause of microvascular complications, such as nephropathy and retinopathy. Recent studies have proposed that hyperglycemia‐induced endothelial cell dysfunction is modulated by mitochondrial stress. Therefore, our experiment was to detect the upstream mediator of mitochondrial stress in hyperglycemia‐treated endothelial cells with a focus on macrophage‐stimulating 1 (Mst1) and mitochondrial fission. Our data illuminated that hyperglycemia incubation reduced cell viability, as well as increased apoptosis ratio in endothelial cell, and this alteration seemed to be associated with Mst1 upregulation. Inhibition of Mst1 via transfection of Mst1 siRNA into an endothelial cell could sustain cell viability and maintain mitochondrial function. At the molecular levels, endothelial cell death was accompanied with the activation of mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, and mitochondrial fission. Genetic ablation of Mst1 could reduce mitochondrial oxidative injury, block mitochondrial apoptosis, and repress mitochondrial fission. Besides, we also found Mst1 triggered mitochondrial dysfunction as well as endothelial cell damage through augmenting JNK pathway. Suppression of JNK largely ameliorated the protective actions of Mst1 silencing on hyperglycemia‐treated endothelial cells and sustain mitochondrial function. The present study identifies Mst1 as a primary key mediator for hyperglycemia‐induced mitochondrial damage and endothelial cell dysfunction. Increased Mst1 impairs mitochondrial function and activates endothelial cell death via opening mitochondrial death pathway through JNK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the electromagnetic scattering problem related to a foil in a turbulent hypersonic plasma environment, the scattering field formulas for hypersonic plasma turbulence were improved by applying the anisotropic power spectrum. Using the theory of electromagnetic scattering of a conducting object, the second moment of a conducting object's scattering field is obtained in the hypersonic plasma turbulence. Finally, the backscattering cross-section of the foil surrounded by the hypersonic plasma turbulence was calculated. The results showed that the fractal dimension led to an increase in the complexity of the hypersonic turbulent structure, and thus had a greater influence on the electromagnetic wave scattering. The scattering cross-section of the foil in the hypersonic turbulence decreases rapidly. Meanwhile, the anisotropic parameters in the model represent scale-dependent stretching of the turbulent eddy. As the anisotropic parameters of the turbulence increase, there will be less scattering of the hypersonic turbulence. At this point, the total scattering cross-section of the foil in hypersonic plasma turbulence increases gradually. By improving the aerodynamic shape of the aircraft, it can produce a large number of anisotropic turbulent eddies which can effectively improve the passive jamming capability when the foil is cast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: To investigate the direct medical costs for patients with type 2 diabetes in China and to examine the influencing factors. Materials and Methods: In the present multicenter study, 1,070 patients with type 2 diabetes from 16 tertiary hospitals in 14 major cities of China were enrolled. Patient data and direct medical costs were collected during a follow‐up period of 6 months at intervals of 1 month. The log‐transformed direct medical costs were fitted by a generalized estimation equation to indicator variables for demographics, metabolic control, treatments, complications and comorbidities. Results: Data of 871 participants were included in the analysis. The mean annual total direct medical costs and outpatient medical costs were $1,990.20 and $1,687.20 respectively. The average costs per inpatient per admission were $2,127.10. The share of out‐of‐pocket for total medical costs, outpatient costs and cost per inpatient per admission were 45.4, 46.3 and 26.0% respectively. Independent determinants of total medical costs were diabetes duration, dyslipidemia and diabetic complications, such as neuropathy and nephropathy, as well as diabetes treatment, such as the use of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists. Costs showed prominent variation across centers. Conclusions: Diabetes is imposing a growing economic burden in patients with type 2 diabetes in China. Diabetes‐related complications and comorbidities have a great impact on the medical costs. As different health policies, economic development and regional health inequalities also have an important influence on the direct medical cost, healthcare reform needs to optimize resource allocation in health service delivery systems, and provide more equitable and affordable healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To confirm non‐inferiority of biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) plus metformin to BIAsp 30 in lowering glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Chinese patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes using oral antidiabetic drugs. Materials and methods: In this 16‐week, prospective, randomized, open‐label, multicentre, parallel‐controlled study, patients aged 18‐79 years with HbA1c ≥7% were randomized to BIAsp 30 plus metformin (n = 130) or BIAsp 30 (n = 127). Initially, 500 mg metformin was administered twice daily and BIAsp 30 was administered at 0.2‐0.3 U/kg/d. Changes in HbA1c % from baseline to week 16 as well as secondary and safety endpoints were assessed. Results: In total, 83.66% of patients in the BIAsp 30 plus metformin (n = 110) and the BIAsp 30 (n = 105) groups completed the study. Mean (±standard deviation) change in HbA1c from baseline to endpoint was −1.74 ± 1.64% and −1.32 ± 2.05% with BIAsp 30 plus metformin and BIAsp 30, respectively. Least squares mean treatment