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The problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) caused by the abuse of antibiotics is becoming serious. The development of antibacterial materials with synergistic efficiency and treatment of deep tissue/organ infections is imminent. Herein, synergistic antibacterial nanoparticles (MPH NPs) are prepared by loading antibacterial peptide polymyxin B (PMB) on Fe‐based MOF (MIL‐100) with hyaluronic acid (HA) modification. MPH NPs exerts antibacterial effects by chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and the release of PMB. MPH NPs have broad‐spectrum antibacterial properties on Gram‐negative bacteria (E. coli, 100%), Gram‐positive bacteria (S. aureus, 98.5 %), and MRSA (98.4%). Importantly, MPH NPs not only promote the healing of infected wounds but also target lungs to accomplish organ infection therapy. Therefore, this study provides a new strategy for designing a synergetic anti‐AMR bacteria system and the function for deep tissue/organ infection therapy in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the challenges and solutions for managing data within the Whole Health System (WHS), which operates as a Learning Health System and a patient‐centered healthcare approach that combines conventional and complementary approaches. Addressing these challenges is critical for enhancing patient care and improving outcomes within WHS. The proposed solutions include prioritizing interoperability for seamless data exchange, incorporating patient‐centered comparative clinical effectiveness research and real‐world data to personalize treatment plans and validate integrative approaches, and leveraging advanced data analytics tools to incorporate patient‐reported outcomes, objective metrics, robust data platforms. Implementing these measures will enable WHS to fulfill its mission as a holistic and patient‐centered healthcare model, promoting greater collaboration among providers, boosting the well‐being of patients and providers, and improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency and heat utilization of modern large‐scale blast furnace in China are close to limits. The potential for energy saving and consumption reduction by continuing to improve blast furnace operation is limited, so there is a need to develop nonblast furnace ironmaking technologies to solve the problems of high energy consumption and pollution. The emerging flash ironmaking technology, which is highly efficient and has low pollutant emissions, has become an option. This article uses CFD software to simulate the 3D steady‐state hydrogen‐based flash ironmaking process at a pilot scale. It is a complex system involving gas‐particle two‐phase flow, heat transfer, and chemical reactions. The article mainly studies the effects of the feeding mode and hydrogen concentration in the reducing gas on the reduction of ore particles. The results show that the residence time of the particles in the furnace is very sensitive to the feeding method, and the maximum residence time of the particles reaches about 2.8 s under the optimal feeding method. In addition, increasing the hydrogen concentration in the reducing gas decreases the particles' residence time. However, the minimum residence time is more than 2.2 s, and the ore powder can still obtain a high reduction degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tear trough filling is a popular facial rejuvenation procedure, and hyaluronic acid is typically used as the filler of choice. However, Tyndall's phenomenon, a common complication following hyaluronic acid injection, can occur, leading to skin discoloration of the lower eyelid. Aims: This single‐center, prospective, comparative clinical study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of collagen and hyaluronic acid injections in treating tear trough deformity. Methods: Sixty patients were enrolled between June 2022 and January 2023. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups: Group A received hyaluronic acid, Group B received hyaluronic acid combined with collagen, and Group C received collagen alone. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and tear trough deformity grade were considered before therapy. Changes in tear trough deformity scores, Global Aesthetic Improvement Scores, and the presence of the Tyndall effect were analyzed at 1 and 3 months postinjection to determine differences among the three groups. Results: Baseline profiles of the three groups were similar. In the first month postinjection, there was no difference in the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scores and tear trough deformity between the three groups. However, in the third‐month postinjection, there was a significant difference in scores between patients in Group C and those in Groups A or B. The Tyndall effect manifested in three patients in Group A, which was significantly different from that in Groups B and C. Conclusion: The combined use of hyaluronic acid with collagen in injectable fillers corrected tear trough deformities and reduced the occurrence of the Tyndall phenomenon, which can be problematic with hyaluronic acid alone. Additionally, this combination may help overcome the disadvantage of a shorter retention period when using collagen alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Ni was introduced into the matrix of carbon fiber reinforced SiOC (C/SiOC) composites by the precursor infiltration and pyrolysis method to catalyze the generation of in situ formed nanostructures including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), turbostratic carbon, and SiC. The effect of in situ formed nanostructures catalyzed by Ni on the properties of the C/SiOC composites was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of in situ formed nanostructures in the matrix improved the densification and mechanical properties of C/SiOC composites. In addition, the incorporation of in situ formed nanostructures facilitated the formation of thermal conductivity pathways within the composites, thereby enhancing the thermal conductivity of C/SiOC composites. Furthermore, in situ formed nanostructures‐containing C/SiOC composites developed a carbon friction layer comprising CNTs and turbostratic carbon, which significantly enhanced the abrasion resistance, endowing C/SiOC composites stable friction coefficients, and lower levels of wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the learning time and space occupation, this study presents a novel model‐free algorithm for obtaining the Nash equilibrium solution of continuous‐time nonlinear non‐zero‐sum games. Based on the integral reinforcement learning method, a new integral HJ equation that can quickly and cooperatively determine the Nash equilibrium strategies of all players is proposed. By leveraging the neural network approximation and gradient descent method, simultaneous continuous‐time adaptive tuning laws are provided for both critic and actor neural network weights. These laws facilitate the estimation of the optimal value function and optimal policy without requiring knowledge or identification of the system's dynamics. The closed‐loop system stability and convergence of weights are guaranteed through the Lyapunov analysis. Additionally, the algorithm is enhanced to reduce the number of auxiliary NNs used in the critic. The simulation results for a two‐player non‐zero‐sum game validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen recovery from wastewater represents a sustainable route to recycle reactive nitrogen (Nr). It can reduce the demand of producing Nr from the energy‐extensive Haber‐Bosch process and lower the risk of causing eutrophication simultaneously. In this aspect, source‐separated fresh urine is an ideal source for nitrogen recovery given its ubiquity and high nitrogen contents. However, current