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The effects of dietary glucose (chow containing 0%, 10%, 20%, or 40% glucose, w/w) on chronic haloperidol-induced changes in dopamine (DA) neuronal activity were tested. Rats were treated daily by oral gavage for 21 days with either water or 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol, then anesthetized for in vivo electrophysiological recording. The numbers of spontaneously active DA neurons in the substantia nigra (A9) and ventral tegmental area (A10) regions of the midbrain were estimated with the cells-per-track sampling method. In rats fed standard chow, haloperidol significantly reduced the number of active neurons in both regions compared to water controls. In water controls there were no differences in DA cells per track between rats fed standard chow or chow containing 10% or 20% glucose, whereas these glucose diets significantly attenuated the effects of chronic haloperidol on DA cells per track. The 40% glucose diet itself nonsignificantly reduced cells per track and, in turn, nonsignificantly attenuated the effects of haloperidol. The results demonstrate that dietary glucose content can alter haloperidol-induced changes in the activity of midbrain DA neurons. Synapse 53:1-5, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses reports within the issue on topics including child protection from parental substance use, the removal of children from parental alcohol or drug abuse, and the risk to children exposed to social environment of substance users.

Presents a study which tested the theory of higher treatment level attainment, more time spent in treatment and additional time spent within a drug-free therapeutic community treatment level, has a linear association with improvements at outcome. Reference to previous studies which attempted to identify other treatment factors moderating outcomes; Concerns regarding the level system or stages in the therapeutic community treatment process.

Discusses the experiences of some Australian qualitative research and review some of the ethical and legal liabilities in research with hidden populations of illicit drug users. Myth of confidentiality; Examples of legal and ethical liabilities; Emergence of regimes of regulation.

Examines some of the differences between self help and harm reduction approaches on drug treatment. Evidence concerning the harm reduction potential of self help groups; Knowledge based on research versus experiential knowing; Source of intervention; Treatment processes; Treatment goals; Research partnerships for improved harm reduction.

Survey data is presented from a questionnaire designed and distributed through Victorian drug self-help groups. This survey yielded 203 returns representative of Melbourne metropolitan admissions to drug treatment services on the variables of sex and region. The survey is examined both from the perspective of its methodological potential for providing entry to this hard-to-access population and also on the basis of its findings. Questioning of his sample concerning the difficulties they had encountered when seeking help revealed that the most frequently listed difficulties were waiting periods for access to services. Respondents that had previously used particular services were asked how beneficial they had found these services. Respondent most frequently listed self-help groups, residential and methadone services as beneficial and last frequently listed medical (hospital casualty) and doctor services as beneficial. Stepwise logistical regression revealed six variables significantly predicting self-help treatment. Those reporting having sought self-help groups were predicted by more frequently listed problems with alcohol and 'over the counter' drugs, reports of having sough and admission restrictions when seeking services. Despite a number of methodological weaknesses identifiable in the survey, experiences with this project suggested collaboration between researchers and those active in self-help networks as a useful model for future research into the drug service users perspective. Such Collaboration should, however, begin at an earlier phase than occurred in the present study.

The article offers the authors' comments on reforming alcohol taxation in Australia. According to the authors, alcohol and related industries reserve their greatest hostility for proposals to reform alcohol taxation. They state that though there is a good understanding of the flaws in the alcohol taxation system in Australia more scholarly work in the area is required to find solutions.

