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Switched linear systems are important in providing a convenient method to represent many practical systems. This paper investigates the performance analysis of switched linear systems under arbitrary switching. Computational algorithms based on square coordinate transformations are presented to obtain the least μ1 measure. Theoretical results showed that sequences of the least μ1 matrix set measure obtained by two different algorithms are convergent and the limit gives an upper bound estimation of the spectral abscissa. A numerical example is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean allergen entering the body is the initial step to trigger intestinal allergic response. However, it remains unclear how glycinin, the major soybean allergen, is transported through the intestinal mucosal barrier. The objective of this study was to elucidate the pathway and mechanism of glycinin hydrolysate transport through the intestinal epithelial barrier using IPEC‐J2 cell model. Purified glycinin was digested by in vitro static digestion model. The pathway and mechanism of glycinin hydrolysates transport through intestinal epithelial cells were investigated by cellular transcytosis assay, cellular uptake assay, immunoelectron microscopy and endocytosis inhibition assay. The glycinin hydrolysates were transported across IPEC‐J2 cell monolayers in a time/dose‐dependent manner following the Michaelis equation. Immunoelectron microscopy showed a number of glycinin hydrolysates appeared in the cytoplasm, but no glycinin hydrolysates were observed in the intercellular space of IPEC‐J2 cells. The inhibitors, colchicine, chlorpromazine and methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, significantly inhibited the cellular uptake of glycinin hydrolysates. The glycinin hydrolysates crossed IPEC‐J2 cell monolayers through the transcellular pathway. Both clathrin‐ and caveolae‐dependent endocytosis were involved in the epithelial uptake of the hydrolysates. These findings provided potential targets for the prevention and treatment of soybean allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucagon antagonism has been reported as a new therapeutic approach to hyperglycaemia. As the 14‐3‐3 protein YWHAB has been identified as a regulator of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) by affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we examined the role of YWHAB in vivo. Ywhab knockout mice display impaired blood glucose homeostasis only under pyruvate stimulation. Deletion of Ywhab in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs) increases hepatocyte glucose production by magnifying the effect of glucagon. Mechanistic analysis indicates that YWHAB forms a phosphorylation‐dependent complex with GCGR and directly interacts with forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). Together, these results reveal the inhibitory role of YWHAB in glucagon‐mediated hepatic glucose production, which may be a potential target for the control of gluconeogenesis and associated metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]