techniques for nitrogen recovery from fresh urine require high energy input and are of low efficiencies because the recovery target, urea, is a challenge to separate. In this work, we developed a novel fresh urine nitrogen recovery treatment process based on modular functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Specifically, we employed three distinct modification methods to MOF‐808 and developed robust functional materials for urea hydrolysis, ammonium adsorption, and ammonia monitoring. By integrating these functional materials into our newly developed nitrogen recovery treatment process, we achieved an average of 75 % total nitrogen reduction and 45 % nitrogen recovery with a 30‐minute treatment of synthetic fresh urine. The nitrogen recovery process developed in this work can serve as a sustainable and efficient nutrient management that is suitable for decentralized wastewater treatment. This work also provides a new perspective of implementing versatile advanced materials for water and wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen recovery from wastewater represents a sustainable route to recycle reactive nitrogen (Nr). It can reduce the demand of producing Nr from the energy‐extensive Haber‐Bosch process and lower the risk of causing eutrophication simultaneously. In this aspect, source‐separated fresh urine is an ideal source for nitrogen recovery given its ubiquity and high nitrogen contents. However, current techniques for nitrogen recovery from fresh urine require high energy input and are of low efficiencies because the recovery target, urea, is a challenge to separate. In this work, we developed a novel fresh urine nitrogen recovery treatment process based on modular functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Specifically, we employed three distinct modification methods to MOF‐808 and developed robust functional materials for urea hydrolysis, ammonium adsorption, and ammonia monitoring. By integrating these functional materials into our newly developed nitrogen recovery treatment process, we achieved an average of 75 % total nitrogen reduction and 45 % nitrogen recovery with a 30‐minute treatment of synthetic fresh urine. The nitrogen recovery process developed in this work can serve as a sustainable and efficient nutrient management that is suitable for decentralized wastewater treatment. This work also provides a new perspective of implementing versatile advanced materials for water and wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of low‐silica SAPO‐34 molecular sieves with a tunable silica content were synthesized through a facile in situ pretreatment strategy under different pretreatment condition. The effects of the pretreatment condition on the crystal phases, chemical composition, morphology and acidity of SAPO‐34 were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, N2 adsorption‐desorption, NH3‐TPD and 29Si MAS NMR. The obtained low‐silica SAPO‐34 exhibits higher catalytic performance in the MTO reaction than conventional SAPO‐34 due to the moderate acidity and larger surface areas. Sample S4 with a Si content of Si/(Si+Al+P)=0.053 showed the prolonged catalytic lifetime of 204 min and remarkably improved selectivity for ethylene and propylene reaching up to 86.58 %, which was 34 % and 4.16 % higher than the reference sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of biomass is a favorable alternative to the fossil energy route to solve the energy crisis and environmental pollution. As one of the most versatile platform compounds, 5‐hydroxymethylfural (HMF) can be transformed to various value‐added chemicals via electrolysis combining with renewable energy. Here, the recent advances in electrochemical oxidation of HMF, from reaction mechanism to reactor design are reviewed. First, the reaction mechanism and pathway are summarized systematically. Second, the parameters easy to be ignored are emphasized and discussed. Then, the electrocatalysts are reviewed comprehensively for different products and the reactors are introduced. Finally, future efforts on exploring reaction mechanism, electrocatalysts, and reactor are prospected. This review provides a deeper understanding of mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of HMF, the design of electrocatalyst and reactor, which is expected to promote the economical and efficient electrochemical conversion of biomass for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cosmopolitan insect pest causing serious damage to crop production. Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) of B. tabaci are widely known to be involved in the metabolic resistance to a variety of insecticides, continuously increasing the difficulty in controlling this pest. In this study, four P450 genes (CYP6CM1, CYP6CX1, CYP6CX3, and CYP402C1) in B. tabaci exhibited correlations with the resistance to imidacloprid. We have focused on trying to understand the function and metabolism capacity of CYP402C1. The expression profiles of CYP402C1 were examined by reverse transcription quantitative real‐time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridizations. Its role in resistance to imidacloprid was investigated by RNA interference, transgenic Drosophila melanogaster, and heterologous expression. The results showed that CYP402C1 was highly expressed in the active feeding stages of B. tabaci, such as nymphs and female adults. CYP402C1 was mainly expressed in midguts of nymphs and adults, especially in the filter chamber. Knockdown of CYP402C1 significantly decreased the resistance of B. tabaci to imidacloprid by 3.96‐fold (50% lethal concentration: 186.46 versus 47.08 mg/L). Overexpression of CYP402C1 in a transgenic D. melanogaster line (Gal4 > UAS‐CYP402C1) significantly increased the resistance to imidacloprid from 12.68‐ to 14.92‐fold (129.01 and 151.80 mg/L versus 1925.14 mg/L). The heterologous expression of CYP402C1 showed a metabolism ability of imidacloprid (imidacloprid decreased by 12.51% within 2 h). This study provides new insights for CYP402C1 function in B. tabaci and will help develop new strategies in B. tabaci control and its insecticide resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three kinds of free base meso‐carboxyphenylporphyrins were compared about their photocatalytic activity to elucidate the role of −COOH group playing in H2 evolution from water splitting. Meso‐tetra(3,5‐dicarboxyphenyl)porphyrin (H2TDCPP) gives a much larger H2 evolution rate than other two porphyrins, attributable to more −COOH groups involved that may interact with H2O. This interaction, as revealed by DFT calculation, initiates H2 evolution from the splitting of associated H2O under ultraviolet light irradiation resulted by effective transfer of photogenerated electron from central porphine ring to meso‐substituents and then further to the interacted water. Improving the accessibility of −COOH groups to water molecule by optimizing H2TDCPP dosage induces an H2 evolution rate around 31.21 mmol ⋅ h−1 ⋅ g−1 (pH=7, full‐spectrum light), which is unprecedented for free based porphyrin photocatalysts without metal‐cocatalysts. This work clarifies the active site role of −COOH groups and paves a new way to design high‐performed organic photocatalysis by introducing polar groups‐based active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two novel algorithms to find the Nash equilibrium solution of the non‐zero‐sum games for continuous‐time input‐affine nonlinear systems are presented. Based on integral reinforcement learning method, the integral‐exploration‐coupled Hamilton‐Jacobi (HJ) equations are derived, which does not contain any information of the system dynamics. Then, based on neural networks approximation, two different adaptive tuning law of weights are given to estimate the approximate solution of the coupled HJ equations. Both two