The aim of this paper is to describe a new comprehensive approach to studying illicit drug policy - one that integrates evidence, disciplinary approaches, drug use behaviours and policy making processes. The methods described here include systematic reviews of the evidence, studies of the ways in which policy decision-making actually occurs, and the use of modelling approaches that can explicate the multi-dimensional nature of drug policy responses and their dynamic interactions. The approach described has the potential to facilitate new drug policy that would not have been possible or apparent through the sole study of one aspect of drug policy, such as the evidence-base or the political context or the economics of drug markets. We believe this approach may be more likely to produce strategic drug policy because it reflects the richness and complexity of the real world of drug use, and drug policy. The purpose of employing an integrative methodology is to create the potential for new drug policy insights, ideas and interventions - not restricted to one body of evidence, nor to accidental or fortuitous policy-making processes. [Ritter A, Bammer G, Hamilton M, Mazerolle L, The DPMP Team. Effective drug policy: a new approach demonstrated in the Drug Policy Modelling Program. Drug Alcohol Rev 2007;26:] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alcohol consumption of a systematically sampled population of women from an Australian inner-urban community was measured using the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) in three different ways to produce varying estimations of hazardous and harmful drinking. The study was located in an area in which there is a high density of licensed premises and its female population contains large numbers of women who are young, students and professionals and thus considered to be potentially risky drinkers. Five hundred and twenty-five women returned completed questionnaires giving a response rate of 74%. Using an AUDIT score of eight as the cut-off point, 21% of women were classified as being at risk of having problems associated with their alcohol consumption. These women were more likely than women who scored less than eight to be beer drinkers, to drink at licensed premises and drink with male and female friends. An association between higher AUDIT scores and being unmarried was found. This paper argues that investigating the social and contextual factors associated with women's potentially problematic drinking can promote more effective community-based interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Established in 2006, the Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR) is Australia's only research centre with a primary focus on alcohol policy. CAPR has four main areas of research: alcohol policy impacts; alcohol policy formation and regulatory processes involved in implementing alcohol policies; patterns and trends in drinking and alcohol problems in the population; and the influence of drinking norms, cultural practices and social contexts, particularly in interaction with alcohol policies. In this paper, we give examples of key publications in each area. During the past decade, the number of staff employed at CAPR has increased steadily and now hovers at approximately 10. CAPR has supported the development of independent researchers who collaborate on a number of international projects, such as the Alcohol's Harm to Others study which is now replicated in approximately 30 countries. CAPR receives core funding from the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, and staff have been highly successful in securing additional competitive research funding. In 2016, CAPR moved to a new institutional setting at La Trobe University and celebrated 10 years of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To (a) describe women's prenatal and postpartum problems and advanced practice nurses (APN) interventions; and (b) determine if problems and APN interventions differed by women's medical diagnosis (diabetes, hypertension, preterm labor). Design and Methods: Content analysis of 85 interaction logs created by APNs during a randomized clinical trial in which half of physician-provided prenatal care was substituted with APN-provided prenatal care in the women's homes. Patients' problems and APN interventions were classified with the Omaha Classification System. Findings: A total of 212,835 health problems and 212,835 APN interventions were identified. The dominant antenatal problems were physiologic (59.2%) and health-related behaviors (33.3%); postpartum were physiologic (44.0%) and psychosocial problems (31.6%). Antenatally, women with diabetes had significantly more health-related behavior problems; women with preterm labor had more physiologic problems. APN surveillance interventions predominated antenatally (65.6%) and postpartum (66.0%), followed by health teaching, guidance, and counseling both antenatally (25.4%) and postpartum (28.1%). Women with chronic hypertension required significantly more case-management interventions. Conclusions: The categories of women's problems were largely similar across medical diagnostic groups. Interventions to address women's problems ranged from assessing maternal and fetal physiologic states to teaching interpersonal relationships and self-care management to assisting with transportation and housing. Data show the range of APN knowledge and skills needed to improve maternal and infant outcomes and ultimately reduce healthcare costs in women with high-risk pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The function of the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor is enhanced by ethanol, but the amino acid residue(s) that confers sensitivity to ethanol remains to be identified. Phosphorylation of the related GABAA receptor has been implicated in conferring its sensitivity to ethanol. In common with the GABAA receptor, the 5-HT3 receptor contains multiple consensus sites for protein kinases. To evaluate the possibility that phosphotylation of the 5-HT3 receptor underlies its ethanol sensitivity, we examined the ability of ethanol to enhance 5-HT-mediated currents in a mutant 5-HT3 receptor containing no intracellular serines, threonines, or tyrosines. Mutation of these 13 residues in the intracellular loops produced a modest leftward shift in the 5-HT concentration response curve, with the EC50's for 5-HT decreasing from 0.839 ± 0.03 μM in the wild-type receptor to 0.713 ± 0.03 μM in the mutant receptor. Cooperativity of the 5-HT binding sites was enhanced by the mutations, with Hill coefficients of 2.92 for the wild-type receptor and 3.74 for the mutant receptor, respectively. In oocytes expressing mutant receptors, ethanol (50 to 200 mM) enhanced the currents produced by low concentrations of 5-HT by ∼5 to 45%, which was not statistically different from the potentiation produced by ethanol in wild-type receptors. These results suggest that ethanol enhancement of the 5-HT3 receptor function does not require receptor phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the approval of a multi-center clinical study which is designed to assess the effectiveness of a group program for parents of children with challenging behavior. People involved in the research are more motivated than ever to see the project through. Their work as therapists has taught them to be patient with difficult problems, to allow time for change to occur and to adjust their therapy methods as needs arise.