difference was −0.67% (95% CI, −1.06; −0.28). The upper limit of the 95% CI was <0.4 (non‐inferiority margin). A significantly higher proportion of individuals reached HbA1c <7% with BIAsp 30 plus metformin than with BIAsp 30 (53.15% vs 35.19%; P = 0.0074). At endpoint, daily BIAsp 30 dose (P < 0.001) and weight gain were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the BIAsp 30 plus metformin group compared with the BIAsp 30 group. No between‐group differences in number of hypoglycaemic events were observed. Conclusion: BIAsp 30 plus metformin was non‐inferior to BIAsp 30 in safely reducing HbA1c in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This prospective, multicentre, phase III study (NCT02104804) evaluated the efficacy and safety of saxagliptin add‐on therapy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by insulin ± metformin. Patients with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.5% to 10.5% and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <15 mmol/L (270 mg/dL) on stable insulin therapy (20‐150 U/d) were randomized (1:1) to saxagliptin 5 mg once daily (N = 232) or placebo (N = 230) for 24 weeks, stratified by metformin use. The primary efficacy measure was change in HbA1c. Saxagliptin treatment resulted in a greater adjusted mean change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24 than placebo (−0.58%; P < .001), irrespective of metformin use, and a greater mean change in FPG (0.9 mmol/L [−15.9 mg/dL]; P < .001). More patients achieved HbA1c <7% with saxagliptin (11.4%) than with placebo (3.5%, P = .002). Adverse events and incidence of hypoglycaemia were similar in both groups. Overall, add‐on saxagliptin 5 mg once daily significantly improved glycaemic control without increasing hypoglycaemia risk and was well tolerated in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by insulin (± metformin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the fractal theory and measurements of hypersonic turbulence, the spectral index, and twodimensional (2D) power spectrum of the refractive index fluctuation are derived, and the 2D band-limited Weierstrass fractal function is applied to simulate the refractive index fluctuation in hypersonic turbulence. Thus, the impact of hypersonic turbulence on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging system is simulated using the fractal phase screen method. Results show that the resolution of SAR imaging is severely deteriorated under the influence of hypersonic turbulence. The phase error caused by the turbulence microstructures in the plasma sheath becomes more apparent with the increase in the fractal dimension of the hypersonic turbulence. The larger Reynolds number associated with the hypersonic turbulence results in a more evident microstructure fluctuation and inferior imaging quality. Furthermore, when an aircraft flies at high speed, the azimuth focus is considerably sensitive to the turbulence microstructure along the direction of flow field. Consequently, hypersonic turbulence in the plasma sheath has a significantly larger effect on the azimuth than on the range in point-target imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is accepted that inflammation plays a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis; the pathogenesis is not clear. B-cell-produced interleukin (IL) 10 is an immune regulatory cytokine that can inhibit immune inflammation. This study tests a hypothesis that a psychological stress hormone, cortisol, suppresses IL-10 expression in peripheral B cells of patients with atherosclerosis. Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with coronary artery atherosclerosis. B cells were isolated from the blood samples to be analyzed for the expression of IL-10 and micro RNA (miR) 98 by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We observed that the frequency of IL-10+ B cell was less in patients with atherosclerosis than healthy controls. The serum cortisol levels were higher in the patients than that in healthy controls. Peripheral B-cell frequency was negatively correlated with the serum cortisol levels. Exposure of B cells to cortisol increased the expression of miR-98 in B cells. Cortisol also inhibited the expression of IL-10 in B cells, in which miR-98 played a critical role. Treating B cells from atherosclerosis patients with anti-miR-98 liposomes reversed the ability of expression of IL-10 in the cells. The expression of IL-10 is suppressed in peripheral B cells, which can be up regulated by anti-miR-98 liposomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to explore independent associations between serum uric acid and hypoglycaemia, and whether mildly increased serum uric acid exacerbated the association between mild decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and hypoglycaemia.Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 6713 inpatients with type 2 diabetes and eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and admitted to 81 tertiary care hospitals in China was conducted. Self-reported asymptotic hypoglycaemia with plasma glucose ≤3.9 mmol/L, hypoglycaemia episodes with symptoms in 1 month or hypoglycaemia that needed assistance from other people in 3 months before hospitalization was used to define hypoglycaemia. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of serum uric acid for hypoglycaemia. Three measures, that is, relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction and synergy index (S) were used to estimate the effect of mildly decreased eGFR on the association of serum uric acid with hypoglycaemia.Results: Serum uric acid was associated with hypoglycaemia in an ordinal manner (P for trend <0.01) with an odds ratio of top quartile versus the lowest quartile up to 3.03 (95% confidence interval: 2.13-4.32). The odds ratio of serum uric acid levels ≥ versus <283 µmol/L (i.e. the median) was 1.98 (95% confidence interval:1.58-2.48). Serum uric acid levels ≥ versus <283 µmol/L greatly enhanced the association between mild decline in eGFR (eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 ) and hypoglycaemia from 0.94 (0.36-2.43) to 3.90 (2.55-5.95), with a significant additive interaction (P < 0.05 for RERI, AP and S).Conclusions: Mildly increased serum uric acid was associated with increased risk of hypoglycaemia and enhanced the association between mildly decreased eGFR and hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China is scarce. We conducted a multi-centre, cross-sectional study involving 12 hospitals from six regional cities to investigate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to explore the association between obstructive sleep apnea and related risk factors, diabetic complications and comorbidities in China. Each hospital recruited at least 70 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were admitted to the endocrinology ward. A total of 880 participants were enrolled and administered overnight sleep monitoring with a portable monitor (ApneaLink™, ResMed, San Diego, CA, USA); other information was collected from medical charts and a standardized questionnaire. In this study, 60.0% (95% confidence interval: 56.8%, 63.2%) of hospitalized patients in China with type 2 diabetes mellitus had comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 5). Only 1.5% (eight of 528) of the patients with both conditions had been diagnosed previously with obstructive sleep apnea. The prevalence of moderate-severe (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15) and severe obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 30) was estimated to be 25.6% (22.7, 28.5%) and 10.3% (8.3, 12.4%), respectively. Age, sex, body mass index, snoring, reported breath-holding in sleep or gasping or choking arousal, sleepiness, diabetes duration, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases history were correlated significantly with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. In China, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is high. Routine screening for and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is an important, but often neglected, part of the management of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety of once-daily insulin glargine plus gliclazide modified release combination therapy versus twice-daily premixed insulin monotherapy in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients insufficiently controlled by oral antidiabetic agents.Methods: In a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial, patients with poor glycaemic control (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and 7.5% < haemoglobin A1c  ≤ 10%) on oral antidiabetic drugs were randomized to the treatment groups for combination therapy (n = 52) or monotherapy (n = 53). Continuous glucose monitoring was carried out over two 72-h periods, at the beginning and the end of the study, and the data were used to calculate the 24-h mean blood glucose, mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions, standard deviation of blood glucose, and the mean of daily differences.Results: The mean haemoglobin A1c decrease from baseline to study end was significant for both treatment groups (combination therapy: -1.23 ± 0.92%; insulin monotherapy: -1.02 ± 1.04%); moreover, the combination therapy group showed a significantly more robust haemoglobin A1c decrease (p = 0.0308). Both therapies significantly reduced the 24-h mean blood glucose (both, p < 0.001), but neither produced a significant effect on glycaemic variability, calculated as mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions, standard deviation of blood glucose, and mean of daily differences. In addition, the effects on rates of hypoglycaemic episodes were similar between the two therapies.Conclusions: Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic agents attained greater benefit from once-daily insulin glargine plus gliclazide modified release regimen than from a twice-daily premixed insulin regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Diabetes is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Diabetes is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The problem of light scattering from a one-dimensional dielectric fractal rough surface is investigated using Fourier transform within the limitation of the Kirchhoff approximation. A numerical formula for the scattering coefficient is obtained by theoretical derivation. The scattering coefficient is calculated and compared to both the FFT method and the classical Kirchhoff approximation integral solution. This FFT method solves the problem of edge effect that is neglected in the numerical study by the conventional Kirchhoff approximation. The dependence of the distribution of the scattering coefficient on the patch size, the fundamental spatial wave number, and the fractal dimension of the surface are discussed in detail. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 317–322, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10595 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the reciprocity theorem, the light scattering from a spherical particle above a slightly dielectric rough surface is studied. The theoretical formulation that accounts for the near-field interaction between a spherical particle and a rough surface is given, the analytical solution of the scattering cross section for the composite model is presented, and the backscattering cross sections are calculated and discussed in detail. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 142–146, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10259 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusions The 2019 ESC/EASD guidelines categorize cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Assessing CVD risk is necessary to identify individuals at very high risk of CVD, enabling tailored and precise intervention for this high‐risk population. This study aims to evaluate the severity of a very high risk for CVD stratification among patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) across different regions in China.We conducted a cross‐sectional screening study from 1 January 2020 to 30 December 2022. Disease duration, body mass index (BMI), targeted organ damage, such as atherosclerotic heart disease, proteinuria, impaired renal function, left ventricular hypertrophy, retinopathy and known CVD risk factors, were collected from diabetic patients by professionally trained physicians. The risk of CV in patients with DM was categorized into two groups: very high risk and others, according to the 2019 ESC/EASD guidelines.In total, 1 870 720 participants from 1669 hospitals in 30 provinces of China, excluding Tibet, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, were enrolled from 2020 to 2022, among whom 67.50% of patients with T2DM were at very high risk for CVD. The proportions of very high‐risk T2DM were higher in Northeast China (75.82%), Central China (73.65%) and Southwest China (72.66%), while the lowest prevalence of very high‐risk T2DM was found in Southern China (60.15%). The multivariate binary logistic regression analyses suggested that the category of very high risk for CVD is associated with age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04‐1.04; p < .0001], BMI (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.07‐1.07; p < .0001), duration of DM (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.05‐1.05; p < .0001), hypertension (OR = 3.75; 95% CI: 3.72‐3.78; p < .0001), dyslipidaemia (OR = 5.22; 95% CI: 5.18‐5.27; p < .0001) and smoking (OR = 2.92; 95% CI: 2.89‐2.95; p < .0001).This study represented the largest observational study of CVD risk assessment in patients with T2DM in China. The CVD risk situation of patients with diabetes in China is critical, and comprehensive control and management of CVD risk factors, such as hypertension, BMI and dyslipidaemia, in patients with DM need to be strengthened in patients with T2DM in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of diabetes in China has increased rapidly from 0.67% in 1980 to 10.4% in 2013, with the aging of the population and westernization of lifestyle. Since its foundation in 1991, the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) has been dedicated to improving academic exchange and the academic level of diabetes research in China. From 2003 to 2014, four versions of Chinese diabetes care guidelines have been published. The guidelines have played an important role in standardizing clinical practice and improving the status quo of diabetes prevention and control in China. Since September 2016, the CDS has invited experts in cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric diseases, nutrition, and traditional Chinese medicine to work with endocrinologists from the CDS to review the new clinical research evidence related to diabetes over the previous 4 years. Over a year of careful revision, this has resulted in the present, new version of guidelines for prevention and care of type 2 diabetes in China. The main contents include epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in China; diagnosis and classification of diabetes; primary, secondary, and tertiary diabetes prevention; diabetes education and management support; blood glucose monitoring; integrated control targets for type 2 diabetes and treatments for hyperglycaemia; medical nutrition therapy; exercise therapy for type 2 diabetes; smoking cessation; pharmacologic therapy for hyperglycaemia; metabolic surgery for type 2 diabetes; prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes; hypoglycaemia; chronic diabetic complications; special types of diabetes; metabolic syndrome; and diabetes and traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood glucose monitoring is an important part of diabetes management. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has become an effective complement to conventional blood glucose monitoring methods and has been widely applied in clinical practice. The indications for its use, the accuracy of the generated data, the interpretation of the CGM results, and the application of the results must be standardized. In December 2009, the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) drafted and published the first Chinese Clinical Guideline for Continuous Glucose Monitoring (2009 edition), providing a basis for the standardization of CGM in clinical application. Based on the updates of international guidelines and the increasing evidence of domestic studies, it is necessary to revise the latest CGM guidelines in China so that the recent clinical evidence can be effectively translated into clinical benefit for diabetic patients. To this end, the CDS revised the Chinese Clinical Guideline for Continuous Glucose Monitoring (2012 Edition) based on the most recent evidence from international and domestic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, three AlGaN/GaN nanowire channel high electron mobility transistors (NC‐HEMTs) with different channel widths have been fabricated. The temperature dependent characteristics of NC‐HEMTs are studied and compared with conventional HEMT. The results show that the on‐state current density of NC‐HEMTs have weaker temperature dependence, and the threshold voltage variation of NC‐HEMTs is lower. In addition, the temperature characteristics of the drain‐induced barrier lowering of NC‐HEMT are first reported. Moreover, there are two main scattering mechanisms that influence the transconductance characteristics of NC‐HEMT, phonon scattering and Coulomb scattering, which correspond to different gate voltage biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]