algorithms can estimate the value function and the policy without knowing or identifying the system dynamics. The closed‐loop system stability and the convergence of weights are guaranteed based on Lyapunov analysis. Finally, the simulation results of a two‐player non‐zero‐sum game demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of the dry‐type on‐board traction transformer (OBTT), a new lightweight method in the traction system of electric multiple units, needs to consider the transient hot spot temperature (HST) under different railroad line operating conditions. In order to quickly calculate the transient HST of dry‐type OBTT when operating under different railroad line conditions, a calculation method (hereinafter referred to as GP‐HST method) by combining an enhanced genetic programming algorithm (GP) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is presented. First, intercept a section from the railroad line to be calculated and use the CFD method to calculate the transient HST of the section railroad line. Then, the enhanced GP modelling is driven by this section of railroad line measured and simulated data. Next, a calculation model with an implicit mathematical correlation between railroad line operating conditions and the dry‐type OBTT transient HST is established. Finally, the calculation model quickly calculates the transient HST of the remaining railroad line in operation. To validate the presented method, the calculation model obtained using the presented method is used to calculate the transient HST for another railroad line with significantly different operating conditions, and it is compared with the direct use of the CFD method. The calculation results show that the GP‐HST method reduces the simulation time of the CFD method from 950 to 0.25 min with a maximum error, mean absolute error, and mean relative error of 1.856 K, 0.778 K, and 0.22%, respectively, for a railroad line with a running time of about half an hour. This shows that the GP‐HST method can effectively help to improve the design efficiency of dry‐type OBTT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the global regulation problem for a class of non‐affine nonlinear uncertain systems. We will investigate the extended proportional‐derivative (EPD) controller together with its parameters design. The EPD controller is the natural extension of the classical PD control, which adjusts the input signal by using the regulation error together with its derivatives only. We will show that under some suitable conditions on nonlinearity and uncertainty of the systems, the regulation error of the closed‐loop system will converge to 0 exponentially, provided that the EPD controller parameters are chosen from an n‐dimensional unbounded set constructed in the article. In contrast to most of the existing literature on controller design of nonlinear systems, we do not require such special system structures as normal or triangular forms. We will also give an example where the regulation problem is solvable globally by the classical PD control, while the controlled system cannot be transformed into the nonlinear normal form globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this article is to investigate whether the percutaneous delivery of compound lidocaine cream by roller microneedles can shorten the minimal effective onset time of anesthesia, enhance the intensity of anesthesia and prolong the analgesic time, so as to provide a theoretical basis for exploring a comfortable, safe and effective anesthesia method for photoelectric cosmetic surgery. Methods: A total of 90 healthy volunteers, including 18 male and 72 female, met the criteria and were enrolled in the study from December 2020 to September 2021 in Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. This study adopted a two‐factor randomized block design of 3 (anesthesia time on the test side: 30, 45, 60 min) × 2 (the test side: the left and right side), and the subjects were divided into group A (n = 30), group B (n = 30), and group C (n = 30). On the test side, the compound lidocaine cream was used for topic anesthesia for 10 min, then the roller microneedle was used to roll on the treatment area, compound lidocaine cream was appropriately supplemented, and the topic anesthesia was kept continued for 20 min (group A), 35 min (group B), and 50 min (group C), respectively. The mirrorsymmetrical area of the test side of the three groups was the control side, and the compound lidocaine cream was used for topic anesthesia for 60 min. Photoelectric therapy was performed after anesthesia was completed. The analgesic effect of the subjects on both sides was comprehensively compared; the scores were obtained using the Kuttner Facial Expression Scale, the Frankl Treatment Compliance Scale, the Houpt Behavior Scale, and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS); the satisfaction with anesthesia was investigated. Before and after treatment the skin temperature, color and adverse reactions of the subjects were recorded. Results: Comparing both sides of the same group, there was no significant difference in terms of the comprehensive evaluation, intraoperative comfort, tolerance, cooperation, pain or satisfaction between the 30‐min test side and the routine anesthesia side in group A; the comprehensive evaluation, intraoperative tolerance, cooperation degree, pain degree and satisfaction evaluation of the subjects on the 45‐min test side in group B were significantly better than those on the control side; the comprehensive evaluation, intraoperative comfort, tolerance, cooperation, pain and satisfaction of the subjects on the 60‐min test side in group C were significantly better than those on the control side. Comparing groups on the control side, there was no significant difference in the comprehensive evaluation, intraoperative comfort, tolerance, cooperation, pain or satisfaction between the three groups of subjects on the control side. Comparing the three groups on the test side, with the prolongation of compound lidocaine cream indwelling time, the subjects' comprehensive evaluation, comfort and pain degree were significantly improved. There was no significant difference in postoperative bruising, swelling, pain, discoloration, redness, or tenderness between the test side and the control side. Conclusion: The percutaneous delivery of compound lidocaine cream by roller microneedles can not only shorten the effective time of anesthesia, but also has a good analgesic effect without obvious adverse reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Shikonin plays protective roles in age‐associated diseases. Therefore, we investigate the biological functions of shikonin and its mechanisms involved in PD pathogenesis. The neurotoxin, 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used to mimic PD‐like conditions in animal models. The learning and memory capacities were assessed by Morris water‐maze test, pole test, locomotor activity test and rotarod test. Neuroinflammation was determined by measuring the levels of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). The quantification of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and glutathione in substantia nigra was performed to estimate oxidative damage. Histopathologic changes were examined by haematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to determine the activation of astrocytes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive neurons, and nuclear translocation of p65. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate dopamine transporter (DAT)‐positive neurons. Protein levels were measured by western blotting. Shikonin alleviates the cognitive and behavioural impairments. The death of dopaminergic neurons in nigra was attenuated by shikonin. The MPTP‐induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in substantia nigra were alleviated by shikonin administration. Shikonin ameliorated the neuronal damage in nigra and inhibited the activation of astrocyte. Shikonin modulated the protein kinase B (Akt)/extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)/c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)/nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) pathways. Shikonin ameliorates dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via the Akt/ERK/JNK/NF‐κB pathways in PD. The study has several limitations. First, in a previous study, levels of phosphorylated ERK were increased by MPTP. In our current study, we observed decreased p‐ERK in nigra following MPTP treatment. Therefore, further investigation in the mechanisms of shikonin against PD progression is required. Second, the biological functions of shikonin need more exploration, including mitochondrial function and autophagy. Moreover, specific molecular targets for shikonin remain uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) technology is of interest in the context of electrocatalytic hydrogen generation from renewable energies. It has the benefits of immediate response, higher proton conductivity, lower ohmic losses, and gas crossover rate. One key step toward to large‐scale application, is the development of highly efficient, durable, and compatible anodic oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in acidic media to decrease the usage of expensive and scarce precious metals. Within this scenario, an in‐depth understanding of oxygen evolution reaction mechanisms including the adsorption evolution mechanism and lattice oxygen evolution mechanism is first provided to aid development of innovative materials and elucidate the origin of catalyst degradation. Second, recent progress in the development of oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in acid media is reviewed with an emphasis on the underlying structure–performance relationships. Third, the current application status and research progress in PEMWEs along with representative examples are discussed. Last, the remaining challenges and promising insights are proposed to inspire future studies on the development of hydrogen production technology from renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coal‐based flash ironmaking furnace is designed to industrialize the novel flash ironmaking technology (FIT), which is recognized as a cleaner and efficient alternative ironmaking process. To realize gas‐particle contact, researchers use the cocurrent downer to reduce bonding, and the reactor structure has a significant effect on the flow pattern. Herein, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to obtain an in‐depth understanding of the geometry parameters, including ore feeding position (r/R), shaft diameter (D), and height‐to‐diameter ratio (L/D). The simulation results show that the secondary gas flow caused by the dropping hematite particles might enhance or destroy the primary turbulence structure when r/R was below or above 0.6. The increased shaft diameter D expanded the recirculation zone, which helps to prolong the residence time and improve the species exchange. The particles' reduction degrees first rise and then fell, and the highest value (90.89%) is attained at D = 2.2 m. On the contrary, the increased L/D ratio does not change the turbulence structure but prolongs the length of the plug zone. It also shows a positive but declining effect on the reduction degree from 89.7% to 99.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Lie symmetry method and taking the generalized time‐fractional Burgers equations involving the Riemann–Liouville derivative for example, we propose a new similarity transformation which converts the time‐fractional Burgers equation into a fractional ordinary differential equation without containing the Erdélyi–Kober fractional differential operator. Such type of reduced equations facilitates us to study the properties as well as construct analytical solutions. Consequently, we obtain an exact solution and a new power series solution of the time‐fractional Burgers equation via the reduced equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyantraniliprole is the first diamide insecticide to have cross‐spectrum activity against a broad range of insect orders. The insecticide, like other diamides, selectively acts on ryanodine receptor, destroys Ca2+ homeostasis, and ultimately causes insect death. Although expression regulations of genes associated with calcium signaling pathways are known to be involved in the response to diamides, little is known regarding the function of calmodulin (CaM), a typical Ca2+ sensor central in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis, in the stress response of insects to the insecticide. In this study, we cloned and identified the full‐length complementary DNA of CaM in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), named BtCaM. Quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction‐based analyses showed that the messenger RNA level of BtCaM was rapidly induced from 1.51‐ to 2.43‐fold by cyantraniliprole during 24 h. Knockdown of BtCaM by RNA interference increased the toxicity of cyantraniliprole in whiteflies by 42.85%. In contrast, BtCaM expression in Sf9 cells significantly increased the cells' tolerance to cyantraniliprole as much as 2.91‐fold. In addition, the expression of BtCaM in Sf9 cells suppressed the rapid increase of intracellular Ca2+ after exposure to cyantraniliprole, and the maximum amplitude in the Sf9‐BtCaM cells was only 34.9% of that in control cells (Sf9‐PIZ/V5). These results demonstrate that overexpression of BtCaM is involved in the stress response of B. tabaci to cyantraniliprole through regulation of Ca2+ concentration. As CaM is one of the most evolutionarily conserved Ca2+ sensors in insects, outcomes of this study may provide the first details of a universal insect response to diamide insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP), the main cause of humoral hypercalcemia in malignancies, promotes cell proliferation and delays terminal cell maturation during embryonic development. Our previous study reported that PTHrP plays important roles in blastocyst formation, pluripotency gene expression, and histone acetylation during mouse preimplantation embryonic development. In this study, we further investigated the mechanism of preimplantation embryonic development regulated by PTHrP. Our results showed that Pthrp depletion decreased both the developmental rate of embryos at the cleavage stage and the cell number of morula‐stage embryos. Pthrp‐depleted embryos had significantly decreased levels of cyclin D1, phospho (p)‐AKT (Thr308) and E2F1. However, Pthrp depletion did not cause significant changes in CDK4, β‐catenin or RUNX2 expression. In addition, our results indicated that Pthrp depletion promoted HDAC4 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in cleavage‐stage embryos by stimulating the activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which resulted in dephosphorylation of HDAC4. Taken together, these results suggest that PTHrP regulates cleavage division progression and blastocyst formation through the AKT/cyclin D1 pathway and that PTHrP modulates histone acetylation patterns through nuclear translocation of HDAC4 via PP2A‐dependent HDAC4 dephosphorylation during preimplantation embryonic development in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is an efficient and eco‐friendly method of solving the environmental problems, but the low charge separation efficiency of photocatalysts limits their application. Herein, we report the fabrication of CeO2/g−C3N4 composites via an in‐situ growth of CeO2 on the dispersed g−C3N4 sheets (CN−OH) in an strong KOH condition, and the resultant CeO2/CN−OH composites set up a new interface structure, which demonstrate a dramatically boosted the photocatalytic activity compared with CeO2/g−C3N4 composites by conventional two‐step combination method. The decomposition efficiency of CeO2/CN−OH for 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) degradation comes up to 6 times of bare CeO2 or g−C3N4. Compared to conventional CeO2/g−C3N4, the CeO2/CN−OH showed 65.9 % and 23.2 % improvement for 2,4‐DCP and Cr(VI) removal, respectively. The significantly enhanced photodegradation ascribe to the alkaline modified CN−OH and the fabrication of CeO2/CN−OH n–n type heterojunction, both can improve the charge separation efficiency and increase the reaction active sites. Furthermore, the probable pathway and concreted photocatalytic mechanism for 2,4‐DCP degradation are proposed based on the detected intermediate products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of land plants are crucial for plant growth and organ formation. In several angiosperms, the HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) genes function as key regulators that control meristem development and stem cell homeostasis. To date, the origin and evolutionary history of the HAM family in land plants remains unclear. Potentially shared and divergent functions of HAM family members from angiosperms and non‐angiosperms are also not known. In constructing a comprehensive phylogeny of the HAM family, we show that HAM proteins are widely present in land plants and that HAM proteins originated prior to the divergence of bryophytes. The HAM family was duplicated in a common ancestor of angiosperms, leading to two distinct groups: type I and type II. Type‐II HAM members are widely present in angiosperms, whereas type‐I HAM members were independently lost in different orders of monocots. Furthermore, HAM members from angiosperms and non‐angiosperms (including bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns and gymnosperms) are able to replace the role of the type‐II HAM genes in Arabidopsis, maintaining established SAMs and promoting the initiation of new stem cell niches. Our results uncover the conserved functions of HAM family members and reveal the conserved regulatory mechanisms underlying HAM expression patterning in meristems, providing insight into the evolution of key stem cell regulators in land plants. Significance Statement: Meristems are crucial for organ development and plant architecture, and therefore how the key meristem regulators originated and evolved in land plants is an important question. In this work, we uncovered the mechanisms underlying the innovation, conservation and diversification of the HAM family – an important family of meristem regulators – in land plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aberrant changes in the expression levels and structure of lipids may shape tumor microenvironment. In this study, we have performed mass spectrometry imaging and profiling analysis of 63 tissues of five types of cancer, namely, breast, colorectal, esophageal, lung, and gastric cancer, using in situ liquid extraction electrosonic spray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Alteration of fatty‐acyl chain length of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylinositols, and phosphatidylserines and of chain length of (un)saturated fatty acids are associated with different cancerous areas of five types of cancer. The ratios of the same fatty‐acyl carbon atom lipids with one double bond difference and the ratios of the same chain‐length fatty acids with one double bond difference exhibited significant differences among the cancerous areas of five types of cancer. Our data may reveal that there were different lipid metabolism networks among five types of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article is devoted to the problem of attitude control for rigid spacecraft subject to multiple disturbances. Due to the limited communication and storage resource, an event‐triggered anti‐disturbance attitude control approach is proposed for the attitude control system (ACS) with multiple disturbances. Different from some existing event‐triggered attitude control methods, the multiple disturbances are considered and can be divided into an uncertain modeled disturbance and a norm bounded equivalent disturbance. A disturbance observer is designed to estimate the modeled disturbance. Based on the framework of disturbance observer‐based control, the proposed event‐triggered anti‐disturbance controller can guarantee that the ACS converges toward a small invariant set, which successfully avoids continuous communication and Zeno phenomenon. Finally, simulation results are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 40 years, the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) in China has shown an increasing trend, leading to an urgent need to develop efficient treatment modes and methods. Since the beginning of the new century, the diagnosis, treatment, and research of ED in China have been under development. This article gives an introduction and commentary on the treatment modes, treatment methods and their applications in ED in China. There are two main treatment forms for ED until now, that is, inpatient treatment and outpatient treatment. Inpatient treatment is recommended as the first choice. Since 2008, clinical psychotherapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and family‐based treatment (FBT), which are effective for pathological symptoms of ED, have been introduced into China and developed clinically. Group CBT and group DBT for patients with ED and group FBT for caregivers might be the most efficient psychotherapy in China nowadays. A multi‐family FBT support group could be developed as the basic treatment of ED patients. Although these new types of psychotherapy have observed effectiveness in clinical application, the Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) are rare and need to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goals were twofold: To estimate the depression and anxiety levels among caregivers of patients with eating disorders (ED) in China during the COVID‐19 pandemic when compared with a control group, and to assess whether an online education program was effective in decreasing the anxiety and depression of the caregivers of patients with ED, and associated factors. Method: Caregivers of patients with ED (n = 254) and a comparison group of non‐ED caregivers (N = 254) were recruited at baseline. Additionally, caregivers of patients with ED were invited into a free 4‐week online education program, with an additional online group as support. Depression and anxiety levels were assessed at baseline and after the intervention. Results: Caregivers of patients with ED showed significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety than the comparison group of non‐ED caregivers. The online education program showed no significant effect on decreasing depression and anxiety levels of caregivers of patients with ED overall. Caregivers who had older loved ones and not living with them were more likely to decrease their depression levels. Caregivers of patients with longer illness duration were less likely to decrease their anxiety levels. Discussion: These results showed that caregivers of ED patients suffered more serious psychological distress during the pandemic. A more structured and intensive online intervention with a limited number of participants might be required to address caregivers' distress in post‐COVID‐19 China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymer nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity show a promising prospect in thermal management of next‐generation electronic devices due to their excellent mechanical adaptability, outstanding processability, and superior flexibility. However, interfacial thermal resistance between individual CNT significantly hinders the further improvement in thermal conductivity of CNT‐reinforced nanocomposites. Herein, an interfacial welding strategy is reported to construct graphitic structure welded CNT (GS‐w‐CNT) networks. Notably, the obtained GS‐w‐CNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite with a GS loading of 4.75 wt% preserves a high thermal conductivity of 5.58 W m−1 K−1 with a 410% enhancement as compared to a pure CNT/PDMS nanocomposite. Molecular dynamics simulations are utilized to elucidate the effect of interfacial welding on the heat transfer behavior, revealing that the GS welding degree plays an important role in reducing both phonon scattering in the GS‐w‐CNT structure and interfacial thermal resistance at the interfaces between CNT. The unique welding strategy provides a new route to optimize the thermal transport performance in filler reinforced polymer nanocomposites, promoting their applications in next‐generation microelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hispar Glacier is a useful site for studying surge mechanisms. Prior to this study, only two‐dimensional (2‐D) flow velocities having low temporal resolution were available for this glacier, providing inadequate information about its surge evolution. In this study, 139 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from Sentinel‐1A were used to obtain 3‐D flow velocity time series for the Hispar Glacier during the recent surge (2014–2016). The 3‐D flow velocities were sampled at an interval of 11 days, which is much greater than in previous studies. Besides, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) and two TanDEM‐X images were used to determine glacier thickness changes prior to and following the recent surge. Combining the results and geomorphologic features, we deduced that the recent surge was because of saturated basal water pressure in the Yutmaru tributary. The mass from the Yutmaru tributary squeezed into the trunk and rapidly flowed downslope along the northern margin, generating strong normal pressure to the trunk mass. Pushed by the Yutmaru tributary, the trunk began to surge in September 2014. The flow velocity reached a first peak in May 2015 and then decreased in October 2015, as part of the basal meltwater ran off. However, basal meltwater accumulated again during the following 4 months, and correspondingly, the trunk accelerated again after October 2015. Finally, as kinetic energy was released and resisting force increased, the trunk became almost stagnant in August 2016. The surge mass was blocked downstream in the trunk by the mass transferred from the Kunyang tributary, and consequently, the glacier did not advance. Key Points: The 3‐D flow velocity and the thickness change of the Hispar Glacier were retrieved via the PO‐MSBAS and geodetic methods, respectivelyThe results indicate that the surge of a tributary at high altitude triggered the surge in the trunkWe deduced that the surge of the tributary was triggered by saturated water pressure at the interface between the ice and the bedrock [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new post‐synthetic modification reactions, namely amidation, esterification, and thioesterification, were demonstrated on a novel highly crystalline two‐dimensional covalent organic framework (COF), COF‐616, bearing pre‐installed carboxyl groups. The strategy can be used to introduce a large variety of functional groups into COFs and the modifications can be carried out under mild reaction conditions, with high yields, and an easy work‐up protocol. As a proof of concept, various chelating functionalities were successfully incorporated into COF‐616 to yield a family of adsorbents for efficient removal of several contaminants in the water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new post‐synthetic modification reactions, namely amidation, esterification, and thioesterification, were demonstrated on a novel highly crystalline two‐dimensional covalent organic framework (COF), COF‐616, bearing pre‐installed carboxyl groups. The strategy can be used to introduce a large variety of functional groups into COFs and the modifications can be carried out under mild reaction conditions, with high yields, and an easy work‐up protocol. As a proof of concept, various chelating functionalities were successfully incorporated into COF‐616 to yield a family of adsorbents for efficient removal of several contaminants in the water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane technology is rapidly gaining broad attraction as a viable alternative for carbon capture to mitigate increasingly severe global warming. Emerging CO2‐philic membranes have become crucial players in efficiently separating CO2 from light gases, leveraging their exceptional solubility‐selectivity characteristics. However, economic and widespread deployment is greatly dependent on the boosted performance of advanced membrane materials for carbon capture. Here, we design a unique gel membrane composed of CO2‐philic molecules for accelerating CO2 transportation over other gases for ultrapermeable carbon capture. The molecular design of such soft membranes amalgamates the advantageous traits of augmented permeation akin to liquid membranes and operational stability akin to solid membranes, effectively altering the membrane's free volume characteristics validated by both experiments and molecular dynamics simulation. Surprisingly, gas diffusion through the free‐volume‐tuned gel membrane undergoes a 9‐fold improvement without compromising the separation factor for the superior solubility selectivity of CO2‐philic materials, and CO2 permeability achieves a groundbreaking record of 5608 Barrer surpassing the capabilities of nonfacilitated CO2 separation materials and exceeding the upper bound line established in 2019 even by leading‐edge porous polymer materials. Our designed gel membrane can maintain exceptional separation performance during prolonged operation, enabling the unparalleled potential of solubility‐selective next‐generation materials towards sustainable carbon capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane technology is rapidly gaining broad attraction as a viable alternative for carbon capture to mitigate increasingly severe global warming. Emerging CO2‐philic membranes have become crucial players in efficiently separating CO2 from light gases, leveraging their exceptional solubility‐selectivity characteristics. However, economic and widespread deployment is greatly dependent on the boosted performance of advanced membrane materials for carbon capture. Here, we design a unique gel membrane composed of CO2‐philic molecules for accelerating CO2 transportation over other gases for ultrapermeable carbon capture. The molecular design of such soft membranes amalgamates the advantageous traits of augmented permeation akin to liquid membranes and operational stability akin to solid membranes, effectively altering the membrane's free volume characteristics validated by both experiments and molecular dynamics simulation. Surprisingly, gas diffusion through the free‐volume‐tuned gel membrane undergoes a 9‐fold improvement without compromising the separation factor for the superior solubility selectivity of CO2‐philic materials, and CO2 permeability achieves a groundbreaking record of 5608 Barrer surpassing the capabilities of nonfacilitated CO2 separation materials and exceeding the upper bound line established in 2019 even by leading‐edge porous polymer materials. Our designed gel membrane can maintain exceptional separation performance during prolonged operation, enabling the unparalleled potential of solubility‐selective next‐generation materials towards sustainable carbon capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates direct voltage control of stand‐alone doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG) system subject to asymmetric loads. An improved voltage regulator is designed based on non‐singular terminal sliding mode control and an improved extended state observer (ESO). Due to the salient features of the improved ESO, the rotor current transducer is not required and the sinusoidal fluctuation in the sliding surface caused by asymmetric loads is eliminated. As a result, satisfactory balanced stator voltage can be generated under asymmetric loads. The proposed method is characterised by the rapid dynamic response and the elimination of sequence decomposition operations. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a 6 kW DFIG‐based hardware system under various loads and varying speed conditions. Both simulation and experiment results are given to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method for stand‐alone DFIG system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A short enantioselective total synthesis of englerin A, a guaiane sesquiterpene with significant in vitro antitumor activity, is reported. Key features of this total synthesis are an organocatalytic asymmetric decarboxylative aldol reaction, a neighboring‐group‐participating [4+3] cycloaddition, a novel one‐pot Heck coupling/regioselective 1,4‐hydrosilylation/Tamao–Fleming oxidation cascade, and a kinetic CBS reduction, generating the optically pure natural product in 6.7 % overall yield over twelve steps starting from methylglyoxal. Selective saponification of the more reactive glycolic ester moiety of englerin A also gave (−)‐englerin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A short enantioselective total synthesis of englerin A, a guaiane sesquiterpene with significant in vitro antitumor activity, is reported. Key features of this total synthesis are an organocatalytic asymmetric decarboxylative aldol reaction, a neighboring‐group‐participating [4+3] cycloaddition, a novel one‐pot Heck coupling/regioselective 1,4‐hydrosilylation/Tamao–Fleming oxidation cascade, and a kinetic CBS reduction, generating the optically pure natural product in 6.7 % overall yield over twelve steps starting from methylglyoxal. Selective saponification of the more reactive glycolic ester moiety of englerin A also gave (−)‐englerin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibition of osteoclasts formation and bone resorption by estrogen is very important in the etiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The mechanisms of this process are still not fully understood. Recent studies implicated an important role of microRNAs in estrogen‐mediated responses in various cellular processes, including cell differentiation and proliferation. Thus, we hypothesized that these regulatory molecules might be implicated in the process of estrogen‐decreased osteoclasts formation and bone resorption. Western blot, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining, pit formation assay and luciferase assay were used to investigate the role of microRNAs in estrogen‐inhibited osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. We found that estrogen could directly suppress receptor activator of nuclear factor B ligand/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor‐induced differentiation of bone marrow‐derived macrophages into osteoclasts in the absence of stromal cell. MicroRNA‐27a was significantly increased during the process of estrogen‐decreased osteoclast differentiation. Overexpressing of microRNA‐27a remarkably enhanced the inhibitory effect of estrogen on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, whereas which were alleviated by microRNA‐27a depletion. Mechanistic studies showed that microRNA‐27a inhibited peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) expression in osteoclasts through a microRNA‐27a binding site within the 3′‐untranslational region of PPARγ and APC. PPARγ and APC respectively contributed to microRNA‐27a‐decreased osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Taken together, these results showed that microRNA‐27a may play a significant role in the process of estrogen‐inhibited osteoclast differentiation and function. First, we found that microRNA‐27a was significantly increased during the process of estrogen‐decreased osteoclast differentiation. Second, overexpressing of microRNA‐27a remarkably enhanced the inhibitory effect of estrogen on osteoclasts formation and bone resorption, whereas which were alleviated by microRNA‐27a depletion. Third, estrogen might respectively decrease osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption via miR‐27a targeting peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma and adenomatous polyposis coli. Our results indicate that microRNA‐27a may play a significant role in the process of estrogen‐inhibited osteoclast differentiation and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Pd/C‐catalyzed cascade approach for the synthesis of attractive benzo‐fused tropanes was developed. The reaction proceeds through a sequential Pd/C‐catalyzed dehydrogenative formation of azomethine ylides from amines and 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. It allows the generation of structurally complex benzo‐fused tropanes in good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities under mild reaction conditions. Preliminary results of asymmetric version of the reaction reveal that the copper catalyst and chiral monophosphoramidite ligand can furnish optically active products with moderate ee. Described is a Pd/C‐catalyzed dehydrogenative [3+2] cycloaddition for the synthesis of benzo‐fused tropanes. The reaction proceeds through a sequential Pd/C‐catalyzed dehydrogenative formation of azomethine ylides from amines and 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Although it is known that in most angiosperms mitosis in early endosperm development is syncytial and synchronized, it is unclear how the synchronization is regulated. We showed previously that APC11, also named ZYG1, in Arabidopsis activates zygote division by interaction and degradation of cyclin B1. Here, we report that the mutation in APC11/ZYG1 led to unsynchronized mitosis and over‐accumulation of cyclin B1‐GUS in the endosperm. Mutations in two other APC subunits showed similar defects. Transgenic expression of stable cyclin B1 in the endosperm also caused unsynchronized mitosis. Further, downregulation of APC11 generated multi‐nucleate somatic cells with unsynchronized mitotic division. Together, our results suggest that APC/C‐mediated cyclin B1 degradation is critical for cell cycle synchronization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sexual organisms, division of the zygote initiates a new life cycle. Although several genes involved in zygote division are known in plants, how the zygote is activated to start embryogenesis has remained elusive. Here, we showed that a mutation in ZYGOTE-ARREST 3 (ZYG3) in Arabidopsis led to a tight zygote-lethal phenotype. Map-based cloning revealed that ZYG3 encodes the transfer RNA (tRNA) ligase AtRNL, which is a single-copy gene in the Arabidopsis genome. Expression analyses showed that AtRNL is expressed throughout zygotic embryogenesis, and in meristematic tissues. Using pAtRNL::cAtRNL-sYFP-complemented zyg3/zyg3 plants, we showed that AtRNL is localized exclusively in the cytoplasm, suggesting that tRNA splicing occurs primarily in the cytoplasm. Analyses using partially rescued embryos showed that mutation in AtRNL compromised splicing of intron-containing tRNA. Mutations of two tRNA endonuclease genes, SEN1 and SEN2, also led to a zygote-lethal phenotype. These results together suggest that tRNA splicing is critical for initiating zygote division in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured GdPO4 thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were prepared by air plasma spraying, and their phase structure evolution and microstructure variation due to calcium-magnesium-alumina-silicate (CMAS) attack have been investigated. The chemical composition of the coating is close to that of the agglomerated particles used for thermal spraying. Nanozones with porous structure are embedded in the coating microstructure, with a percentage of ~30%. CMAS corrosion tests indicated that nanostructured GdPO4 coating is highly resistant to penetration by molten CMAS at 1250°C. Within 1 hour heat treatment duration, a continuous dense reaction layer forms on the coating surface, which are composed of P-Si apatite based on Ca2+ xGd8− x(PO4) x(SiO4)6− xO2, anorthite and spinel phases. This layer provides effective prevention against CMAS further infiltration into the coating. Prolonged heat treatment densifies the reaction layer but does not change its phase composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FUE technique has the benefits of limited trauma and faster recovery and leads to the complete removal of hair follicles, so hair regrowth does not occur. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] gl To facilitate hair follicle extraction by the FUE technique, the hair on the site was trimmed to 1-2 mm in length. Because the hair follicle extraction needle is small, there is no noticeable scarring after surgery.1 The unwanted hair was in the oral cavity of this patient; thus, it was difficult to perform laser hair removal, which is why FUE hair extraction technique was used. [Extracted from the article]

Stem cell therapy is rapidly moving toward translation to clinical application. To elucidate the therapeutic effect, a robust method that allows tracking of the stem cells over an extended period of time is required. Herein, semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) are demonstrated for their use in bright labeling and tracking of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and in vivo. The Pdots coated with a cell-penetrating peptide (R8) showed remarkable endocytic uptake efficiency that was 15 times higher than that of carboxyl Pdots and more than 200 times than that of bare Pdots. The Pdot-labeled MSCs can be traced for 15 generations in vitro and tracked over 2 weeks in vivo after subcutaneous transplantation. The labeled MSCs administered through the tail vein were preferentially accumulated in the lung; this was distinctive from the distribution of free Pdots, which were primarily distributed in the liver. Based on the properties of bright labeling, excellent tracking capability, and great biocompatibility, the Pdots will be valuable in the applications of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rhodium-catalyzed regioselective C−H olefination of indazole is described. This protocol relies on the use of an efficient and removable N, N-diisopropylcarbamoyl directing group, which offers facile access to C7-olefinated indazoles with high regioselectivity, ample substrate scope and broad functional group tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of highly extended π-conjugated ladder-type oligo( p-phenylene)s containing up to 10 phenyl rings with ( L)-Ph( n)-NPh ( n=7-10) or without diphenylamino endcaps ( L)-Ph( n) ( n=7 and 8) were synthesized and investigated for their multiphoton absorption properties for frequency upconverted blue ASE/lasing. Extremely large two-photon absorption (2PA) cross-sections and highly efficient 2PA ASE/lasing with ultralow threshold were achieved. ( L)-Ph(10)-NPh exhibits the highest intrinsic 2PA cross-section of 3643 GM for a blue emissive organic fluorophore reported so far. The record-high 2PA pumped ASE/lasing efficiency of 2.06 % was obtained by un-endcapped oligomer, ( L)-Ph(8) rather than that with larger σ2, suggesting that a molecule with larger σ2 is not guaranteed to exhibit higher η2. All of these oligomers exhibit exceptionally ultralow 2PA pumped ASE/lasing thresholds, among which the lowest 2PA pumped threshold of circa 0.26 μJ was achieved by ( L)-Ph(10)-NPh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of highly extended π-conjugated ladder-type oligo( p-phenylene)s containing up to 10 phenyl rings with ( L)-Ph( n)-NPh ( n=7-10) or without diphenylamino endcaps ( L)-Ph( n) ( n=7 and 8) were synthesized and investigated for their multiphoton absorption properties for frequency upconverted blue ASE/lasing. Extremely large two-photon absorption (2PA) cross-sections and highly efficient 2PA ASE/lasing with ultralow threshold were achieved. ( L)-Ph(10)-NPh exhibits the highest intrinsic 2PA cross-section of 3643 GM for a blue emissive organic fluorophore reported so far. The record-high 2PA pumped ASE/lasing efficiency of 2.06 % was obtained by un-endcapped oligomer, ( L)-Ph(8) rather than that with larger σ2, suggesting that a molecule with larger σ2 is not guaranteed to exhibit higher η2. All of these oligomers exhibit exceptionally ultralow 2PA pumped ASE/lasing thresholds, among which the lowest 2PA pumped threshold of circa 0.26 μJ was achieved by ( L)-Ph(10)-NPh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel catalytic asymmetric P−C bond formation between phosphinates/phosphine oxide and allylic carbonates was developed. This methodology could not only afford a variety of functionalized adjacent P,C-stereogenic phosphorus compounds in high yields with high regio- and diastereoselectivities but also provide an alternative strategy to access enantiomerically enriched ( SP)-phosphinates through kinetic resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catenary icing seriously affects the safety and reliability of the traction power supply systems of electric railways. To prevent icing damage without interrupting normal train traffic, an online anti‐icing technique using the Joule‐effect is presented. In this scheme, anti‐icing current flows are adjusted over the entire catenary in accordance with not only environmental parameters, but also traction network voltage requirements. Determination of the requisite anti‐icing current is based on a circuit analysis of a direct feeding system. The viability of the technique for a direct feeding system is demonstrated by simulation and experimental results in terms of both its thermal and electrical aspects. It is shown that the anti‐icing system does not affect line protection operation under normal operational and various fault conditions, and requires no adjustment of the settings of the protective relays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the start of a new life cycle, activation of the first division of the zygote is a critical event in both plants and animals. Because the zygote in plants is difficult to access, our understanding of how this process is achieved remains poor. Here we report genetic and cell biological analyses of the zygote-arrest 1 ( zyg1) mutant in Arabidopsis, which showed zygote-lethal and over-accumulation of cyclin B1 D-box- GUS in ovules. Map-based cloning showed that ZYG1 encodes the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome ( APC/C) subunit 11 ( APC11). Live-cell imaging studies showed that APC11 is expressed in both egg and sperm cells, in zygotes and during early embryogenesis. Using a GFP- APC11 fusion construct that fully complements zyg1, we showed that GFP- APC11 expression persisted throughout the mitotic cell cycle, and localized to cell plates during cytokinesis. Expression of non-degradable cyclin B1 in the zygote, or mutations of either APC1 or APC4, also led to a zyg1-like phenotype. Biochemical studies showed that APC11 has self-ubiquitination activity and is able to ubiquitinate cyclin B1 and promote degradation of cyclin B1. These results together suggest that APC/C-mediated degradation of cyclin B1 in Arabidopsis is critical for initiating the first division of the zygote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]